Iranian Journal of

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Introduction: In order to determine the relationship between serum lipid profile and diabetes mellitus as well as other cardiovascular risk factors, we carried out a cross-sectional study of 1255 oil industry workers at the Kharg Island oil terminal.
Methods: Increased levels of total cholesterol (TC≥200mg/dl), triglyceride (TG≥200mg/dl), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL≥130mg/dl) were seen in 32.7%, 39.5% and 18.5% of the workers, respectively. Decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL<40mg/dl) were seen in 13.1% of workers. 61.3% of the workers had a body mass index (BMI) ≥25kg/m2. Visceral obesity (waist circumference >100cm) was seen 32.4% of workers.
Results: There was a direct and significant relationship between TC levels and BMI (p<0.001), and between TG levels and BMI (p<0.0001). The same correlation existed between waist circumference and both TC (p<0.02) and TG (p<0.06). There was also a direct correlation between LDL levels and waist circumference (p<0.04). 10.6% of workers had some disorder of glucose metabolism. There was a direct correlation between diabetes and both TC and HDL levels (p<0.04 and p<0.05, respectively). 42.4% of workers smoked and 57.4% had a sedentary lifestyle. There was a trend toward lower blood glucose and cholesterol levels as the level of physical activity increased (p=0.1 and p=0.08, respectively). There was a significant difference between blue- and white-collar workers in the prevalence of excess weight, visceral obesity, diastolic hypertension, diabetes and cigarette smoking, but not serum lipid profile and level of physical activity.
Conclusion: The significant prevalence of dyslipidaemia and other cardiovascular risk factors in the oil workers of Kharg Island requires systematic preventive interventions to reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in this population.

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Background: Diabetes mellitus, the most common metabolic disorder of childhood, has important physical and emotional complications this urges the role of patient education and self-monitoring. Diabetes is costly since patients have to do several lab tests and spend a lot on treatment.
Methods: 150 patients with IDDM entered this cross-sectional study. The metabolic control and degree to which these patients were utilizing available facilities were determined and compared with same surveys from Germany, France, USA, Australia, and Saudi Arabia.
Results: 91.3% of patients had no glucometer thus were unable to do self-monitoring. HbA1C had been regularly determined in only 8.66%. Insulin therapy was improper or inadequate in 59.1%. The quality of metabolic control was significantly poorer than the other mentioned nations (P< 0.001).
Conclusion: The study advocates educational programs for diabetics. Complete insurance coverage and free weekly lab tests are also suggested.

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Background: Obesity and overweight, as the most common metabolic disorders, are great health problem during recent decades. Obesity takes a role as independent or concordant risk factor for many diseases. So, it has a considerable share in burden of morbidities and mortalities. Urbanization and its consequences in increasing of incomes and per capita energy uptake, besides the notable reduction in physical activities are the main causes of increased rates of obesity in developing countries. This survey has been conducted to evaluate the obesity and overweight status and their pattern among the inhabitants of 25-64 aged in 17th zone of Tehran, selected as Population Lab region.
Methods: This study is a part of the Cardiovascular Risk Factors Survey in the Population Lab region. This survey has been designed and conducted based on MONICA/WHO project. A total of 1573 people have been recruited and assessed on age, weight, height, waist and hip circumferences. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were determined for comparing between groups.
Results: There was a significant difference in mean BMI between two sexes (26.13 kg/m2 in men vs. 28.86 kg/m2 in women). As well, WC and WHR were diverse between men and women (WC: 91.70 cm vs. 89.15 cm WHR: 0.91 vs. 0.85, respectively). Obesity prevalence was 18.6% among men and 38.3% among women. Prevalence of high WC and abnormal WHR were higher among women than men.
Conclusion: These results revealed that prevalence of obesity among adults was very high. The prevalence in women was more than two times than in men. This finding may be in part because of little physical activity and high proportions of carbohydrates intake instead of protein in daily energy uptake and also because of physiological differences among women. Proper and effective planning to achieve applied strategies for improving the social knowledge and awareness and also improving the life style and nutrition status of the people is highly necessiated.

