Showing 16 results for Risk Factors
Farzaneh Zahedi, Bagher Larijani,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (7-2001)
Abstract
Background: The American Heart Association used the findings of the Framingham Heart Study to design an equation that quantifies the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).
Methods: The variables in this equation are age, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus and evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiography. We calculated the CHD risk of 139 patients, with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who attended our diabetes clinic. We also assessed risk factors not taken into account by the Framingham equation, such as obesity (body mass index (BMI) or waist-hip ratio (WHR)), plasma triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). We used the linear regression and one-way ANOVA functions on the SPSS.v6 software to analyze our data.
Results: Ninety-one women and 48 men enrolled in the study. Men had a higher five- and ten-year CHD risk than women. 36.4% of our subjects had plasma HDL-C <35mg/dl. The TC:HDL-C ratio was 6.18±1.76 in men and 5.97±2.21 in women. We found no significant correlation between two- and five-year CHD risk and WHR, BMI or triglyceride levels. There was a significant correlation between two- and five-year CHD risk and DBP (p=0.0006 and p=0.0001) and LDL-C (p=0.005 and p=0.001).
Conclusion: Patients with diabetes mellitus have a higher, but smaller than expected, risk of CHD. The value of the Framingham equation in diabetic patients is equivocal, given the absence of correlation between obesity markers and CHD risk. Larger, prospective, studies are needed to clarify the matter.
Hassan Safaei, Masood Amini,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (5-2004)
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of coronary heart disease and a worse prognosis compared with patients without diabetes. In this study, the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors have been investigated in type 2 diabetic patients.
Methods: A Cross Sectional study with a target population of known type 2 diabetic subjects was conducted in 2002 in Isfahan. From registered patients, 1150 were selected and evaluated for age. sex.duration of diabetes, BMI, hypertension, lipid profile, proteinuria, fasting blood glucose. HbAlc and smoking using convenience sampling methods.
Results: Mean fasting blood glucose and HbAl were 165.16 x 53.4 mg/dl and 9.2+ 3.5 percent respectively. The number of women with 3 cardiovascular risk factors was significantly greater than men (50.7% VS 33.5% PO.001). 19.5% of men and 50.2% of wjomen had high serum cholesterol level (>230 mg/dl). The prevalence of obesity (BMI >30Kg/m2) was 13.6% for men and 30.8% for women. 56.6% were hypertensive and 29.3% had proteinuria (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Cardiovascular risk factors are present in a considerable proportion of studied type 2 diabetic patients. Control of risk factors and life style modifications should be tightly considered in order to decrease the prevalence ofTHD in the up -coming years of their life.
Ahmad Esmaillzadeh, Parvin Mirmiran, Masoud Mirhosseini, Fereidoun Azizi,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (6-2004)
Abstract
Background: Although dietary guidelines recommend increased intake of grain products to prevent chronic diseases, epidemiologic data regarding whole-grain intake associated with metabolic syndrome is sparse. This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between whole-grain intake, metabolic syndrome and metabolic risk factors in Tehran adults population.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 827 subjects aged 18-74 were randomly selected from participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Usual dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and two 24-hour dietary recalls. BMI, FBS, blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, high LDL, low LDL, metabolic syndrome (according to ATP III guidelines) and hypertension (based on JNC VI) were assessed subjects were categorized on quartile cut-points of whole and refined grain intake.
Results: Mean (±SD) consumptions of whole- and refined grains were 93±29 and 201±57 g/d, respectively. Compared with subjects in the lower quartile category, those in the upper category of whole-grain intake had lower prevalence of metabolic risks. Conversely, those in the higher category of refined grain intake had higher prevalence of metabolic risk factors, except for diabetes. After controlling for confounders, a significant decreasing trend was observed for the risk of having hypertriglyceridemia [odds ratios among quartiles: 1.00,0.89, 0.74, 0.61, respectively], hypertension and metabolic syndrome. Higher consumption of refined grains were associated with higher risk of having hypercholestrolemia [1.00, 1.07, 1.19, 1.23), hypertriglyceridemia [1.00, 1.17, 1.49, 2.01), hypertension and metabolic syndrome.
Conclusion: Whole grain intake is inversely and refined grain intake is positively associated with the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Recommendations to increase whole-grain intake may reduce the risk of developing metabolic syndrome.
Hossein Fakhrzadeh, Abdolhamid Bagheri, Anahita Hamidi, Rasoul Pourebrahim, Ramin Heshmat, Masoumeh Noori, Yalda Rezaeikhah, Bagher Larijan ,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (6-2004)
Abstract
Background:Obesity is a serious public health problem in developing countries due to its association with the cardiovascular risk factors. Childhood obesity is responsible for a number of different complications both during childhood and adulthood. The aim of the present study was to determine the cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese Iranian children.
