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Background: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are more prone to depression. Prevalence of depression in the Iranian results of studies is different. Therefore, the present study aims to study the prevalence of depression in Iranian patients with type II diabetes mellitus.

Methods: This study is a systematic review based on PRISMA guideline for systematic reviews and meta-analyses study. Literature searches of, Scopus, MEDLINE, PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, EMBASE, Web of Science, Springer, Online Library Wiley, Google Scholar search engine and Iranians database for publications in Persian and English were conducted up to December 2015. Searches were performed by two researchers independently using standard keywords. Reviewers extracted data and assessed methodological quality in duplicate.  Meta-analysis was performed using STATA, version 11.1 to combine data through Random Effects Model.

Results: Sixteen studies and 3,284 subjects with a mean age of 48.6 years were included in the analysis.  The prevalence of depression in Iranian patients with type II diabetes was estimated 54.8% (95% CI: 43.5- 66.1). This range for males and females were calculated 32.2 %( 95% CI: 16.3-48.1) and 60% (95% CI: 46.4-73.7), respectively. The highest prevalence of depression was in the center of Iran (60%) and the lowest rate was in the west of Iran (38%).

Conclusion: Regarding to high prevalence of depression in patients with type II diabetes, Implementation of screening program for psychiatric disorders, especially depression as well as conducted psychiatric consultation routinely for diagnosis and treatment of depression in these patients it seems necessary.

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Abstract: The purpose of the present study was the investigation of the published articles in sport and Persian peer- reviewed journals in the field of exercise metabolism during 2011 to 2015 years.
Methods: In this regard, 9 out of 27 published journals on sport sciences were selected and were extracted by referring to the related websites, Jahad Daneshgahi and the country Information Database for Articles. 766 articles were investigated during the process.
Results: According to measured indicators, 223 articles were placed in the field of exercise metabolism. The Most articles have been published in the Journal of Metabolism and Exercise. 53.57% of the published articles in this journal were in the field of exercise metabolism. The average number of authors for each paper was 3.28. State Universities’ share in the production of the articles was 78% alone and 17% in partnership with Azad University. The Most independent variables used in the studies, were aerobic training (endurance) which 29.09% of all variables used in the study were included. From of 223 investigated papers 89 papers have been investigated the responses to exercise and 134 papers have been investigated the adaptation to exercise Training. The most of the study subjects were students and mice, with 16.5 and 16.14%, respectively. The number of the study subjects used in each article was 23.62 people on average. Almost 60% of the articles did not investigate on any performance or physical indicators. Among the measured metabolic markers, the oxidant and antioxidant markers was in the first place (16.69%).
Conclusion: Regarding the above-mentioned results, coordination, prioritization and policy making in the field of exercise metabolic researches seems necessary.

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Background: Effect of mobile text message on blood glucose (HbA1c) control in providing type 2 diabetes care (diabetes mellitus non insulin dependent).

Methods: The present study is a systematic review with meta-analysis. A search of the most important electronic medical databases of medical resources from December 1992 to January 2017 in a systematic manner, including: CRD, Ovid Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and moreover, by referring to the resources found in the articles and manual search on the site. Related to this technology and, if necessary, contacting experts. All randomized clinical trials and cohort studies were reviewed.
Results: Participants included nine studies (818), all randomized clinical trials, and quality assessment. The average decrease in Mobile SMS Services users compared to the control group (SMD-0.324, 95% CI, -0.526 to -0.121; I2 = 51.0). The analysis of subgroups showed that young patients are more likely to use diabetes programs, and the size of the effect increases with short intervals of interventions and the size of large samples.
Conclusion: Mobile SMS services may be considered as an effective component for helping control glycosylated hemoglobin and as a side intervention for the care of patients with type 2 diabetes.

