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F Khodamoradi, A Fotouhi, M Yunesian, Mh Emamian, H Amini, M Shamsipour,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (3-2017)
Volume 9, Issue 4 (3-2017)
Abstract
Background and Objective: The aim of present study was to assess environmental inequality in long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution in 22 districts of Tehran in 2012.
Materials and Methods: The present study is an ecological study and concentration index was used for assessment of inequality. In this study the amounts of pollutant concentrations (PM10, NO2, SO2) obtained were based on land use regression (LUR) for exposure assessment. Variables that their effects have been studied on the distribution of exposure to pollutants included: education level, employment status and car ownership, which were obtained from census demographic and Tehran Municipality's dataset.
Results: The concentration index for PM10 in the case of illiteracy, people with higher education and private car owners was 0.059 (0.004-0.113), -0.056 (-0.001- -0.110) and -0.079 (-0.031- -0.127), respectively. These relationships were statistically significant. Concentration index for PM10 was 0.016 for the workers population, which was not statistically significant. For NO2 and SO2, no inequality was found in illiterate people, people with higher education, employees and car owners.
Conclusion: This study showed that there was significant inequality in terms of exposure to PM10 between different regions of Tehran in the illiterate, people with higher education and car owners. Considering these subgroups of population can be helpful in policy-making process.
H Adab, A Atabati, R Esmaili, Gh Zolfaghari, M Ebrahimi,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (6-2017)
Volume 10, Issue 1 (6-2017)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Optimum number of air quality monitoring stations in Mashhad is an essential task for management of the urban environment. However, real monitoring and accurate information on the status of air quality require proper spatial distribution of air quality monitoring stations in the city of Mashhad. The aim of the present study was to determine optimum site locations for air quality monitoring, including Downtown Pedestrain Exposure Station, Downtown Background Exposure Station, and Residential Population Exposure Station by three Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) techniques.
Materials and Methods: In the precent study, sites for new air quality monitoring stations t in Mashhad were determined based on a proposed protocol in the United States. Accordingly, the criteria effective for site selection such as population density, distance from existing stations, vicinity to vegitation, vehicle density and other factors were used by applying Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Fuzzy set, and Probability Density Function (PDF).
Results: Location similarity of the sites proposed by decision making methods was evaluated to know its reliability. The compactness of distribution of the proposed sites were compared by applying spatial statistic methods auch as Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN) and Standard. The results from ANN indicated that fuzzy set mapped the suggested sites was fully scattered within the entire city of Mashhad and was statistically significant at 99% confidence level. The PDF method also offered the same spatial pattern as fuzzy set. Overall results of this study indicated spatial optimization of suggested sites location for fuzzy set and PDF.
Conclusion: The overall results of the decision-making methods used in this study indicated that it is necessary to increase number of air quality monitoring stations at Northwest of Mashhad due to the urban growth in the city. The results also showd the possibility of using Probability Density Function (PDF) as a method of decision-making in GIS for locating and ranking of new air quality monitoring stations.
M Bayatvarkeshi, R Fasihi,
Volume 10, Issue 4 (3-2018)
Volume 10, Issue 4 (3-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Drought and water shortage in recent years caused rice farmers to use maximum groundwater as a secure source. However, the rice is affected not only by the quantity but also by the quality of water. The purpose of this study was to evaluate trend of quality parameters of groundwater in wet and dry periods in 4 plains including Astaneh, Talesh, Lahijan and Foumanat, which are all located in Gilan province.
Materials and Methods: In this investigation, data was collected for quality parameters from 15 groundwater of the 4 plains of Gilan province from 2003 to 2014. The data was collected from 15 piezometer wells of Astaneh, 41 piezometer wells in Talesh, 24 piezometer wells in Lahijan and 44 piezometer wells in Foumanat. For each well, two time series of 15 quality parameters in wet and dry periods were created in SPSS software. The trend was evaluated by Mann- Kendall test that is a nonparametric method.
Results: The results showed that in both periods, the trend of most quality parameters was declined, However, the quality decline in wet period was more severe. In both periods, the pH and Na % were increasing. Additionally, in dry period, the increasing trend of SAR and SO4 was observed. Overall, the water quality of wells in Talesh plain for cultivation of rice was better than the other plains.
