Iranian Journal of

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Background: Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a reported 3% to 65% risk of developing type 2 diabetes. This study aims to identify the factors in GDM patients which can predict the risk of postpartum impaired glucose tolerance (T2DM+IGT) and T2DM.
Methods: A cohort study was conducted on 2416 pregnant women referred to five university hospital clinics. The universal screening was performed with a GCT- 50g and those with plasma glucose level  130mg/dl, were diagnosed as GDM if they had an impaired GTT-100g based on Carpenter and Coustan criteria. All pregnancies were followed until delivery. Available GDM patients underwent an OGTT-75gr within 6 to 12 weeks after delivery. Postpartum diabetes mellitus was diagnosed according to ADA criteria.
Results: Such factors as FBS105 during pregnancy, insulin requirement during pregnancy and BMI≥27kg/m2 before pregnancy were more prevalent in postpartum diabetic patients as compared with normal controls, significantly. Multivariate analysis suggested that gestational requirement for insulin and BMI≥27kg/m2 were the best predictors for developing postpartum diabetes. Also history of abortion, gestational requirement for insulin and BMI≥27kg/m2 were the best predictors for postpartum IGT.
Conclusion: Women with GDM have a substantially increased risk of developing postpartum IGT or diabetes. High glucose levels, insulin requirement during pregnancy, history of abortion and BMI≥27kg/m2 are the best predictors for postpartum diabetes and IGT.

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Background: Interleukin-6(IL-6) and Tumor Necroes Factor-alpha (TNF-α) are secreted by adipose tissue and are potential regulators of low grade inflammation and metabolic disorders in Obesity Type 2 Diabetes (OT2D). hence, present study examined the effects of interval training with different diet on low grade inflammation and some of metabolic indexes in OT2D.
Methods: forty-five  OT2D men were randomly assigned into a High intensity interval training(HIIT) plus  normal diet group (ND+H), low carbohydrate diet plus   HIIT group(LC+H)   or  HIIT plus   low fat diet group(LF+H) that involved adherence to a 1200-1500 kcal/day(ND+H: 28% fat, 54% carb and 18% protein; LC+H: 42% fat, 40% carb and 18% protein; LF+H: 20% fat, 62% carb and 18% protein) while participating in a supervised HIIT (3 d/week for 12 weeks). Anthropometrics, physiologic features and fasting blood samples were obtained at 0, 8(8 weeks diet only), 16, 20(12 weeks HIIT plus diet) and 24(4 weeks diet only) weeks.
Results: Maximum Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) after 24 weeks of intervention, the LC + H group (P = 0.001, F = 2.195) and LF + H group (P = 0.014, F = 3.548) showed a significant decrease Compared to the pre-test, this decrease was not observed in the ND + H group. The decrease in IL-6 index with other variables (except for maximum oxygen consumption) showed a significant relationship, but the VO2max index had a significant reverse relationship [for LC + H group (p = 0.001, r = -0.54); For LF + H group (p = 0.019, r = -0.41 =), they showed IL-6. In line with changes in IL6, there was a significant difference in TNF-α index in all stages of the study. After 24 weeks of intervention, the LC + H group (P = 0.001, F = 5.541) and LF + H group (p = 0.001, F = 9.654) had a significant reduction compared to the pre-test , But this decrease was not observed in the ND + H group. Significant increase in VO2peak with significant decreases in insulin, HOMA-IR and HbA1c was observed in all groups. Also, there was a significant decrease in IL-6 and TNF-α in LC + H and LF + H groups. Changes in IL-6 and TNF-α showed an inverse association with peak oxygen consumption. Pearson's analysis revealed meaningful relationships between changes in lipid profiles with peak oxygen consumption. VO2peak significant increases in all groups with significant decreases in insulin, HOMA-IR and HbA1c in all groups. Also, IL-6 and TNFα significant decreases in LC+H and LF+H groups. Changes in IL-6 and TNFα significantly Inverse correlated with VO2peak.  Pearson analysis revealed significant correlations between changes in lipid profile to VO2peak.
Conclusion: Results support contentions that diet and exercise affects low grade inflammatory and fitness, lipid and glycemic profiles that changes in IL-6 and TNF-α be correlated with some of these changes.
 