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Background:Obesity is a serious public health problem in developing countries due to its association with the cardiovascular risk factors. Childhood obesity is responsible for a number of different complications both during childhood and adulthood. The aim of the present study was to determine the cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese Iranian children.
Methods: We screened 13086 children aged 7-12 years by measuring waist circumference. Those with a waist circumference ≥61 cm were selected for further evaluation. Anthropometric measurements were done and blood samples were taken from 563 enrolled overweight/obese children (284 boys and 279 girls). We determined cardiovascular risk factors (including fasting total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, blood pressure). In addition we measured the fasting blood sugar, insulin, apo-A , apo-B and leptin levels.
Results: Only 2.7% of overweight or obese children had no risk factors. While, 20.6% had one and 70.85% had two or more risk factors. The prevalence of high total Cholestrol levels was 42.6%. HDL-C showed an acceptable level in 92.4%of children .There were strong correlations between BMI and serum apoB and leptin levels (p<0.005).
Conclusion: The high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese Iranian children emphasizes the need for prevention and control of childhood obesity from early childhood in our country.

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Background: Obesity is associated with many metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, for example, a direct and indirect relation has been established between obesity and diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and atherosclerosis. But whether regional fat distribution contributes independently to risk remained unclear. This study was designed to determine relation between central obesity and acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
Methods: In this case-control study, body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were calculated in 420 participants (140 cases and 280 controls). BMI and WHR means were evaluated in subgroups according to age, sex and cardiac risk factors. Odds ratio (95% CI) of the MI incidence in obese participants (BMI≥27 and/or WHR≥0.85) were compared with non obese subjects in each subgroups.
Results: Mean BMI mean in the case group (27.9±4.9) was more than control group (25.8±4.9) P≤0.05). The obese individuals had more chance of AMI (OR=3.2 CI=3-3.3). This chance increased with central obesity (OR=3.4 CI=3.2-3.6). Risk of AMI in younger obese participants (OR=4.3 CI=2.8-6.8) was more frequent than older ones (OR=2.1 CI=1.7-2.4). Central obesity increased risk of AMI in women (OR=3.6 CI=3.1-4.4) more than men (OR=2.2 CI=1.7-2.5).The excess risk of AMI in obese participants in associated with major cardiac risk factors was as following: hypertension (OR=18.4 CI=9.8-22.1), diabetes (OR=9 CI=4.2-14.1), hyperlipidemia (OR=6 CI=2.1-8.4), positive familial history (OR=2.6 CI=2.1-3.4) and smoking (OR=1.2 CI=0.9-1.7).
Conclusion: There is a strong association between BMI, WHR and risk of AMI. Central obesity comparing with general obesity has stronger relation with AMI incidence especially in women and younger subjects. In addition, cardiac risk factors except smoking aggravated correlation between obesity and AMI.

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Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) is the most endocrinopathy in women and the most common causes of anovulatory infertility. Women with this disorder moreover the common manifestations such as,irregular menses, hirsutism and infertility, are susceptible to serious consequences like increase risk of endometrial carcinoma, dyslipidemia, hypertention, glocose intolerance, diabetes, cardiovascular problems and probably breast cancer. This study was conducted to demostrate the demographic, clinical,metabolic and hormonal conditions of the PCOS patients. Methods: A case-control study was performed on females with PCOS age group 15-40 years referring to endocrine and gynecology clinics. A control healthy woman was selected for each patient. The diagnosis of PCOS was made based upon the prescence of chronic anovolation and hyperandrogenemia .Other causes of hyperandrogenism were excluded by appropriate clinical and laboratory evalution .In all patients with PCOS and control women, appropriate medical history was taken and physical examination was done.Blood pressure ,body weight, height ,BMI,waist/hip ratio,score of hirsotism,acne, and other signs of androgen excess were determined.A venous blood sample were obtained at morning after 12_14hours fasting for measuring FBS, TG, Chol., LDL, HDL and hormonal profile,souch as:PROL,17_OH Progestrone,Te,DHEA-S and TSH.Case of late onset adrenal hyperplasia ,hypotyroidism and pituitary prolactinoma were excluded.The diagnosis of dyslipidemia was made upon the base of NCEP guidelines.Data was analyzed with Mann_Whitney U,T tests and Fisher’s and Chi_Square Tests with SPSS-11. Results: Mean age were similar in both patients and controls.Mean of BMI and diastolic pressure were significantly higher in PCOS women in comparison with controls . Hirsutism and oligomenorrhea were the most frequent clinical features(72.7% and 69.1% respectively). SerumTG level was significantly higher in PCOS women in comparison with controls.There were no significant difference in FBS,Chol,LDL and HDL between patients and controls. The prevalence of high triglyceride ,high cholesterol and high LDL levels were significantly higher in PCOS women in comparison with controls,but there were no significant difference in the prevalence of IFG and low HDL levels. The prevalence of high TG and high Chol level were significantly higher in obese PCOS women in comparison with non obese patients.There was no significant difference in the prevalence of high LDL and low HDL levels between obese and nonobese patients. Serum level of total Testostrone was significantly higher in PCOS women in comparison with controls.There were no significant difference in serum levels of DHEA-S,17-OH Progestrone, Prolactine and TSH between patients and controls. Conclusion: The prevalence of obesity and dyslipidemia were higher in PCOS women in comparison with healthy women. For obese women with PCOS ,behevioral weight management is the main component of overall treatment strategy and these patients counseling about the importance of life style management ,diet and exercise shoud be emphasized. The patients should screened for dyslipidemia, diabetes and hypertension. In this study there was no significant difference in FBS between two groups and IGT and DM may be better detected by OGTT. In all PCOS women for detecting dyslipidemia a fasting lipid profile is indicated