Conclusion: Consumption of groundwater of all the plains in both wet and dry periods for agricultural purposes and especially rice cultivation was without limitation. According to the decreased concentration of the measured parameters during the studied period, it can be expected that groundwater quality of Gilan province plains has been improved.
Materials and Methods: In this investigation, data was collected for quality parameters from 15 groundwater of the 4 plains of Gilan province from 2003 to 2014. The data was collected from 15 piezometer wells of Astaneh, 41 piezometer wells in Talesh, 24 piezometer wells in Lahijan and 44 piezometer wells in Foumanat. For each well, two time series of 15 quality parameters in wet and dry periods were created in SPSS software. The trend was evaluated by Mann- Kendall test that is a nonparametric method.
Results: The results showed that in both periods, the trend of most quality parameters was declined, However, the quality decline in wet period was more severe. In both periods, the pH and Na % were increasing. Additionally, in dry period, the increasing trend of SAR and SO4 was observed. Overall, the water quality of wells in Talesh plain for cultivation of rice was better than the other plains.
Conclusion: Consumption of groundwater of all the plains in both wet and dry periods for agricultural purposes and especially rice cultivation was without limitation. According to the decreased concentration of the measured parameters during the studied period, it can be expected that groundwater quality of Gilan province plains has been improved.
Sm Soleimanpour, Sh Mesbah, B Hedayati,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Volume 11, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Determination of quality parameters of drinkable water is important, especially in developing countries, to increase the productivity and better management and planning of water resources. The aim of current study was to apply CART decision tree data mining technique to determine the most effective factors on drinkable water quality in Kazeroon plain, located west of Fars province, Iran.
Materials and Methods: Qualitative parameters of 60 drinkable wells such as SAR, Na, Cl, SO4, TH, TDS, pH, NO3, CaCO3, HCO3, Ca, Mg, K and EC were taken in the study area. The most effective factors on quality of drinkable water were determined with 90% accuracy, using CART decision tree data mining technique in Clementine 12.0 software.
Results: The results showed that total dissolved solids (TDS) and calcium content (Ca) had the highest impact on quality of drinking water. Therefore, when the TDS of water in this plain is equal or less than 495 mg/L and the calcium content is equal or less than 6.150 meq/L, the water is suitable for drinking.
Conclusion: The TDS and Ca content were the most effective parameters on the quality of drinkable water in this plain, due to its geological formation and the existence of CaCO3 in its structure. The water purification, reduction of soluble material concentration, and monitoring of wells in this plain are recommended.
Materials and Methods: Qualitative parameters of 60 drinkable wells such as SAR, Na, Cl, SO4, TH, TDS, pH, NO3, CaCO3, HCO3, Ca, Mg, K and EC were taken in the study area. The most effective factors on quality of drinkable water were determined with 90% accuracy, using CART decision tree data mining technique in Clementine 12.0 software.
Results: The results showed that total dissolved solids (TDS) and calcium content (Ca) had the highest impact on quality of drinking water. Therefore, when the TDS of water in this plain is equal or less than 495 mg/L and the calcium content is equal or less than 6.150 meq/L, the water is suitable for drinking.
Conclusion: The TDS and Ca content were the most effective parameters on the quality of drinkable water in this plain, due to its geological formation and the existence of CaCO3 in its structure. The water purification, reduction of soluble material concentration, and monitoring of wells in this plain are recommended.
M Gholamdokht Bandari, P Rezaee, Z Gholamdokht Bandari,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Volume 11, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Water quality assessment is an important step for optimal and proper use of water resources for drinking and selection of suitable and consistent water quality patterns. Therefore, the necessity of studying water quality characteristics in water resource management programs has been highly considered.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the hydrogeochemical quality of groundwater resources in the Siahoo region of Bandar Abbas was studied for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes. Qualitative parameters of three wells, three springs, one juicy aqueduct and one surface water sample were used as input data. Water quality characteristics and charts were evaluated using Aq.qa and AquaChem software.
