Iranian Journal of

Background and Objective: Understanding the factors contributing to the mortality of COVID-19 patients can provide comprehensive information for preventive decisions and public health, and will help in better management of the epidemic. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying and introducing risk factors affecting the mortality of COVID-19 patients by modifiable and non-modifiable factors.
Materials and Methods: In this review study, according to the objectives of the study, related papers on risk factors affecting the mortality of COVID-19 patients were searched and collected in the international databases of Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, PubMed, and Google scholar. Then the results were extracted and reported by modifiable and non-modifiable factors.
Results: The results showed that almost all studies conducted in this field address non-modifiable risk factors such as age, sex, and underlying diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, respiratory diseases, cancer, self-diseases, autoimmune, and neurological diseases. Although few studies have been conducted on modifiable risk factors, lack of early admission or long waiting for hospital admission, occupancy of hospital beds and ICUs, as well as lack of equipment in hospitals were associated with increased mortality in these studies.
Conclusion: Regarding the situation of different countries in this epidemic, improving the control of the COVID-19 epidemic and reduce the mortality rate is possible by considering modifiable factors and taking appropriate measures. According to the results of studies, allocating sufficient financial, personnel and equipment resources can be effective in reducing COVID-19 mortality. However, controlling the COVID-19 epidemic to reduce morbidity and mortality as well as its economic and social consequences is possible by integrated management in the country. Also, using the experiences and guidance of the World Health Organization and successful countries, and stability in measures with a comprehensive approach should be considered.

Background and Objective: This descriptive-analytical study examined 21 years of data from Iran’s sugar industry. Waste production data were extracted from the Iranian Sugar Factories Association, and statistical analyses, including normality tests and Spearman correlation, were conducted using R software. Additionally, ArcGIS software was used to create a distribution map of active sugar beet industries in the country.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study analyzed 21 years of data from Iran’s sugar industry. Waste production data were obtained from the Iranian Sugar Factories Association. Statistical analyses, including normality testing and Spearman correlation, were performed using R software. In addition, ArcGIS software was used to generate a distribution map of active sugar beet industries across the country.
Results: The results indicated a positive correlation between sugar beet consumption and the production of sugar beet pulp and filter mud. The estimated production coefficients were 0.29 and 0.08 tons per ton of raw material, respectively.
Conclusion: Efficient management of these wastes allows for their beneficial use in animal feed, biogas production, and soil amendment. Developing comprehensive waste management strategies is essential to minimize environmental impacts and improve the overall efficiency of the sugar industry.
 

Background and Objective: Since the hospital is one of the important centers for treating and caring for patients, the presence of air pollutants in concentrations exceeding the standard in such places can threaten the health of patients and hospital personnel. This study aimed to investigate the concentration of particulate pollutants in the psychiatric care center of Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam in 2019.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the concentration of particulate matter in the hospital's psychiatric care center was measured. Sampling was carried out using a portable device. In each of the four studied sections (male ward, female ward, male staff, and female staff), one hour of sampling was conducted over three consecutive months (April, May, and June), resulting in a total of twelve samples. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16).
Results: The results showed that during the sampling period, the highest average concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁ were 50.09, 21.88, and 32.9 μg/m³, respectively, and related to the female inpatient wards, male personnel, and female inpatient wards, respectively. The highest PM₁₀ concentration was observed in the female inpatient ward, PM₂.₅ in the male staff ward, and PM₁ in the female inpatient ward.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the average concentrations of particulate pollutants in all sections was lower than the EPA standards. According to WHO guidelines, the PM₁₀ concentration of male and female inpatients in May, and also female staff and male and female inpatients in June, and the PM_2.5 concentration in the female inpatient wards in June were higher than the recommended limit