Methods: We screened 13086 children aged 7-12 years by measuring waist circumference. Those with a waist circumference ≥61 cm were selected for further evaluation. Anthropometric measurements were done and blood samples were taken from 563 enrolled overweight/obese children (284 boys and 279 girls). We determined cardiovascular risk factors (including fasting total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, blood pressure). In addition we measured the fasting blood sugar, insulin, apo-A , apo-B and leptin levels.
Results: Only 2.7% of overweight or obese children had no risk factors. While, 20.6% had one and 70.85% had two or more risk factors. The prevalence of high total Cholestrol levels was 42.6%. HDL-C showed an acceptable level in 92.4%of children .There were strong correlations between BMI and serum apoB and leptin levels (p<0.005).
Conclusion: The high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese Iranian children emphasizes the need for prevention and control of childhood obesity from early childhood in our country.
Mohammad Alidousti, Gholamreza Davoodi,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (7-2004)
Abstract
Background: Obesity is associated with many metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, for example, a direct and indirect relation has been established between obesity and diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and atherosclerosis. But whether regional fat distribution contributes independently to risk remained unclear. This study was designed to determine relation between central obesity and acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
Methods: In this case-control study, body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were calculated in 420 participants (140 cases and 280 controls). BMI and WHR means were evaluated in subgroups according to age, sex and cardiac risk factors. Odds ratio (95% CI) of the MI incidence in obese participants (BMI≥27 and/or WHR≥0.85) were compared with non obese subjects in each subgroups.
Results: Mean BMI mean in the case group (27.9±4.9) was more than control group (25.8±4.9) P≤0.05). The obese individuals had more chance of AMI (OR=3.2 CI=3-3.3). This chance increased with central obesity (OR=3.4 CI=3.2-3.6). Risk of AMI in younger obese participants (OR=4.3 CI=2.8-6.8) was more frequent than older ones (OR=2.1 CI=1.7-2.4). Central obesity increased risk of AMI in women (OR=3.6 CI=3.1-4.4) more than men (OR=2.2 CI=1.7-2.5).The excess risk of AMI in obese participants in associated with major cardiac risk factors was as following: hypertension (OR=18.4 CI=9.8-22.1), diabetes (OR=9 CI=4.2-14.1), hyperlipidemia (OR=6 CI=2.1-8.4), positive familial history (OR=2.6 CI=2.1-3.4) and smoking (OR=1.2 CI=0.9-1.7).
Conclusion: There is a strong association between BMI, WHR and risk of AMI. Central obesity comparing with general obesity has stronger relation with AMI incidence especially in women and younger subjects. In addition, cardiac risk factors except smoking aggravated correlation between obesity and AMI.
Manouchehr Nakhjavani, Fatemeh Esfahanian, Mahsa Safavi, Mana Kalbasi Anaraki, Pantea Zohrevand,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (8-2004)
Abstract
Background: Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in developed countries. This study was designed to determine the proportion of the diabetic patients among under-hemodialysis patients in ten hemodialysis centers of Tehran.
Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was done on all under-hemodialysis patients of ten hemodialysis centers (620 patients) during 2001-2002. Data were collected by taking history of the patients and reviewing their medical records. The data were analyzed to find out the frequency of the diabetes and the risk factors associated with diabetic nephropathy such as age, sex, type and duration of diabetes, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease and the family history of diabetes and hypertension.
Results: Diabetes was the cause of ESRD in 25% of patients aged 32 to 89 years old. The most frequent age group was 7th decade. 9% of diabetic patients suffered from type 1 and 91% of them suffered from type 2 diabetes. Patients with the diabetes duration of 15-19 years had the most frequency. 40% of patients were female and 60% of them were male. History of hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart diseases and smoking were positive in 48%, 82.5%, 46%, 41%, and 21% of patients, respectively.
Conclusion: The results of this study are in agreement with other studies in this field. Diabetic patients compose a remarkable percentage of under-hemodialysis-patients. High frequency of risk factors in these patients should promote controlling them to prevention ESRD.
Fatemeh Adili, Hossein Fakhrzadeh, Masoumeh Nouri, Jalil Makarem, Bagher Larijani,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (9-2005)
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular diseases are described as the most important health problems in developing countries which are developed in parallel with industrialization of communities. Based on the high morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease, this study was performed for examining the population lab inhabitants’ knowledge and practice.