Results: Groundwater of the studied area was in the category of very hard water. According to the PIPER chart, the dominant hydrochemical facies were sulfatecolic and chloroformate species. According to the Willcox and Schuller qualitative index, groundwater for agricultural use was moderate and was acceptable for drinking water. In terms of the saturation index of islands, the existing water resources are corrosive to the sediment.
Conclusion: The data of this study indicate that one of the problems of the available water resources in Siahoo region is the high amount of salt and soluble materials, which show the effect of geological formations (evaporation, Chile, carbonates) and salt domes on the groundwater resources and reduction of the quality of water resources.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the hydrogeochemical quality of groundwater resources in the Siahoo region of Bandar Abbas was studied for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes. Qualitative parameters of three wells, three springs, one juicy aqueduct and one surface water sample were used as input data. Water quality characteristics and charts were evaluated using Aq.qa and AquaChem software.
Results: Groundwater of the studied area was in the category of very hard water. According to the PIPER chart, the dominant hydrochemical facies were sulfatecolic and chloroformate species. According to the Willcox and Schuller qualitative index, groundwater for agricultural use was moderate and was acceptable for drinking water. In terms of the saturation index of islands, the existing water resources are corrosive to the sediment.
Conclusion: The data of this study indicate that one of the problems of the available water resources in Siahoo region is the high amount of salt and soluble materials, which show the effect of geological formations (evaporation, Chile, carbonates) and salt domes on the groundwater resources and reduction of the quality of water resources.
M Fallah, Ar Pirali Zefrehei, Saa Hedayati,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Due to the vulnerability of water resources, quality control of surface water is one of the key issues in environmental conservation programs. In recent years, Anzali wetland has been exposed to numerous threats, including environmental pollutants. TOPSIS is an efficient and reliable way to assess the quality of water resources.
Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate water quality condition, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), temperature, pH, turbidity, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), phosphate (PO4-), nitrate (NO3-) and Fecal Coliforms (FC) were measured seasonally from 10 sites of Anzali International Wetland in 2014 and the water quality condition was estimated using TOPSIS method.
Materials and Methods: In order to evaluate water quality condition, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), temperature, pH, turbidity, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), phosphate (PO4-), nitrate (NO3-) and Fecal Coliforms (FC) were measured seasonally from 10 sites of Anzali International Wetland in 2014 and the water quality condition was estimated using TOPSIS method.
Results: The highest BOD5, phosphate, temperature and fecal coliform were measured at station 8. Comparison of TOPSIS values in different sampling stations showed the minimum (0.339) and maximum values (0.689) at the stations 5 and 8, respectively. According to the result, the station 5 (Sorkhankal) had the best water quality condition and station 8 (Pirbazar) had the lowest one. Also, seasonal results of TOPSIS values showed that the maximum value was at spring (0.742).
Conclusion: Discharge of effluents from land uses, agricultural and industrial activities located along the stream, could be considered as important reasons for decreasing water quality. Our results showed that TOPSIS method was clearly able to demonstrate the qualitative changes of water resources, indicating a moderate water quality for Anzali international wetland.
Conclusion: Discharge of effluents from land uses, agricultural and industrial activities located along the stream, could be considered as important reasons for decreasing water quality. Our results showed that TOPSIS method was clearly able to demonstrate the qualitative changes of water resources, indicating a moderate water quality for Anzali international wetland.
M Teimouri, V Sheikh, A Sadoddin,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Water quality is one of the issues that is of great importance to economic and social development due to the high costs of providing healthy drinking water and its risk to human health and the environment. For instance, although only a short time has passed since the construction of the Shirin-darreh dam, the problems arising from its exploitation have challenged the environmental sector and the health of the water.
Materials and Methods: Water quality is affected by complex processes and various variables. Accordingly, NSFWQI input variables at monthly intervals collected at the dam reservoir during December 2011 - November 2012 was used to evaluate the water quality of the reservoir based on the grey relational analysis process. The results were compared with the results of the NSFWQI method. Also, the Shannon Entropy method was used, considering the importance of weight of variables in different methods.
