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Effect of Persian Gulf Saline Water on Quality of Asaluyeh Plain Groundwater and Determine the Origin of Nacl Anomaly
Zahra Sajadi Mian Ab, Nasrollah Kalantari, Jaber Mozafarizadeh,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (6 2012)
Abstract

Background and Objectives: Due to population intensity and industrial activities, quality of groundwater is important in Bushehr province and in particularly in coastal areas. The salinity of groundwater in Asaluyeh plain is increasing from the heights towards the Persian gulf and in some places are not even applicable for irrigation.
Materials and Methods: In order to explore the source of the chloride anomaly, groundwater samples were analyzed and compared with the Persian Gulf samples. Also Water Samples Different diagrams were determined and the reasons of water salinity of Asaluyeh Plain were investigated.
Results: The results of chemical analyses showed the groundwater excessive salinity, especially near the sea. Based on correlation matrix, the highest correlation between the sodium and chlorine ions was observed.
Conclusion: The factors influencing on groundwater salinity in the plain varies and arising from solution of halite and gypsum from surrounding formations, suddenly increas sodium chloride in some parts of plain and forming Cl-Na water type. The results indicated that the Groundwater Type of Asaluyeh is Cl-Na and therefore it is classified as non-potable water.


Evaluation of hydrochar quality and high heating value derived from spent coffee grounds
Anis Sajadi, Sakine Shekoohiyan, Gholamreza Moussavi,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (12-2025)
Abstract
Background and Objective: The increasing accumulation of spent coffee grounds (SCG) has raised serious environmental concerns. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the hydrothermal carbonization process in converting SCG into a valuable solid fuel..
Materials and Methods: An experimental study was conducted using the design of experiments (DOE) approach and response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of key independent variables—including temperature (180–290 °C), reaction time (30–90 min), and liquid-to-solid ratio (L:S, 1:1–15:1)—on the properties of the produced hydrochar were investigated. A total of 20 experiments were carried out, and physicochemical analyses were performed on both the hydrochar and the process water.
Results: The results indicated that the quadratic model demonstrated strong predictive capability for hydrochar yield (HY) and higher heating value (HHV) (R² > 0.98). Analysis of variance showed that all three independent variables had significant effects on HY and HHV. The produced hydrochar showed HHV of 17.9–28.5 MJ/kg and HY of 17.5–77.2%. Response surface methodology identified 235 °C, 180 min, and L:S 4:1 as optimal for desirable HY and HHV. Optimization indicated 229 °C, 160 min, and L:S 4:1 yielded hydrochar with 27.8 MJ/kg HHV, 67.9% HY, with 0.891 desirability. CHNSO analysis showed a decrease in H/C and O/C ratios and an increase in surface area from 2.4 to 12.6 m²/g.
Conclusion: Given the favorable HHV of the produced hydrochar, it can be concluded that the proposed process is an effective method for converting biomass into solid fuel.
 

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