Methods: In this cross – sectional study, 1576 inhabitants of the Population Lab Region were studied by cluster random sampling in 2002. 181 persons were selected from this population. The frequency of each cardio- vascular diseases risk factor such as hyperlipidemia, smoking, obesity, hypertension, Diabetes, family history of heart attack, being man, stress and excitement, sedentary life style, salty food, vegetables fruits, fatty food and red meat consumption, were assessed. In addition, the population study's practice regarding controlling the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases was determined, as well. Moreover, specific questionnaire and direct interview were used for collecting data and then the gathering data was analyzed by SPSS and EPI – Info soft wares.
Results: In this study, 71.8% of people were women while 28.2% of them were men. Besides, there was a significant relationship between the people’s knowledge about cardiovascular disease and the level of their education (P < 0.001). According to the results, 65.2% of population believed that heart attack was the most prevalent cause of death in comparison with 44% of them considered car accident and 13.3% agreed with cancers. On the other hand, 74% of people used liquid oil in their food and 77.9% of them knew the side effects of unhealthy foods such as salty food as one of the cardiovascular risk factors.
Conclusion: The inhabitants' knowledge regarding to the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases was approximately acceptable. However, there was a significant different between their knowledge and practice. Therefore, providing suitable educational programs for improving people’s nutrition, physical activity and the other relevant factors for preventing cardiovascular risk factors would be mentioned.
Hassan Safaei, Masoud Amini, Jila Behroz, Azam Teimori,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (5-2006)
Abstract
Background: Retinopathy is one of the microvascular complications of diabetes which is strongly related to the glycemic control and duration of the disease. According to results of other studies, the prevalence of retinopathy has been reported 5-30% in newly diagnosed patients whit type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of idabeteic retinopathy among newly diagnosed T2DM patients in Isfahan, Iran.
Methods: From july 2001 to March 2004, 710 newly diagnosed patients with T2DM were recruited in this study. Patients with duration of diabetes less than 1 year were considered as newly diagnosed ones. Along with physical examination and laboratory measurment for FBS, HbA1c, lipid profile, urea, Creatinin, and 24 houre urin examniation for albumin, retinoscopy was performed by an experienced ophttalmologist.
Results: In this study, 286 men and 424 women were investigated. The mean age of patients at presentation and the mean duration time of diabetes were 48.8 ±9.8 years (range 31-72years) and 8.6±5.4 months respectively. The prevalence of retinopathy was 9 % (9/8% in males and 8.5% in females). Logistic regression analysis revealed that BMI, diastolic blood pressure and 24 hour urine albumin, were independent risk factors for developing retinopathy.
Conclusion: Nevertheless of relatively moderate prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in our study as compared with other studies, it is necessary to perform retinal examination in newly diagnosed T2DM patients in order to prevent the sight-threatening outcomes of diabetic retinopathy.
Jila Maghbouli, Arash Hoseinnejad, Mohsen Khoshniatnikoo, Seyed Masoud Arzaghi, Mazaher Rahmani, Bagher Larijani,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (8-2006)
Abstract
Background: Few studies have investigated maternal leptin concentrations in women with pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and these published results are conflicting. We examined the association between plasma leptin concentration and GDM risk.
Methods: As a cross-sectional study 741 pregnant women that referred to five university hospital clinics were recruited. The universal screening was performed with a GCT-50g and those with plasma glucose level ≥130mg/dl, were diagnosed as GDM if they had an impaired GTT-100g based on Carpenter and Coustan criteria. The level of insulin was measured during OGTT-100g. Also maternal plasma leptin concentrations were measured.
Results: GDM patients had higher age, parity, BMI, and serum leptin concentration as compare with normal pregnancies. In logistic regression model serum leptin levels were independent factor for GDM.
Conclusion: Serum leptin concentrations can predict GDM.
Hossein Fakhrzadeh, Azadeh Sadat Khezri, Ali Refaei, Rasoul Pourebrahim, Mohammad Jafar Mahmoudi, Ramin Heshmat, Fatemeh Bandarian,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (8-2006)
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular Diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent due to urbanization and industrialization of our country. Therefore Screening of the Cardiovascular Risk Factors is one of the most important health system priorities. The aim of this study was to evaluate a screening method implementing family history for cardiovascular risk factors.