Results: The results showed that the water quality in the grey analysis method from November 2011 to May 2012 and in the NSFWQI method from October 2011 to April 2012 was moderate and in the remaining months was bad. In the grey analysis method, the highest reservoir value was related to Station 3 and month of February 2012 with a value of 64.2 and the worst water quality was related to Station 4 and month of August 2012 with a value of 39.2. Also, In NSFWQI method, the highest reservoir value was related to station 3 and month of February 2012 with a value of 68.7, and the worst water quality was related to Station 1 and month of August 2012 with a value of 39.1.
Conclusion: Although there was no significant difference between the two methods, due to the greater adaptability of the results of the gray analysis method with the weather events and upstream conditions of the dam, this method is recommended. Due to the relative inadequacy of Shirin-darreh reservoir water in some months, it is essential that the source of pollutants from upstream areas is identified. After identification of the hotspots and preparation of the critical areas map, the appropriate control measures could be implemented.
Materials and Methods: Water quality is affected by complex processes and various variables. Accordingly, NSFWQI input variables at monthly intervals collected at the dam reservoir during December 2011 - November 2012 was used to evaluate the water quality of the reservoir based on the grey relational analysis process. The results were compared with the results of the NSFWQI method. Also, the Shannon Entropy method was used, considering the importance of weight of variables in different methods.
Results: The results showed that the water quality in the grey analysis method from November 2011 to May 2012 and in the NSFWQI method from October 2011 to April 2012 was moderate and in the remaining months was bad. In the grey analysis method, the highest reservoir value was related to Station 3 and month of February 2012 with a value of 64.2 and the worst water quality was related to Station 4 and month of August 2012 with a value of 39.2. Also, In NSFWQI method, the highest reservoir value was related to station 3 and month of February 2012 with a value of 68.7, and the worst water quality was related to Station 1 and month of August 2012 with a value of 39.1.
Conclusion: Although there was no significant difference between the two methods, due to the greater adaptability of the results of the gray analysis method with the weather events and upstream conditions of the dam, this method is recommended. Due to the relative inadequacy of Shirin-darreh reservoir water in some months, it is essential that the source of pollutants from upstream areas is identified. After identification of the hotspots and preparation of the critical areas map, the appropriate control measures could be implemented.
Investigating the climate impact on chemical quality of Varamin plain aquifer using the GIS software
L Karam, M Alimohammadi, L Yadegarian,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Climate change in recent years has led to a crisis of drought in many countries around the world, including Iran. In such a situation, the supply of safe drinking water is very important and knowing the climate impacts on the chemical quality of these resources can play a significant role in their proper exploitation.
Materials and Methods: Using GIS geomorphology models, the effect of climatic factors including minimum and maximum temperatures, mean precipitation, evaporation, transpiration and vegetation index on the quality of groundwater resources of Varamin Plain include pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, anions and cations concentrations and total hardness were studied and their maps were produced. Correlation between these factors was investigated using spatial correlation analysis tool at a confidence level of 0.95 (p = 0.05).
Results: The results showed that these parameters (except pH) along the plain are highly variable and the spatial distribution of data in this region is not normal around the mean, and the frequency of pixels with values less than the spatial mean of the region is higher. Spatial distribution of the factors showed that their amounts (except pH) are low in the central area of the plain and reach its peak in the western and northwest regions. The spatial distribution of pH was almost uniform in all the plain.
Conclusion: Correlation analysis showed that the quality of water resources is influenced by climatic factors and the maximum temperature has the highest impact.
Materials and Methods: Using GIS geomorphology models, the effect of climatic factors including minimum and maximum temperatures, mean precipitation, evaporation, transpiration and vegetation index on the quality of groundwater resources of Varamin Plain include pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid, anions and cations concentrations and total hardness were studied and their maps were produced. Correlation between these factors was investigated using spatial correlation analysis tool at a confidence level of 0.95 (p = 0.05).
Results: The results showed that these parameters (except pH) along the plain are highly variable and the spatial distribution of data in this region is not normal around the mean, and the frequency of pixels with values less than the spatial mean of the region is higher. Spatial distribution of the factors showed that their amounts (except pH) are low in the central area of the plain and reach its peak in the western and northwest regions. The spatial distribution of pH was almost uniform in all the plain.
Conclusion: Correlation analysis showed that the quality of water resources is influenced by climatic factors and the maximum temperature has the highest impact.