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Leptin is a 16-kD protein which is secreted from white adipocytes and, its discovery has generated enormous interest in the regulation of energy balance. Leptin has been implicated in the regulation of food intake, energy expenditure, and whole-body energy balance in animals and human. Plasma leptin levels correlate with fat storages and respond to changes in energy balance. It was initially proposed that leptin serves a primary role as an anti-obesity hormone, but this role is commonly thwarted by leptin resistance. The profound effects of leptin on regulating body energy balance, make it as a prime candidate for drug therapies of obesity in humans and animals. Despite the recent achievements in unearthing the role of leptin in the pathophysiology of obesity, many important questions still remained that must be responded. More studies with follow-up designs and genetic evaluations are warranted to understand the comprehensive role of leptin in human. In this letter we have a review of known effects of leptin on human obesity up to now.

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Background: Prevalence of obesity is increasing globally , and it is proved that obesity is associated with cordiovascular diseases, type II diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and breast cancer. This study was carried out among 150 female students of Shadid Beheshti university who were resided in Velekjad dormitory, in order to assess the rate of obesity among them .
Methods: As a cross-sectional study height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured . Food frequency and socioeconomic questionnairs were completed . BMI and WHR were used to assess the general and central obesity respectively.
Results: Mean standard deviation of age, BMI, WHR, WC were 260 31 (months), 21.42 2.56 (kg/m2), 0.79 0.04 and 75.71 7.10 (cm) respectively. Among subjects , 40.5% had WHR more than 0.8 , 9.3% were overweight, 62.1% normal and 28.6% underweight. Of whom, 37.8% weren't exercising at all. There was a negative correlation between BMI and consumption of butter , milk , meat (p<0.001 for all) and egg ( p<0.01) ,between WHR and consumption of egg and butter (p<0.01 for both of them) and also between WC and cosumption of butter (P<0.001) and milk (P<0.01).
Conclusion: Although prevalence of general obesity among the subjects was low, central obesity (based on WHR) was significant, so lifestyle modifications such as nutritional changes and increase physical activity among students is recommended.

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Background: It is well recognized that an increased body weight is often associated with increased blood pressure. Moreover, leptin an adipocyte-derived hormone is strongly suggested to have an important role in pathogenesis of the obesity. We aimed to evaluate the levels of serum leptin in association with obesity and hypertension in a sample of Iranian obese children.
Methods: Children from all the primary schools of a distinct of Tehran were screened for obesity. Children with a waist circumference equal to or above 90th percentile for their age and height were invited for the study. Anthropometric measurements were done and blood samples for fasting serum leptin levels were collected from 563 enrolled obese children. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to evaluate relationship of various factors with obesity.
Results: Mean Serum leptin levels were 8.65 ±2.18 (ng/ml). Serum Leptin levels were higher in girls than boys (P=0.009). There were significant correlations between body mass index (BMI) and serum Leptin levels, child age, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure lost their association with serum Leptin level in multivariate linear regression analysis.
Conclusion: BMI is independently associated with Leptin levels among obese children. This may affirm a role for this hormone in the pathogenesis of childhood obesity. It seems unlikely that plasma Leptin be a major mediator of association between obesity and hypertension. However, severe hyperleptinemia may act as a risk factor for increased blood pressure.

