Iranian Journal of

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Background: There are disputed reports of the beneficial effects of magnetic fields on glucose homeostasis. Continuing from our previous work, we studied the effect of a constant magnetic field on blood glucose and weight gain in laboratory mice.
 Methods: 28 young, female bALB/c mice were randomly allocated into four groups A, B, C and D. Group A were placed in a constant magnetic field for 20 days, group B for 20 days in a placebo field, group C for 10 days in a constant magnetic field, after which the field was removed, and group D for 10 days in a placebo field, which was then removed the remaining 10 days of the study. The induction force of the magnetic field was 500 gauss, and was generated by two natural magnet bars. Placebo fields were created by two identical looking bars of granite. The mice were weighed daily and had their blood glucose measured at the end of the 20-day study.
Results: Weight gain was similar in the four groups. Blood glucose was significantly lower in group C mice than in groups B and D mice. No other significant difference in blood glucose between the groups was detected.
Conclusion: Even though blood glucose remained unchanged whilst mice are inside a magnetic field, the blood glucose of mice 10 days after field removal is lower than in mice that had never been inside a magnetic field.

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Background: Diabetic Neuropathy is the most common and troublesome complication of Diabetes Mellitus, leading to the greatest morbidity and mortality and resulting in a huge economic burden for diabetes care. Early diagnosis of distal symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy, a common complication of diabetes, may decrease morbidity by allowing potential therapeutic interventions.
Methods: In 68 diabetic patients after neuropathy screening by U.K and Michigan scores, Bilateral sural nerve conduction parameters as nerve conduction velocity, latency and amplitude were determined and analysed.
Results: 54.4% of patients had Rt sural abnormal response, 50% had abnormality in left side and 39.7% had bilateral abnormality. There was significant statistical correlation between Michigan physical score and electrophysiologic finding (P-value < 0.003) but no correlation with U.K score (P-value > 0.3). The most prevalent abnormal electrophysiologic finding was amplitude decrement of sural response.
Conclusion: Sural nerve response is one of the simplest and most sensitive peripheral sensory nerves for electrophysiologic study of diabetic neuropathy and its evaluation is recommended in all diabetic patients in spite of normal physical examination and history for detection of subclinical neuropathic cases. For increment of sensitivity, amplitude measurement of sensory response is highly recommended.

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Background: Detecting mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is not only important in prevention of prenatal morbidities but also has significant effect on neonatal and maternal long term outcomes. Today, there are screening tests for GDM but they are time-consuming and expensive, therefore it seems necessary to perform testes that are uses expensive but with higher sensitivity and specificity. The aim of this study was to determine a cut - off point of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) for screening of GDM.
Methods: 200 pregnant women referring to the perinatal clinic of Imam Khomeini hospital, (Sari – Iran) were studied. All cases with age ≥25 years old, history of recurrent abortion, GDM, preeclampsia, macrosomia, still birth, diabetes mellitus(DM) in first degree family or pre gestational body mass index ≥25kg/m2 were selected. Those with pre gestational diabetes mellitus were excluded. All of participants underwent a 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT) between the 24th and 28th gestational week. If 1- hour plasma glucose was more than 130 mg/dl, a 3- hour 100g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. The diagnosis of GDM was made by ADA 2006 recommendation (Carpenter and Coustan diagnostic criteria). Referring to the Receiver Operative Characteristic Curve, level of FPG having highest sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of GDM was determined.
Results: From 200 participants, 65 women had positive GCT, of them 58 (response rate 89%) referred for 100g OGTT and 20(10%) were diagnosed GDM. Using ROC curve and under curve area of 0.853 the FBG level of 91.5 mg/dl, showed the highest sensitivity and specificity, 80% and 92% respectively in diagnosis of GDM.
Conclusion: FBG ≥ 91.5 mg/dl has good sensitivity and specificity in screening of GDM. Since this is simpler and cheaper than 50g GCT, is recommended as a screening method in diagnosis of GDM.

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Background: Aloe vera is a herbal plant being used as an anti-inflammatory agent, burning recovery as well as immune system boosting agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Aloe vera on blood glucose , lipids and lipoproteins in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats.
Methods: This study was carried out on 56 male rats, weighing 150-200 gr. Animals are divided into 7 groups (one control and six test groups). Diabetes were induced in test groups via streptozocin (65mg/ kg-IP). After a week, blood samples analyses for FBS. All diabetic groups, except the control one, were taken 100,200,300,400 mg/kg Aloe vera extract and 5mg/kg glibenclamid by gavages for a period of 4 weeks, respectively. After this period fasting blood samples were collected from all groups.
Results:The results showed that the FBS decreased in groups that received 400mg/kg and glibenclamid (respectively,162/62±23.12and193.37±26.51). In addition, 3-6 groups showed decrease TG and Cholesterol level in comparison with those of control groups. In all groups which received Aloe vera and glibenclamid, LDL level were significantly decreased in comparison with control groups but HDL level had no change.
Conclusion: The results of this research indicate that Aloe vera aqueous extract lead to decreased Blood glucose, Cholesterol, LDL and TG levels. Further studies is suggested for exact mechanism of Aloe vera in diabetic rats.