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Background: Sexual dysfunction is a prevalent, underdiagnosed, and impactful complication of type 2 diabetes in men, involving multiple physiological, psychological, and social dimensions. This narrative review aimed to comprehensively examine the current evidence regarding the role of exercise interventions in improving sexual function among men with type 2 diabetes through a multidimensional lens.
Methods: A narrative review was conducted based on a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. Eligible studies included clinical trials, systematic reviews, and basic research focused on exercise and sexual function in men with diabetes. The analysis addressed physiological mechanisms, clinical outcomes, psychological factors, and research gaps.
Results: The evidence suggests that exercise improves sexual function in men with type 2 diabetes through multiple pathways, including enhanced insulin sensitivity, increased testosterone levels, improved penile vascular function, and psychological benefits such as reduced performance anxiety, depression, and improved body image. The type, intensity, and duration of exercise were found to be crucial in determining the outcomes. This review also identified significant research gaps, such as the lack of long-term trials and limited focus on neurohormonal mechanisms.
Conclusion: It seems that exercise is a safe, non-pharmacological, and effective intervention with substantial potential to improve sexual function in men with type 2 diabetes. The findings of this review can inform integrated therapeutic protocols and guide clinical practices aimed at enhancing sexual health in this population. A personalized exercise approach, supported by a multidisciplinary team, is recommended as part of formal care for diabetic men experiencing sexual dysfunction.
 

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Background: Decision-making is a cognitive process with complex neural underpinnings, fundamental to all human behavior. This study reviewed existing research to present a comprehensive model of this process, integrating the functions of specific brain regions with cognitive and emotional factors to create a complete framework.
Methods: Using a qualitative approach, we conducted a literature review across reputable databases. Neurocognitive factors were extracted and validated through a series of expert panel sessions with eight specialists. The final conceptual model was designed, and its validity was confirmed through a multi-stage consensus process.
Results: The model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the neurocognitive mechanisms of decision-making. It integrates cognitive, emotional, and motivational factors—such as intention, emotion, and cognitive reserve—to explain how choices are made and outcomes are evaluated. The model emphasizes the key roles of the prefrontal cortex and the limbic system, and demonstrates how external stimuli influence this process.
Conclusion: This validated model offers an integrated framework for the decision-making process, highlighting the interplay between key brain regions and cognitive and emotional factors. The model has important applications in education, psychotherapy, and designing interventions to improve decision-making skills.
 

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Background: Since 1999, the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) has consistently provided evidence-based guidelines aimed at the prevention and management of diabetic foot (DF). The latest version of these guidelines was published in 2023. Despite similarities such as being compiled by a working group, based on systematic reviews, and using the GRADE methodology to grade recommendations, it has some differences from the 2019 version. Awareness of these similarities and differences facilitates the faster implementation of evidence into clinical practice. The aim was to compare the similarities and differences between the 2019 and 2023 versions of the IWGDF guidelines.
Methods: In this comparative review study, both guideline versions were reviewed as primary sources. Data were extracted in two domains: structural (methodology) and content (number of chapters and recommendations, and key points). A comparison was then conducted on the data both quantitatively and qualitatively, whereby the similarities and differences between the two versions were identified and analyzed by juxtaposing the extracted information.
Results: The 2019 version consists of six guidelines, while the 2023 version includes seven separate guidelines. Both versions contain individual guidelines for prevention of foot ulcers (14 recommendations in 2023 vs. 16 in 2019), classification of foot ulcers (5 recommendations in both versions), diagnosis and treatment of foot infections (26 recommendations in 2023 vs. 27 in 2019), diagnosis and treatment of peripheral artery disease (25 recommendations in 2023 vs. 17 in 2019), offloading interventions (12 recommendations in 2023 vs. 9 in 2019), and wound healing interventions (29 recommendations in 2023 vs. 9 in 2019). A significant difference in the 2023 version compared to 2019 is the addition of a guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of active Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy, which includes 26 recommendations.
Conclusion: Despite content similarities, the 2023 version differs from the 2019 version in the number of recommendations, with the most notable difference being the inclusion of a guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of active Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy.

 

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Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with a higher risk of cognitive dysfunction and brain structural alterations, yet the specific contributions of its components and underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
Methods: This narrative review integrates findings from neuroimaging, clinical, and molecular studies to provide a conceptual understanding of how MetS affects cognition. A non-systematic and targeted search was conducted up to June 2025 using terms such as metabolic syndrome, cognition, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Studies were selected based on their relevance and conceptual contribution.
Results: Evidence converges on inflammation, oxidative stress, vascular injury, and insulin resistance as key mechanisms linking MetS to gray and white matter changes and cognitive impairment. Structural and functional MRI studies demonstrate disrupted brain connectivity and reduced hippocampal volume in individuals with MetS. Gender and genetic differences may also influence the strength of this association. The coexistence of metabolic syndrome and cognitive dysfunction is linked to reduced health-related quality of life.
Conclusion: The narrative synthesis highlights how metabolic and vascular factors jointly drive neurocognitive decline and underscores the need for longitudinal and mechanistic research.