Methods: We chose 10 Junior-high schools in the 6th district of Tehran using simple random sampling. Then a questionnaire asking about family history of cardiovascular disease in the first degree relatives (including grand parents) was distributed between them and was completed –
with contribution of parents. Then high-risk and low-risk families were invited separately to Dr Shariati Hospital for further evaluation. SPSS software version 10 using student T-test, Chi-Square and descriptive tests were applied for data analysis
Results: Approximately 40% of families had positive family history (high risk). From this group, 72% participated for follow-up. From the low-risk group, only 34% participated. Total cholesterol and LDL-C levels were significantly higher in high risk (HR) group. FBS was also significantly higher in fathers and children of the HR group (P<0.05). High TC, LDL-C and FBS levels were more prevalent among the HR families (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in age, BMI, BP, TG and HDL-C between the 2 groups.
Conclusion: Families with a history of cardiovascular disease participated in greater numbers in the screening process and the prevalence of risk factors in this group was significantly higher. The findings confirm the usability of family history in screening programs.
Fereshteh Kalantari, Silva Hovsepian, Sasan Haghighi, Masoud Amini,
Volume 6, Issue 3 (5-2007)
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among type 1 diabetic patients referring to Isfahan Endocrine & Metabolism Research Center.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the prevalence of CVD risk factors including dyslipidemia, smoking and hypertension was determined in type 1 diabetic patients aged 15-30 years. Serum cholesterol <170 mg/dl, LDL<100 mg/dl , HDL>35 mg/dl , TG<150 mg/dl, systolic blood pressure<120 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure<80 mmHg were considered as optimal control levels.
Results: Among 219 studied diabetic patients (mean age=22.5±10.3, female/male=120/99), the mean cholesterol and HDL-C level was higher in women (176±34.9, 46.4±34.1) than men (162.9±32.4 vs. 41.5±10.1) (P<0.05). The prevalence of smoking, hypercholesterolemia, LDL>100 mg/dl, HDL<35 mg/dl, hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension was 6.9% (n=15), 47.4% (n=104), 53.5% (n=117), 22.8% (n=50), 18.3% (n=40) and 7.7% (n=17), respectively. HDL<35 mg/dl was more prevalent among men as compared with women but cholesterol> 170 was more frequently detected in women (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Considering the rather high prevalence of CVD risk factors in type 1 diabetic patients in Isfahan, and in view of modifiability of these risk factors, educating patients on appropriate glycemic control and increasing physical activity is necessary as well as close monitoring of these risk factors.
Parvin Mirmiran, Nazanin Nouri, Maryam Beheshti Zavareh, Fereidoun Azizi,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (6-2007)
Abstract
Background: Only limited data are available on the benefits of fruits and vegetable consumption on CVD risk factors. The aim of this study was to examine whether and to what extent intake of fruits and vegetables are inversely associated with cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors in adults.
Methods: In this population-based cross-sectional study a representative sample of 840 Tehranian adults (361 men and 479 women) aged 18-74 years were randomly selected in 1998. Usual dietary intake was assessed with the use of food frequency questionnaire. Portion sizes of consumed foods were converted from household measures to grams and analyzed by using Nutritionist III software designed for Iranian foods. Subjects were categorized based on category cut-points. : 0-1.9, 2-2.9, 3.0-3.9, and>=4 servings/d.
Results: In multivariate logistic regression after adjusting for confounders, dietary fruits and vegetable were found to be significantly and inversely associated with CVD risk factors. Adjusted odds ratio for high LDL concentrations were 1.00, 0.88, 0.81, 0.75(P for trend < 0.01) in first model which was adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), energy intake, smoking status, dietary cholesterol, and prevalence of diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease, a trend which was not appreciably altered by additional adjustment for education, physical activity, and saturated, polyunsaturated, total fat, Potassium and vitamin C intakes. This association was observed across categories of smoking status, physical activity, and tertiles of the Keys score.
Conclusion: Consumption of fruits and vegetables more than 4 servings a day is associated with lower concentrations of total cholesterol and LDL-C and with decrease in the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Abolfazl Mohammad Beigi, Hamidreza Tabatabaei, Bahram Zeighami, Narges Mohammad Salehi,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (7-2007)
Abstract
Background: Glucose metabolism impairment may occur during some pregnancies especially of advanced age and history of previous gestational diabetes and may result in hazardous consequences both for mother and neonate.
Methods: The present study as a case-control was conducted on 420 referred pregnant women to Shiraz hospitals that involve 70 diabetic patients and 350 non-diabetic women. Data analyzed by analysis of variance and χ square for univariate and logistic regression for multivariate analysis.
Results: From 70 diabetic patients 22(31.4%) afflicted with overt diabetes as well as 48 (68.6%) gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes history (OR=23.14), hydramnious (OR=13.26), glucosuria at 3rd trimester (OR=11.49), family history of diabetes (OR=4.09) and age (OR=1.03) were the most important risk factors for gestational diabetes, respectively. History of macrosomia in previous pregnancies (OR=18.83) and history of previous cesarean section (OR=11.96) were the most important predictors for overt diabetes.