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Background: Peroxisome Proliferators- Activated Receptor-Gamma2 (PPAR- γ2) is a nuclear receptor that regulates adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of the Pro12Ala polymorphism at the PPAR- γ2 gene in Iranian population with obesity.
Methods: The genomic DNAs of the 156 subjects including obese and healthy isolated from EDTA whole blood. Pro12Ala polymorphism detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction – Restriction Fragment Length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).
Results: In the obese group , one sample (1.3%) was as homozygote Ala/Ala genotype , 24 samples (30.8%) were Pro/Ala heterozygote and 53 samples (67.9%)as Pro/Pro genotype were identified . in the control group , one sample (1.3%) was as Ala/Ala genotype , 12 samples (15.4%) were Pro/Ala genotype and 65 samples (83.3%) were Pro/Pro genotype. allele frequencies of Ala in obese subjects (qAla=%16.7)were significantly different from those in control subjects (qAla=%8.9).
Conclusion: Our results revealed that Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPAR- γ2 gene associated with obesity in the Iranian population and presence Ala allele cause to significantly higher BMI and lower fasting blood sugar.

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Background: Leptin is a peptide strongly correlated with adiposity and is a potential determinant of obesity and its complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between serum leptin levels and different anthropometric indices among obese women.

Methods: This analytical descriptive study consisted of 106 women with different grade of obesity (BMI ³ 25 kg/m²) and 38 women with normal weight (BMI ≤ 25 kg/m²).serum leptin and glucose levels were measured via enzyme immunoassay and glucose oxidase methods respectively.

Results: The mean (± SE) serum leptin concentrations  in apparently healthy women with normal weight ,overweight, obese grade I, and obese grade II were 6.88 ± 0.56, 39.30 ± 1.73, 46.60 ±1.04, and 48.22± 3.31 ng/ml respectively. There was a dramatic increase in serum Leptin concentration when the BMI was increased. There was statistically significant differences between all groups in serum leptin concentration (P<0.001). There was a direct and significant correlation between serum leptin concentration and BMI in obese subjects (r= 0.736, P< 0.001). There was no significant correlation between leptin with age, and leptin with WHR neither in normal weight group nor in different grades of obesity groups.

 Conclusion: Our findings showed that the serum leptin levels continuously raised with increasing degree of obesity and among different anthropometric indices serum leptin concentration has significant correlation with BMI. 

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It is estimated that up to 40-70% of obesities is attributable to genetic factors.  Monogenic forms of obesity are uncommon.  We present the first such reported case in Iran. The patient presented with a history of severe hyperphagia, rapid weight gain and recurrent infections.  He was born after a normal pregnancy in a highly consanguineous marriage.  His birth weight had been normal.  At age of 18 months he weighted 28 kg.  Apart from obesity and syndactyly of second/third digits in both feet there were no other abnormalities on physical examination.    His fasting serum leptin was 45 ng/ml.  Genotyping revealed 66-bp deletion in codon 514 of leptin receptor gene.

Unfortunately he developed another respiratory infection which was unresponsive to intensive treatment and died following a cardiorespiratory arrest. Genetic assessment is recommended in morbid obese patients especially those with a childhood onset.  Leptin receptor mutations can be associated with immune system deficiency and recurrent infections.

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Background: Resistin, an adipocyte secreted factor, has been suggested to link obesity with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance in rodent models but its relevance to human diabetes remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum resistin concentrations with insulin resistance and obesity indices in type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic obese subjects.

Methods: As a case- control study 35 obese subjects with type 2 diabetes (age, 44.60 ± 6.39yr BMI, 34.23±3.92 kg/m2) and 35 obese non-diabetics (age, 43.14±9.13yr BMI, 35.54 ± 4.07 kg/m2) are recruited. Fasting lipid profile was measured by enzymatic methods. NycoCard HbA1c Kit was used to measure HbA1c.The Serum resistin, insulin and glucose levels were measured by an enzyme immunoassay using a commercially available kit and glucose oxidase methods respectively. The insulin resistance index was calculated from fasting glucose and insulin by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) formula.

Results: The mean of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), HbA1c, diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride and fasting glucose in diabetics were significantly higher than non-diabetics subjects (P<0.05). Serum resistin concentrations were not different between diabetics and non-diabetics obese subjects but were significantly higher in women as compared to men (8.15±4.40 vs. 5.97±2.31 in non-diabetic) and (7.46±3.98 vs. 5.51±3.98 in diabetic) in both groups. Serum resistin was not significantly related to variables measured in both groups. In control group only, we observed a significant and negative correlation between diastolic blood pressure and resistin (r = -0.381 P = 0.024).

Conclusion: Serum resistin concentrations were not significantly different between type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic obese subjects and resistin is unlikely to be a major link between obesity and diabetes in humans.