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Background: Alternate Day Fasting (ADF) is one of dietary regimens in which food is available only every other day. Available limited evidence shows that this regimen may result in beneficial effects similar to classic caloric restriction, including weight loss and other associated useful effects of weight loss. Methods: Twelve week-old Wistar rats were obtained from animal house of Jundi Shapur University and fed a standard diet. Food was provided ad-libittum (AL) until 13 week of age. At that time rats were assigned to one of two groups: AL fed ad libitum or ADF, provided access to food every other day. Body weight was measured each week on the same day and time. Food intake was measured daily. Fasting blood glucose levels were measured before and after the intervention. Statistical tests performed as two-tailed and P value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significance level. Results: At the end of the intervention period body weight and food intakes of the (ADF) group were significantly lower than AL group (p<0.05) but there were not significant changes in fasting blood glucose levels. Conclusion: According to findings of this experimental study, ADF regimen could be used as an individualized eating strategy for weight loss but it could not have beneficial effects on fasting blood glucose levels.

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Background: Physical activity with diet and medication–considered fundamental in the treatment of diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of combined 12-week aerobic exercise and barley β glucan (BBG) on blood glucose and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Twenty- four female volunteers (49±5 years) were selected, and after completion of questionnaires, were randomly divided into three groups a) aerobic training with diet group (n=8), b) diet group (n=8) and c) control group (n=8). The diet group used one barley bread per day with 4 gram beta glucan during 12 week. The combined group participated in progressive walking training program with intensity of 60-70% of maximal heart rate 2 to 3 times a week, 20 to 60 minutes in each session in addition to diet program. The variables measured included blood sugar, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, HDL. For data analysis ANOVA used to compare mean differences between groups. Results: Results indicated significant difference in blood sugar between control and experimental groups while non significant changes was observed in lipid profile. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise and BBG can decrease blood glucose in patients with diabetes Therefore, it should be considered seriously as part of the treatment of these patients.

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Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one the most common chronic disease, with many complications including renal failure, blindness and non traumatic amputation. Prevention of complications is possible through monitoring and control of blood glucose levels. Considering how easy home blood glucose monitoring is, we decided to evaluate the performance of two available glucometers for detection of blood glucose compared with standard laboratory methods. Methods: In this study, 369 patients with diabetes who admitted to the Shahid Beheshti hospital laboratory in 2013 selected by simple way. After fasting blood glucose testing at the laboratory by lancet devices for ONCALL and GLUCOCARD Glucometers, capillary blood was taken, and glucose measurements were performed by a special strips. Finally, we compared of capillary blood glucose levels of 369 patients as determined by test strips (Glucometers) with venous blood glucose levels measurements by the enzymatic method (the standard laboratory kit), and the results was evaluated by statistical tests such as the mean ± standard deviation, and Pearson correlation. Results: The mean blood glucose measurements reported using the Glucocard glucometer, the ONCALL glucometer and the standard laboratory method were 127.0±51.6mg/dl, 117.9±42.1 mg/dL and 118.09±51.9 mg/dL. Results obtained using the ONCALL Glucometer had no differences with the standard method levels)p=0.901(, but obtained results from GLUCOCARD Glucometers had differences with the standard method levels(p≤0.001). Conclusion: Diversity glucometer devices used in various parts of the country highlight the need for similar studies. We recommend use the ONCALL Glucometer with standard principles for glucose monitoring routine.

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Background: In recent years, dietary supplements play an important role in maintaining a healthy diet in most chronic diseases such as diabetes. Spirulina platensis as a food supplement has been raised and regulator effects on cholesterol and antioxidant and immune regulating effects of this supplement are also considered. It contains vitamin B, beta-carotene, vitamin E, high value proteins, minerals, gamma linolenic acid and antioxidants.
Methods: In this study 50 patients with type II diabetes were randomly selected and after taking patient's history they were divided into two equal groups including control. 8 grams of spirulina that was prepared in tablet (each 1 gram) form was administered daily to patient group for three months. Fasting blood sugar levels monthly and hemoglobin A1C levels at the beginning and end of the projects were measured in both groups and their results were compared with each other.
Results: Fasting plasma glucose in patient group after 3 months of treatment with spirulina powder gave a significant reduction from the 158.1± 44.2 mg/dl at the beginning of study to 127.8 ± 36.7 mg/dl but was not significant in the control group. Glycosylated hemoglobin in the both groups decreased but this decrease was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: Spirulina platensis as a supplement can be administered in type II diabetic patients that used oral anti-diabetic drugs. It is effective in reducing fasting blood glucose in the short term but its effect on hemoglobin A1C need to prescribe longer.