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Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of HIIT training and supplementation of black grape seed extract on Wnt and Β-catenin gene expression in pancreatic tissue in male rats with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats, with average weight of 250 ± 20 gr, after induction of diabetes by STZ, were randomly divided into 5 groups: training- supplement, training-placebo, supplement and diabetic-control and base control. After becoming diabetic, rats were familiarized with protocol for one week and then trained for eight weeks, five days a week. They ran on treadmill with 90% of VO2 max. Intragastric injection of GSPE extracted from black grape seed (Cabernet sauvignon) once a day for 8 weeks (250 mg/kg, proanthocyanidin content >96%). 24 hours after the last session of training, pancreas tissue was extracted, and the level of gene expression was measured by Real Time-PCR. In all statistical analyzes, the statistical significance level was considered to be 0.05.
Results: Eight weeks and supplement significantly increased the mean expression of Wnt and Β-catenin genes in pancreatic tissue of type 2 diabetic rats but the effect of exercise with black grape seed extract on the expression of Wnt genes in the pancreas of diabetic rats was not significant.
Conclusion: It seems that regulating the expression of Wnt and Β-catenin genes through exercise and consumption of black grape seed extract is likely to improve and maintain the function of pancreatic beta cells, especially in diabetic samples.

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Background: Type 2 diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial, polygenic disease caused by impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. Melatonin is a circadian rhythm regulator and any imbalance in its levels can be related to various metabolic disorders. Melatonin and the genetic variants of MTNR1B gene are reported to be associated with T2DM susceptibility. We investigated the association between rs4753426 variant in the MTNR1B gene and the risk of T2DM in group of Iranian patients.
Methods: In this case-control study108 T2DM and 100 normal individuals were recruited to genotyping by PCR- RFLP.
Results: It was observed a significant difference in CC, CT, and TT genotypes distribution between T2DM and control groups (P<0.001). Frequency of C allele among cases was significantly lower than controls (8.3% vs. 42.5% respectively, P<0.001) and C allele carriers had a 88% lower risk of developing T2DM than T carriers.
Conclusion: Our results showed that the rs4753426 variant of MTNR1B gene could reduce the risk of T2DM developing.

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Background: Inflammation is one of the main causes of obesity and type 2 diabetes due to obesity and can increase metabolic disorders. Because exercise and diet are effective in reducing inflammation, Hence, Present Study Examined the Effects Of 24 Weeks Interventions On IL-6 Index Changes in Obesity Type 2 Diabetic Men: Influenced by HIIT And Diet Regimes
Methods: In this study, 70 men (Obese Type 2 Diabetic Patients) were randomly assigned into 7 groups (4 groups in different diet plus HIIT intervention and 3 groups only in different diet) that involved adherence to a 1,200 kcal/day for 1 week until 1,900 kcal/d diet for 24 weeks while participating in a supervised HIIT (12 week) followed with 4 weeks primarily diet regimes. Diet regimes consist of standard diet (50% CHO, 32% fat), low carbohydrate diet (25% CHO, 57% fat; 70% of 57% fat was unsaturated fat), low fat diet (67% CHO, 15% fat) and high fat (25% CHO, 57% fat; 50% of 57% fat was saturates fat), while protein was 18% for all groups. Anthropometrics and physiologies parameters, Body composition and fasting blood samples were obtained at 0, 4, 8, 14, 20 and 24 weeks. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis, one-way ANOVA test. Data are presented as mean±SD changes from baseline.
Results: results indicated that between differences times wasn’t show significant different (F (5,315) =3.66; P=0.002; η2=0.055).  also results demonstrated that within groups changes interactions don’t show significant different (F (5,315) =1.61; P=0.025; η2=0.133). This results also revelated that maximum increase and decrease of IL-6 was in high fat diet (28.09±19.80) and low CHO+HIIT (-28.89±25.13) after 24 weeks interventions. maximum increase and decrease of IL-6 was in high fat diet (26.74±25.33) and low fat +HIIT (-32.11±29.17) After 12 weeks HIIT + diet interventions.
Conclusion: Results support contentions that different diet regimes and exercise were selectively affects Pro Inflammatory markers and that changes in low CHO and low fat plus HIIT and low CHO meals plus with HIIE may be benefit for obese type 2 diabetic patients