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Background: Obesity is the most common cause of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (MS). These are the most important risk factors for CHD. The present study aims to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome, the two most important risk factors for CHD, in adolescent girls in Rafsanjan

Methods:  In this  cross sectional study 1221 respondents were randomly selected using a multiphase sampling method.  The individual questionnaire   was completed after receiving a written consent form.  The   weight, height, waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure were measured using standard equipments. Five ml blood sample were taken for measuring TG, HDL-C and FBS of the obese volunteer after detecting obese subjects (n=76). We determined MS    according to the latest ATP3 criteria.

Results :  Mean age of respondents was  14.3 ±  1.7 years ,and 11.2 %  (95 % CI = 9.4% -12.9 % )   and 2.4 % ( 95 % CI = 1.5 % - 3.3 % )   of subjects  were overweight and obese respectively .  Based on our findings about 1.2% (95% CI= 0.6%-1.8%) of respondents counted as abdominal obesity. According to ATPIII criteria 3.9 %( CI95 % = 2.8 % -5 %) of respondents encounter with MS.

Conclusion: This study showed high prevalence obesity and metabolic syndrome among adolescent girls of Rafsanjan. Therefore researchers suggest screening test also for children aged 6-11 years .The results will help with planning to control the problem in the future.

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Background: Although hypertriglyceridemic waist (HW) phenotype has received much attention over recent years for its association with other metabolic abnormalities, it remains unknown whether its effects are mediated through changes in plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers. We aimed to evaluate the association between hypertriglyceridemic waist (HW) phenotype and markers of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction among women.

Methods: Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were assessed in a cross-sectional study of 507 Iranian women aged 40-60 years. HW phenotype was defined as serum triacylglycerol concentration ≥150 mg/dl and concurrent waist circumference ≥89.

Results: The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemic waist (HW) phenotype was 32.2% (95% CI: 28.7, 35.7) among women. Individuals with HW phenotype had higher anthropometric measures, were older and less physically active. After control for potential confounding variables, women in different categories of WC had significantly different levels of CRP (WC main effect: P=0.001), TNF-α (P=0.01), IL-6 (P=0.001), E-selectin (P=0.007), sICAM-1 (P=0.01) and sVCAM-1 (P=0.02, 2-factor ANOVA for all). When the models were further adjusted for BMI, the difference in sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 ceased to be significant. Significant differences in CRP (TG main effect: P=0.01), TNF-α (P=0.008), SAA (P=0.03), IL-6 (P=0.01), E-selectin (P=0.02) and sICAM-1 (P=0.01, 2-factor ANOVA for all) were found between categories of TG concentration after control for confounders. Most of these differences remained significant even after additional adjustments for BMI, except for E-selectin. There was a significant interaction between WC and TG concentration with regard to CRP, IL-6, SAA, and E-selectin.

Conclusion: This study provides evidence showing a positive association between HW phenotype and markers of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.

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Background: It is now evident that adipose tissue functions as an endocrine organ by releasing adipokines, and the levels of a number of inflammatory markers elevated in overweight and obese individuals. The objective of this study was to examine the association between inflammatory markers (IMs) including C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Homocystein (Hcy) and obesity variables in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) adults. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 352 individuals (132 men and 220 women), age ≥19 years, were randomly recruited from among TLGS population. Individuals were categorized based on the waist circumference. The serum levels of IMs were determined using the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Results: The mean age of participants was 46.1±16.1years and Abdominal obesity were present in 199(56.5%) individuals. The levels of hs-CRP and IL-6 were higher in abdominally obese group (1507±3.3 vs. 577.8±4.3 ng/mL p<0.001) (3.6±3.3 vs. 1.9±3.8 pg/mL p< 0.001), and in the same group, the best predictors (based on the adjusted R2) for hs-CRP, IL-6 and Hcy were waist (WC), waist to height ratio (WHtR) and wrist, respectively. Hip and WHtR were the best predictors for Hcy and hs-CRP in normal group there was no variable significantly correlated with IL-6, therefore it was not possible to consider an independent predictor for IL-6. Conclusion: According to this study, obesity is associated with IM levels, and in abdominally obese group, the best predictor for Hcy, hs-CRP and IL-6 were Wrist, waist and WHtR respectively.

