Iranian Journal of

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Background and Objectives:  In recent years, poor industrial waste managements have created many crises in human societies. The aim of this study was to investigate industrial waste management located between Tehran and Karaj zone in 2009-2010.
Materials and Methods: This study is descriptive and sectional which was done by site visits, (Iranian environmental protection organization)  use of questionnaires, database production and results analysis. The questionnaire consisted of 45 questions mainly about industrial waste quantity, quality and management. Total number of industries with over 50 personnel's, calculated as 283. Class-weighted sampling was used in which the sample size contained 50 industries.
Results: Total generated industrial waste was 123451, kg per day. Major hazardous waste generated in industrial  sections included: chemical and plastic making. About 45.28% of waste generated disposed by private sectors. Landfill with 62% and reuse with 17% were the first and second alternative of common methods for final disposal of solid waste in this zone.
Conclusion: In order to reduce hazardous waste generation in this zone, reuse and recovery maximization of the waste must be noted in short-term. In long-term, some industries such as chemical-plastic and electronics which have high rate of hazardous waste production must be replaced with other industries with low rate production, such as wood-cellulose and paper industries.

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Background and Objectives: Microbial fuel cells are the electrochemical exchangers that convert the microbial reduced power, generated via the metabolism of organic substrate, to electrical energy. The aim of this study is to find out the rate of produced electricity and also treatment rate of simulated wastewater of food industries using dual chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) without mediator and catalyst.
Materials and Methods: MFC used in this study was consisted of two compartments including anaerobic anode chamber containing simulated food industries wastewater as synthetic substrate and aerobic cathode chamber containing phosphate buffer, respectively. These two chambers were separated by proton exchange membrane made of Nafion. Produced voltage and current intensity were measured using a digital ohm meter and the amount of electricity was calculated by Ohm's law. Effluent from the anode compartment was tested for COD, BOD5, NH3, P, TSS, VSS, SO42- and alkalinity  in accordance with the Standard Methods. 
Results: In this study, maximum current intensity and power production at anode surface in the OLR of 0.79 Kg/m3.d were measured as 1.71 mA and 140 mW/m2, respectively. The maximum voltage of 0.422 V was obtained in the OLR of 0.36 Kg/m3.d. The greatest columbic efficiency of the system was 15% in the OLR of 0.18 Kg/m3.d. Maximum removal efficiency of COD, BOD5, NH3, P, TSS, VSS, SO42- and alkalinity, were obtained 78, 72, 66, 7, 56, 49, 26 and 40%, respectively.
Conclusion: The findings showed that the MFC can be used as a new technology to produce electricity from renewable organic materials and for  the treatment of different municipal and industrial wastewaters such as food industries.

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MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Background and Objectives:  Presence of humic acids in water resources is important because it is a precursor to disinfection by-products (DBPs) and affects many treatment processes. In this study, we investigated the performance of electrocoagulation process duad with hydrogen peroxide (creating Fenton process) in removal of humic acids (HA) from aqueous environment.
Materials and Methods: The experiments were performed using a 1 L bipolar batch reactor (covered with the aluminum foil) equipped with iron electrodes and connected to electric source having electrical potential 10 V in bipolar mode. First, reactor was filled up using aqueous solution containing 20 mg/L HA. Later, several working parameters, such as initial pH (3, 5, 7, and 8), electrical conductivity produced from adding 1, 1.5, 2 and 3 g/l KCl and reaction time were studied to achieve the highest humic acid removal capacity. To follow the progress of the treatment, hydrogen peroxide (50 mg/l) was added to reactor and then samples of 10 ml were taken at 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min and then filtered (0.45 μ) to eliminate sludge formed during electrolysis. Finally, humic acid and iron concentration was measured using TOC analyzer and atomic absorption method respectively.
Results: Results of this study showed that the most effective removal capacities of humic acid (97.19%) could be achieved when the pH was kept 5(KCl 3g/l and reaction time 60 min). The share of Fenton and electrocoagulation process was %7.9 and %92.1 respectively. In addition, our results indicated that the removal efficiency of humic acid with increase of pH and electrical conductivity parameters decreases and increases respectively.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the Fenton process duad with electrocoagulation process has the potential to be utilized for cost-effective removal of humic acid from aqueous environments.

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Background and Objectives: Slaughterhouse wastewater contains various and high amounts of organic matter (e.g., proteins, blood, fat, and lard). In order to produce an effluent suitable for stream discharge, chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation techniques have been particularly explored at the laboratory pilot scale for organic compounds removal from slaughterhouse effluent. The purpose of this work was to investigate the feasibility of treating cattle-slaughterhouse wastewater by combined chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation process to achieve the required standards.
Materials and Methods: At present study, slaughterhouse wastewater after initial analysis was tested for survey of coagulation process using Poly aluminum chloride (PAC) at various doses (25-100 mg/L). Then we measured the concentrations of wastewater pollutants (BOD5, COD, TKN, TSS and fecal Coliforms). Later, we transferred the effluent to the electrocoagulation unit and we evaluated the removal efficiency of pollutants in the range 10 to 40 volts of electric potential during 60 min.
Results: It was found that the efficiency of chemical coagulation process using poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) as coagulant increases with increasing doses (from 25 to 100 mg/L) we achieved maximum removal efficiency during the chemical coagulation for parameters of BOD5, COD, TSS, and TKN at 100 mg/L of PAC equivalent to 44.78%, 58.52%, 59.9%, and 39.58% respectively. Moreover, the results showed that with increasing the electric potential and reaction time, the yield increases linearly so that maximum removal efficiency at a dose of 100 mg/L PAC, an electrical potential of 40 volts and a reaction time of 60 minutes for the parameters BOD₅, COD, TSS, and TKN was 99.18% 99.25%, 82.55%, and 93.97% respectively.
Conclusion: The experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of combined chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation processes for pollutants removal from the slaughterhouse wastewaters. Consequently, this combined process can produce effluent compliance with the effluent discharge standards.

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Background and Objectives: Among the different types of antibiotics, tetracycline antibiotics are the second most common group around the world that their entrance into domestic sewage can result in contamination of water sources. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the nano-sonocatalytic process on removal of tetracycline antibiotics from aqueous solutions. Materials and Methods: In this study, the effectiveness of ultrasonic irradiation without and with TiO₂ nanoparticles and hydrogen peroxide were studied in tetracycline antibiotics removal. For this purpose, a reactor different concentrations of tetracycline was exposed to two irradiation frequencies of 35 and 130 KHz. Concentration of residual antibiotic was measured using HPLC equipped with a C18 reverse phase column and a UV detector. Results: It was found that the efficacy of ultrasonic irradiation alone in removal of this pollutant was negligible and at the best conditions only 20.3% removal was achieved at the frequency of 35 KHz. Addition of TiO2 nanoparticles improved the removal efficiency the removal rate increased with the increase in TiO₂ concentration until 250 mg/L, after which it remained approximately stable. The best removal efficiency was achieved by adding 100 mg/l hydrogen peroxide to US/TiO₂ process at pH 4 in which 94.3% removal was achieved after 60 minute. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the sonocatalytic process using TiO₂ nanoparticles and along with adding H₂O₂ as an oxidant is very effective and can be used for removal of tetracycline antibiotics from aqueous solutions.