P Nourozifard, S Mortazavi, S Asad, N Hassanzadeh,
Volume 11, Issue 3 (12-2018)
Volume 11, Issue 3 (12-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Marine sediments are the most important component of monitoring the health of aquatic ecosystems. The present study uses sediment quality indices to determine the contamination status in Qeshm ecosystems and to evaluate the toxicity of the elements studied for its organisms.
Materials and Methods: Sampling of surface sediments of seven stations was carried out on Qeshm coastal areas. The samples were digested by a combination of nitric acid and perchloric acid, and the concentration of metals was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry.
Results: The results of modified Hazard Quotient indicated a high pollution rate for copper and nickel metals in most stations, which was consistent with the results of the Potential Contamination Index in relation to nickel metal. Additionally, the results of the Potential Contamination Index and Contamination Factor agreed with the amount of lead element. According to the results, the pollution index of Hamoon Lake and Zakeri pier was highly contaminated and Modified Pollution Index demonstrated a contamination in Romacha, Hamoon Lake, Zakeri pier and Nazes areas. The enrichment factor associated with contamination regarding most of the heavy metals confirmed the indices used to evaluate the comtamination in the study area.
Conclusion: Due to the higher concentrations of the heavy metals in the sediments than that of the quality guidelines, the high toxicity of sediments for the aquatic ecosystems was confirmed. The Romachah, Hamoon, Zakeri stations showed higher pollution levels and sever toxicity for aquatic life. Copper, nickel and in some cases lead, were the main heavy metals that contaminated the sediments in the region.
Materials and Methods: Sampling of surface sediments of seven stations was carried out on Qeshm coastal areas. The samples were digested by a combination of nitric acid and perchloric acid, and the concentration of metals was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry.
Results: The results of modified Hazard Quotient indicated a high pollution rate for copper and nickel metals in most stations, which was consistent with the results of the Potential Contamination Index in relation to nickel metal. Additionally, the results of the Potential Contamination Index and Contamination Factor agreed with the amount of lead element. According to the results, the pollution index of Hamoon Lake and Zakeri pier was highly contaminated and Modified Pollution Index demonstrated a contamination in Romacha, Hamoon Lake, Zakeri pier and Nazes areas. The enrichment factor associated with contamination regarding most of the heavy metals confirmed the indices used to evaluate the comtamination in the study area.
Conclusion: Due to the higher concentrations of the heavy metals in the sediments than that of the quality guidelines, the high toxicity of sediments for the aquatic ecosystems was confirmed. The Romachah, Hamoon, Zakeri stations showed higher pollution levels and sever toxicity for aquatic life. Copper, nickel and in some cases lead, were the main heavy metals that contaminated the sediments in the region.
H Hosseini, A Shakeri, M Rezaei, M Dashti Barmaki, M Shahraki,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Volume 11, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Chahnimeh water reservoirs in Sistan and Baluchestan Province are the most important sources for drinking water and irrigation purposes. Many factors such as precipitation, the geography of the watershed, atmosphere, geology and Human activities affect on the chemical, physical, and biological compositions of Chahnimeh water reservoirs. Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to monitor and assess water quality in four Chahnimeh reservoirs during two sampling periods.
Materials and Methods: 84 water samples were taken based on the standard methods (in September 2017 and April 2018) for measurement of the most important physicochemical parameters including major anions, total coliform, BOD, EC, TDS, pH and nitrate. Water quality index (WQI) was used to evaluate the overall water quality status in the Chahnimeh reservoirs.
Results: The results of hydro-geochemical analysis indicated that the water type changed from sodic bicarbonate and sulfur dioxide to radicle chloride during sampling periods. The Gibbs chart showed that weathering of rocks mainly controlled the chemistry of the main water ions. The results of statistical analyses revealed that there was a high correlation between parameters such as chlorophyll, nitrate, sulfate and chlorine with water quality index. Water quality zoning results based on the WQI index indicated a decrease in the water quality of the wells by 3, 2, 1, and 4, respectively.
Conclusion: In this study, the use of WQI was helpful for fast data interpretation for drinking water purposes in the area. Based on the WQI classification, majority of the samples are falling under good to poor water category.