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Background: There are growing concern globally regarding fast food consumption and its related cardiometabolic outcomes. In this study we investigated whether fast food consumption could affect the occurrence of metabolic syndrome after 3-years of follow-up in adults or not. Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted in the framework of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study on 1476 adults, aged 19-70 years old. The usual intakes of participants were measured using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Biochemical and anthropometric measurements were assessed at baseline (2006-2008) and 3 years later (2009-2011). Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the incidence of the MetS in each quartile of fast food consumption. Results: The mean age of participants was 37.8±12.3 years old, and the mean BMI was 26.0±4.5 kg/m2 at baseline. Participants in the highest quartile of fast food consumption were significantly younger (33.7 vs. 43.4 years, P <0.01). Higher consumption of fast food was accompanied with more increment in serum triglyceride levels after the 3-year follow-up (10.6±2.3 vs. 4.4±2.3 percent in the fourth and first quartile, respectively, P<0.01). After adjustment for all of the potential confounding variables, the risk of metabolic syndrome, in the highest quartile of fast foods compared with the lowest, was 1.85 (95% CI= 1.17-2.95). Conclusion: We demonstrated that higher consumption of fast foods had undesirable effects on metabolic syndrome after 3-years of follow-up in Iranian adults.

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Background: Vitamin D deficiency is an unrecognized epidemic and a common health problem worldwide. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its relationship with overall and abdominal obesity in adolescent girls. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted on girls aged 14-17 years whom were selected by multistage random sampling from four districts of Boukan. Questionnaires about general characteristics, dietary intake and physical activity were completed by interviewing with the subjects. Anthropometric measurements were performed. Fasting blood samples were collected for determining of serum of 25 (OH) D levels. Data was analyzed by using SPSS software and descriptive statistics tests and partial correlation test. Results: The Mean of serum 25(OH) D was 7.26 (SD 2.81) ng/ml and 100% of subjects had vitamin D insufficiency. According to CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) criteria the prevalence of overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity were 18.5%, 1.4% and 26.4% respectively. There were significant reverse correlation between serum 25(OH) D and WC (r= -0.112, p=0.047). Conclusion: The Results of this study indicate that vitamin D deficiency is a major health problem among studied adolescents. Given the reverse association between vitamin D status and abdominal obesity appropriate approaches are needed to improve vitamin D status and lowering the prevalence of obesity among adolescents. Such conditions may prevent prevalence of chronic disease in adolescents' lives over the coming years.

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Background: The role of obesity and overweightness in emerging and enduring of serious medical and psychological disorders on one hand and the effect of psychological factors in obesity on the other hand, has made the surveys about psychological role in obesity of great importance. The aim of the present study was to compare the attachment styles and parenting styles of obese and non-obese adults. Methods: 144 individuals (72 obese patients: 48 females and 24 males) and (72 non-obese: 48 females and 24 males) participated in this study. Participants were asked to complete the Adult Attachment Inventory (AAI) and the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ). Results: There was a negative relationship between secure attachment and Body Mass Index (BMI) of the obese patients, but no statistically significant relationship between insecure attachment styles (avoidant and ambivalent) was found. There was also a statistically significant relationship between the mean scores of secure and ambivalent attachment styles with BMI. Regarding the parenting styles and BMI, there was a statistically significant relationship between authoritative parenting style of the father and BMI, but no relation between authoritarian and permissive parenting styles was confirmed. Conclusion: Regarding the role of attachment styles and parenting styles of obese and non-obese adults, we can improve the physical and psychological public health of patients by changing the prevention and treatment protocols for the patients.

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Background: obesity is the major health problems affecting communities worldwide and the prevalence is rapidly rising. Obesity as a lifestyle-related factor increases the risk of many diseases. Omentin is a new adipocytokine that is abundantly expressed in visceral fat tissue and its expression levels reversely correlated with obesity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between Val109Asp genetic polymorphism of Omentin gene and obesity risk in women. Methods: This case - control study was done on 260 women, including 186 women with BMI<30 as a control group and 74 women with BMI&ge30 with obesity. Omentin genotypes were determined by the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The data were analyzed using the computer software SPSS for windows version17. Results: Genotype frequencies of the Asp/Asp, Asp/Val and Val/Val in the control group were 65.6%, 31.7%, 2.7% and obese patients were 51.4%, 39.2%, 9.5%, respectively. Comparison of genotype frequencies in the two groups showed that women with Val/Val genotype in compare to Asp/Asp had greater risk for complications of obesity (OR: 4.5, 95%CI: 1.3-14.9, P: 0.01). Conclusion: There is significant association between Val109Asp polymorphism in omentin gene and obesity in Iranian women.