Conclusion: In view of several threatening consequences of diabetes during pregnancy, screening for diabetes especially in mothers with gestational diabetes history and family history of diabetes is essential in order to control and prevention of these outcomes in mother and neonate.
Leila Azadbakht, Masoud Kimiagar, Yadolah Mehrabi, Ahmad Esmaeil Zadeh,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (7-2007)
Abstract
Background: Little evidence exists regarding the effects of soy consumption on the metabolic syndrome in humans. We aimed to determine the effects of soy consumption on components of the metabolic syndrome, plasma lipids, lipoproteins, insulin resistance and glycemic control in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome.
Methods: This randomized cross-over clinical trial was undertaken on 42 postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome. Participants were randomly assigned to consume a control diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension= DASH), soy protein diet, or soy nut diet, each for eight weeks. Red meat in the DASH diet was replaced by soy protein in the soy protein period and by soy nut in the soy nut period.
Results: Total cholesterol was significantly reduced compared to the control (P<0.01) and soy protein groups (P<0.01). The results were the same regarding the fasting insulin serum (P<0.01 compared with the control and soy protein group), HOMA-IR (P<0.01 compared with the control and soy protein group), Fasting blood sugar (P<0.01 compared with the control and soy protein group), and LDL cholesterol (P<0.01 compared with the control and P<0.05 compared with the soy protein group). Both soy nut and soy protein reduced Apo B100 compared to the control group (P<0.01).
Conclusion: Short-term soy nut consumption improved glycemic control and lipid profiles in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome
Ahmad Esmaillzadeh, Leila Azadbakht,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2007)
Abstract
Background: Although hypertriglyceridemic waist (HW) phenotype has received much attention over recent years for its association with other metabolic abnormalities, it remains unknown whether its effects are mediated through changes in plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers. We aimed to evaluate the association between hypertriglyceridemic waist (HW) phenotype and markers of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction among women.
Methods: Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were assessed in a cross-sectional study of 507 Iranian women aged 40-60 years. HW phenotype was defined as serum triacylglycerol concentration ≥150 mg/dl and concurrent waist circumference ≥89.
Results: The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemic waist (HW) phenotype was 32.2% (95% CI: 28.7, 35.7) among women. Individuals with HW phenotype had higher anthropometric measures, were older and less physically active. After control for potential confounding variables, women in different categories of WC had significantly different levels of CRP (WC main effect: P=0.001), TNF-α (P=0.01), IL-6 (P=0.001), E-selectin (P=0.007), sICAM-1 (P=0.01) and sVCAM-1 (P=0.02, 2-factor ANOVA for all). When the models were further adjusted for BMI, the difference in sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 ceased to be significant. Significant differences in CRP (TG main effect: P=0.01), TNF-α (P=0.008), SAA (P=0.03), IL-6 (P=0.01), E-selectin (P=0.02) and sICAM-1 (P=0.01, 2-factor ANOVA for all) were found between categories of TG concentration after control for confounders. Most of these differences remained significant even after additional adjustments for BMI, except for E-selectin. There was a significant interaction between WC and TG concentration with regard to CRP, IL-6, SAA, and E-selectin.
Conclusion: This study provides evidence showing a positive association between HW phenotype and markers of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.
Zhaleh Shademan, Farshad Sharifi, Mahbube Ebrahimpur, Moloud Payab, Seyed Masoud Arzaghi, Hossein Fakhrzadeh,
Volume 20, Issue 1 (1-2021)
Abstract
Background: Identifying the risk factors for the health of the elderly and designing interventions to improve the health of the elderly is one of the priorities of the health care system in the world today. This first requires the promotion of scientific knowledge in the field of health problems of the elderly.
Methods: In this review conducted in 1399, all studies with the keyword of aging or age-related diseases such as atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, diabetes, dementia, frailty, cognitive impairment, daily life function, nutritional status with organizational affiliation of the Endocrinology and Metabolism Research center or the Elderly Health Research Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences were reviewed without time limit in databases, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scalar search engines.
Results: A total of 115 studies were found with these keywords. By examining the sampling, method, data analysis and also the removal of similar data, 63 articles were reviewed.
Conclusion: In this regard, the Elderly Health Research center has conducted several studies to localize tools for assessing the health of the elderly, identifying common diseases of the elderly, the prevalence of diseases and syndromes of the elderly and designing several interventional studies in the form of three large studies Kahrizak elderly study, Bushehr elderly health study and Birjand elderly longitudinal study has been discussed in this review.