Materials and Methods: 84 water samples were taken based on the standard methods (in September 2017 and April 2018) for measurement of the most important physicochemical parameters including major anions, total coliform, BOD, EC, TDS, pH and nitrate. Water quality index (WQI) was used to evaluate the overall water quality status in the Chahnimeh reservoirs.
Results: The results of hydro-geochemical analysis indicated that the water type changed from sodic bicarbonate and sulfur dioxide to radicle chloride during sampling periods. The Gibbs chart showed that weathering of rocks mainly controlled the chemistry of the main water ions. The results of statistical analyses revealed that there was a high correlation between parameters such as chlorophyll, nitrate, sulfate and chlorine with water quality index. Water quality zoning results based on the WQI index indicated a decrease in the water quality of the wells by 3, 2, 1, and 4, respectively.
Conclusion: In this study, the use of WQI was helpful for fast data interpretation for drinking water purposes in the area. Based on the WQI classification, majority of the samples are falling under good to poor water category.
K Naddafi, Ms Hassanvand, S Faridi,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (5-2019)
Volume 12, Issue 1 (5-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Air pollution is a leading environmental risk factor on health and it is the major cause of death and disease at global level. Air pollution has been shown to have a significant share in the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) burden. After smoking, it is the second cause of deaths due to NCDs, associated with an increased risk of developing acute and chronic diseases and mortality.
Materials and Methods: In this study, a review was initially conducted on the basis of indices conducted in the world, the status of ambient air pollution and its effects on health in Iran and other countries, and then the status of ambient air quality and its effects on health in Tehran metropolitan between 2006 and 2017 were shown, based on the results of the studies conducted by the Environmental Research Institute of Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
Results: The results showed that the annual mean of ambient air population-weighted PM2.5 exposure concentration in Iran was about 48 μg/m3, which is relatively lower than its global mean concentration (51 μg/m3). Based on the most recent study (in 2018) about 8.9 (7.5-10.3) million deaths in those aged above 25 years were attributed to exposure to outdoor air PM2.5 in the world. Although there are substantial differences between the results of studies have been done regarding the number of air pollution attributed deaths, numerous studies showed that air pollution is a major cause of death. Results regarding temporal variations of air quality in Tehran that is performed by the Institute for Environmental Research (IER) of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), indicated that PM concentration had an increasing trend from 2006 to 2011. The maximum mean concentration of PM2.5 over the past 12 years has occurred in 2011, which was 38 μg/m3. The PM concentration had a decreasing trend from 2012 to 2015, reaching about 30 μg/m3. However, in the years 2016 and 2017, the annual mean PM2.5 concentration in Tehran was increased compared to its corresponding value in 2015. Furthermore, results of this study demonstrated that, in Tehran, not even one day was classified as "good” (AQI=0-50) from 2011 to 2017 based on the air quality index (AQI), but the number of days in which AQI was “moderate” (AQI=51-100) was increased from 2011 to 2015, and the number of days with the AQI of “moderate” reached 80 in 2015, while the rest of the days having an unhealthy air quality. In 2017, AQI was “moderate” in 20 days, “unhealthy for sensitive groups” in 237 days, “unhealthy” in 107 days, and "very unhealthy” in 1 day. The obtained results indicated that about 4878 (3238, 6359( of deaths due to all (natural) causes were attributable to long-term exposure to PM2.5 in Tehran in 2017.
Conclusion: Studies showed that air pollution has a considerable share in the number of attributed deaths. Moreover, there were substantial differences between the results of national and international studies in the burden of disease attributed to air pollution. Therefore, there is a crucial need for accessing to reliable data on air pollution as well as baseline mortality and morbidity in order to study the status of air quality and its effects on health over the country.
