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Comparison of Fuzzy and Deterministic Methods in Evaluation of the Quality of Bilverdi Plain Drinking Water
S Shakur, Aa Nadiri, A Asghari Moghaddam, M Vadiati,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (12-2016)
Abstract

Background and Objective: Human health depends on clean and safe drinking water more than anything. In Bilverdi Plain, the main source of drinking water is groundwater that has got a low quality in some places. Therefore, the drinking water of this area needs detailed evaluation of quality. In this research, the drinking water of Bilverdi Plain was evaluated based on fuzzy and deterministic methods.

Materials and Methods: Totally, 15 samples were collected from different places in September 2013. Major water ions including fluoride and nitrate of the samples taken were measured at hydrological lab of University of Tabriz. To check the quality of water, Schoeller diagram in GWW environment and MATLAB software in fuzzy inference system were used and their results were compared with each other.

Results: Based on the results in deterministic method, the quality of drinking water was classified ranging from good to undesirable. However, in fuzzy method in addition to water quality, the potability confidence of samples was offered in which water in six samples with reliability percent from 13.8 to 14.7; in five samples with 50% confidence level and in four samples with confidence percent from 73 to 85 were desirable, acceptable and unacceptable respectively.

Conclusion: The results show the higher accuracy and capability of fuzzy method rather than deterministic method. Because it is proper to deal with uncertainty in the different parameters and all effective parameters on water quality could be considered together in the evaluation and it offers confidence level for potability of water.


Performance of microbial desalination cell for wastewater treatment and desalination: continuous operation mode
Mohammad Ali Zazouli, Fathollah Gholami Boroujeni, Ali Asghar Nadi, Azam Ebrahimi,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (4-2022)
Abstract
Background and Objective: With increasing population growth and water pollution, fresh water supply sources are declining and can not meet today's human needs. Thus, energy conversion systems with high efficiency and low pollution such as desalination microbial cell have been considered. Therefore the aim of this research was to investigation the efficiency of microbial desalination cell (MDC) for desalination and treatment of salt wastewater.
Materials and Methods: To address this issue, the decision was taken to use saline synthetic wastewater with different initial salt concentrations (2, 5, 7 and 10 g/L NaCl) and, different hydraulic retention times (1, 2, 3 and 72 h) in open circuit voltage (OCV) and closed circuit voltage (CCV) continuous mode.
Results: The results showed that highest EC removal was 11.2% and 14.3% with 10 g/L NaCl in open and closed circuit mode, respectively. Maximum COD removal of 68.7% was achieved in CCV mode that was obtained at 10 g/L NaCl. Additionally, Escherichia coli, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas and Citrobacter were diagnose as effective bacteria in decomposing wastewater.
Conclusion: The obtained results proved that MDC desalination microbial cell technology is Emerging technology that has many unknown aspects; however, it is expected to be an appropriate technique for wastewater treatment and desalination.
 

Investigating the factors of pollution and the health risk caused by heavy metals in the dust inside the cabin and air filter of different cars in Ahvaz city
Alireza Zarasvandi, Maryam Delphi, Nadia Azizi, Fatima Rastmanesh, Gazelle Zarasvandi,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (12-2023)
Abstract
Background and Objective: During the last few decades, heavy metal pollution in indoor dust has been widely studied; While, the quality of the environment inside the cars has not been considered enough. Therefore, the specific objectives of this study generally include investigating the levels of selected heavy metals in the dust of private cars collected from Ahvaz city, as well as evaluating the health risk of carcinogenesis and exposure to the dust inside these cars through ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption.
Materials and Methods: 10 cars were selected for this study. The condition of choosing the cars was not to wash the car for a week. Then, samples were collected and coded from the dust of the air conditioner filter and the cabin of each car. To determine the composition of heavy metals, spectroscopic analysis (ICP) was performed on the samples.
Results: The study of non-carcinogenic risk index (HI) in the present study indicates that the values of more than 1 and the health risk is high. The sequence of HI index values for heavy metals was obtained as  Pb>Cu>Cr> Fe> Zn> Cd> Ni. Evaluated risks from different pathways in children was HQing < HQinhder while in adults follows HQingder< HQinh process. Additionally, the values of enrichment factor of the studied samples showed the maximum and minimum values for Cu (4.3) and Ni (8.3), the maximum and minimum geoaccumulation index for Fe (12.75) and Ni (1.9) and the amount of integrated pollution and pollution index were estimated to be 1.34+E27 and 2.07+E9, respectively, indicating the average range for the studied heavy metals.
Conclusion: According to this study, the risk of non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals (except Fe and Cu) for children is estimated to be higher than that of adults. Furthermore, the investigation of the CR index for the three carcinogenic heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, and arsenic) has exceeded the safe level, which indicates ingestion and inhale as the target pathways for the worst adverse effects of heavy metals in children andadults, respectively. In the present study, the amount of heavy metals studied is more than the set standards. The results of the current study showedthe more enrichment of heavy metals in the car filter as compared with  the cabin.
 

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