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Study of Bacterial Contamination of Currency Notes and Coins Collected in Kermanshah in 2014
H Meskini, E Sadeghi, A Nosrati, P Nosrati, M Bashiry,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (9-2016)
Abstract

Background and Objectives: Money as a common tool is exchanged between people all over the world. Thus, it can be a source of chemical and biological contaminations causing serious diseases. The purpose of this research was to determine bacterial contamination of the currency notes and coins collected in Kermanshah.

Materials and Methods: 160 currency notes and 96 coins were randomly chosen from different jobs and parts of the city. Total count experiment was done and bacteria were identified and isolated through standard methods.

Results: Average total count in 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000, and 20000 Rials currency notes were 147.6, 147.8, 148.5, 96.3, and 87.9 and in 500, 1000, and 2000 Rials coins were 104.66, 77.66, and 96.56 CFU/cm2, respectively. The research showed that currency notes carries more bacterial load than coins (P<0.05). Additionally, contamination to E. coli on money (13.7 %) and on coins (3.9%) were at maximum levels while Pseudomonas on currency notes was at the minimum level (1.6%) and coins contained 0.2% Enterobacter that was at the lowest amount.

Conclusion: In summary, the most important microorganisms isolated from currency notes and coins (E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus) were pathogenic, causing serious food poisoning and gastroenteritis infectious. Therefore, preventing food from cross contamination with money is necessary.


Algal treatment of a mixture of urban wastewater and Vinasse using Spirulina platensis microalgae
M Gholizadeh, M Nosrati,
Volume 12, Issue 3 (12-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Algal wastewater treatment is a new and economic technology to remove and recycle nutrients from wastewater. In order to investigate the effect of vinasse on microalgae growth and also the effect of its growth on nitrogen and phosphate removal in a mixture of urban wastewater and vinasse, the growth of Spirulina platensis was studied.
Materials and Methods: Growth ability of spirulina in the urban wastewater and the effect of vinasse on growth rate was investigated by the calculation of biomass. The effect of concentration of vinasse, intensity of light and light-dark cycle on growth rate were studied by DESIGN EXPERT and CCD method. By selecting the optimized conditions, rates of nitrogen, phosphate and COD removal was investigated at the end of the growth period.
Results: The results showed that adding vinasse to wastewater increased the growth rate and the highest amount of biomass of 3.19 mg/mL was obtained in the sedimentary stream containing 0.25% vinasse. By evaluating the effect of vinasse concentration, intensity of light and light-dark cycle on growth rate, optimal conditions at vinasse concentration 0.4% (v/v), light intensity of 5000 lux and light period of 10 hours, 480 (mg/L) of biomass was obtained. The percentage of removal of nitrogen, phosphate and COD was 63%, 97% and 73% respectively.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicated the capability of urban wastewater and vinasse in order to replace Zarouk's culture medium for growth of Spirulina microalgae. These microalgae were able to remove high percentage of nutrients in the wastewater.
 

Investigation of heavy metals in mint plants irrigated by wastewater: a systematic review and meta-analysis
A Atamaleki, N Naimi, Y Fakhri, H Sharifi Maleksari, H Nosrati, S Fallah,
Volume 12, Issue 4 (2-2020)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Nowadays, water shortage crisis leads to wastewater reuse in agriculture sector. The presence of pollutants such as heavy metal in wastewater results in the accumulation of them in vegetables, and it will finally be transferred to consumers and will have irreversible effects on their health. Therefore, the present study was performed to do a systematic review along with meta-analysis on heavy metal accumulation in mint plant that is irrigated with wastewater.
Materials and Methods: Related articles were collected from databases like SID, Magiran, Iranmedex, IranDoc, Embase, Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google scholar between 1982 and 2019 and the required data were extracted. Then, due to the heterogeneity of studies entered in the research, a random effect model was applied to analyze them using STATA 14 software. Non-carcinogenic risk was assessed for children and adults.
Results: According to the search results, 1693 articles were entered in the review process until the beginning of 2019 and finally only 12 articles were included in the research. According to the results of the meta-analysis, the order of the metals based on concentration (mg/kg) were: Zn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Pb > Cd. Also, based on the non-carcinogenic risk assessment results, mint consumption showed a significant health effects on children age group compared to adults, especially in India and Pakistan. 
Conclusion: wastewater reuse in agriculture sector leads to increase concentration of metals in vegetables like mint. This increased the risk of non-carcinogenicity in the age groups, especially children. Therefore, it is recommended that continuous monitoring of irrigation sources, soils, and vegetables is done to prevent the transmission of these pollutants to the human food cycle.
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