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Background: The higher dietary acid load may affect blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and insulin levels. The purpose of this systematic review study is to examine the relation of dietary acid load with blood pressure and blood glucose.
Methods: We searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Medline up to July 2016, using the keywords "dietary acid load", "serum glucose", "insulin resistance" and "hypertension ". 12 studies (6 cross-sections, 5 cohorts and 1 intervention) were included in this systematic review.
Results: Out of eleven articles related to blood pressure, three studies showed a significant relationship between dietary acid load scale and hypertension. Three studies found only a significant association between dietary acid load and systolic blood pressure, while other studies did not show any significant correlation between dietary acid load and systolic or diastolic blood pressure. Moreover, in relation to blood glucose control, among eight studies, one study demonstrated a significant relationship between increasing dietary acid load and the incidence of diabetes. One study reported a significant relation of dietary acid load with fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin concentration. In addition, two studies indicated a significant correlation between increased dietary acid load and insulin resistance, but other studies not revealed a meaningful relationship.
Conclusion: Since most studies suggest a significant association between increased dietary acid load and higher blood pressure, therefore it seems which dietary acid load can effect on blood pressure. The results of the investigation of the relationship between dietary acid load with glucose, insulin levels or diabetes have many contradictions. According to limited studies in this field, there is a need to further trial or prospective studies regarding the dietary acid load and the incidence of diabetes, insulin levels, and other blood glucose markers.
 

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Background: Patients with diabetes need to be educated efficiently and effectively in order to increase their quality of life. According to modern technological developments, multimedia message-based education is considered as one of the effective educational strategies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of multimedia-based education in the Telegram application and in-person method on fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes.
Methods: In this clinical trial study, a sample of 66 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes who referred to the emergency department and the clinic of Sina hospital in Tabriz, were randomly assigned in double blocks into two groups: in-person education and multimedia-based education. Data gathering tools included a demographic form, glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting blood glucose were measured before and three months after the educational intervention. Data were analyzed with independent and paired samples t-tests.
Results: The results indicated that there were no significant differences in the mean values of glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting blood glucose between two groups before and after education(P >0.05). In within-group comparison, there was a statistically significant difference in the multimedia message group on the reduction of mean values of glycosylated hemoglobin (p= 0.02) but these values differences were not significant in in-person group (p= 0.33).
Conclusion: Multimedia-based education in the Telegram application compared to in-person education improves self-care and reduces the mean values of glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic patients. This educational context can be used to facilitate the self-care education process to patients.

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Background: the present study aims at investigating the effect of Stress coping techniques and self-regulation strategies on the blood glucose level of diabetic patients.
Methods:  the research method was experimentally pretest – posttest with control group. this purpose, out of all those patients who had referred to the Diabetes Center of Bushehr City, 45 diabetic patients were selected randomly in two experiment groups (each with 15 patients) and one control group (with 15 patients) by purposeful sampling method with random replacement. The experimental groups were trained by the Stress coping techniques and self-regulation strategies in eight 90-minute sessions. In this study, the Accu-Chek Active Blood Glucose Meter was used to measure the blood glucose level. Data were analyzed by SPSS V.25. The follow-up phase was also carried out two months after the medical intervention.
Results: the training in two ways of stress coping and self-regulation strategies has reduced the level of blood glucose among the diabetic patients (P = 0.0001) of which the impact has remained been stable over the time (P < 0.05). There is also a significant difference in the effect of the Stress coping techniques and self-regulation strategies on the blood glucose level of diabetic patients (P < 0.05) such that training the Stress coping techniques has more impact on reduction of blood glucose level of diabetic patients.
Conclusion: results show that training the Stress coping techniques and self-regulation strategies can significantly reduce the blood glucose level of diabetic patients and treat the diabetes effectively.

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Background: TORC1 protein is an important factor in regulating adipose tissue metabolism. Type 2 diabetes can lead to dysfunction and the development of obesity. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and endurance on blood glucose and TORC1 protein content in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese with type 2 diabetes rats.
Methods: In this study, 18 head 2 Sprague-Dawley male rats with a mean weight of 270±30 g were selected. After becoming type 1 diabetic through streptozotocin and Nicotine amide solution, they were randomly divided into 3 groups: 1) HIIT training 2) endurance training and 3) control (6 heads per group). Exercise groups exercised 4 days a week for 8 weeks according to HIIT and endurance training programs. SPSS software version 23, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze the data.
Result: Eight weeks of HIIT and endurance training resulted in a significant decrease in blood glucose level (p<0.0001) and a significant increase in TORC1 protein content (P<0.0001) compared to the control group.
Conclusion: HIIT and endurance training lowered blood glucose levels and increase TORC1 protein content, which this training can be a suitable and non-invasive treatment to control diabetes and also regulate adipose tissue metabolism in type 2 diabetics who are prone to obesity.