Materials and Methods: In this study, a review was initially conducted on the basis of indices conducted in the world, the status of ambient air pollution and its effects on health in Iran and other countries, and then the status of ambient air quality and its effects on health in Tehran metropolitan between 2006 and 2017 were shown, based on the results of the studies conducted by the Environmental Research Institute of Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
Results: The results showed that the annual mean of ambient air population-weighted PM2.5 exposure concentration in Iran was about 48 μg/m3, which is relatively lower than its global mean concentration (51 μg/m3). Based on the most recent study (in 2018) about 8.9 (7.5-10.3) million deaths in those aged above 25 years were attributed to exposure to outdoor air PM2.5 in the world. Although there are substantial differences between the results of studies have been done regarding the number of air pollution attributed deaths, numerous studies showed that air pollution is a major cause of death. Results regarding temporal variations of air quality in Tehran that is performed by the Institute for Environmental Research (IER) of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), indicated that PM concentration had an increasing trend from 2006 to 2011. The maximum mean concentration of PM2.5 over the past 12 years has occurred in 2011, which was 38 μg/m3. The PM concentration had a decreasing trend from 2012 to 2015, reaching about 30 μg/m3. However, in the years 2016 and 2017, the annual mean PM2.5 concentration in Tehran was increased compared to its corresponding value in 2015. Furthermore, results of this study demonstrated that, in Tehran, not even one day was classified as "good” (AQI=0-50) from 2011 to 2017 based on the air quality index (AQI), but the number of days in which AQI was “moderate” (AQI=51-100) was increased from 2011 to 2015, and the number of days with the AQI of “moderate” reached 80 in 2015, while the rest of the days having an unhealthy air quality. In 2017, AQI was “moderate” in 20 days, “unhealthy for sensitive groups” in 237 days, “unhealthy” in 107 days, and "very unhealthy” in 1 day. The obtained results indicated that about 4878 (3238, 6359( of deaths due to all (natural) causes were attributable to long-term exposure to PM2.5 in Tehran in 2017.
Conclusion: Studies showed that air pollution has a considerable share in the number of attributed deaths. Moreover, there were substantial differences between the results of national and international studies in the burden of disease attributed to air pollution. Therefore, there is a crucial need for accessing to reliable data on air pollution as well as baseline mortality and morbidity in order to study the status of air quality and its effects on health over the country.
S Abolli, M Alimohammadi, M Zamanzadeh, K Yaghmaeian, M Yunesian, M Hadi, Z Soliemani,
Volume 12, Issue 3 (12-2019)
Volume 12, Issue 3 (12-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Surface water and underground water quality in countries that facing dehydration have increased the interest of the community to use Household Water Treatment devices. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the quality of drinking water of Household Water Treatment devices and general distribution network in Garmsar, which is under the control of the water safety plan.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study administered in 6 regions and 41 cities of Garmsar city in spring and summer seasons in 2018. Chemical tests performed according to the standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, general measurements were performed using the multi-tube fermentation method and counting of heterotrophic bacteria by pour plate method. The results analyzed by using Excel and SPSS software.
Results: The average values during two seasons were reported as: EC= 1507 (μS/cm), TDS= 786.8 (mg/L), F= 0.048 (mg/L), residual free chlorine= 0.67 (mg/L), pH=7.9, total coliform= 0.16 (MPN/100 mL), fecal coliform= 0.14 (MPN/100 mL) and HPC= 112 (CFU/mL). No significant difference found between the chemical and microbial parameters in the general distribution network and the output of the Household Water Treatment devices during the two seasons.
Conclusion: Household water treatment devices did not affect the microbial burden but caused a change in the amounts of some chemical parameters. Drinking water from the distribution network, with the proper application of the water safety plan, is of good quality.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study administered in 6 regions and 41 cities of Garmsar city in spring and summer seasons in 2018. Chemical tests performed according to the standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, general measurements were performed using the multi-tube fermentation method and counting of heterotrophic bacteria by pour plate method. The results analyzed by using Excel and SPSS software.
Results: The average values during two seasons were reported as: EC= 1507 (μS/cm), TDS= 786.8 (mg/L), F= 0.048 (mg/L), residual free chlorine= 0.67 (mg/L), pH=7.9, total coliform= 0.16 (MPN/100 mL), fecal coliform= 0.14 (MPN/100 mL) and HPC= 112 (CFU/mL). No significant difference found between the chemical and microbial parameters in the general distribution network and the output of the Household Water Treatment devices during the two seasons.
Conclusion: Household water treatment devices did not affect the microbial burden but caused a change in the amounts of some chemical parameters. Drinking water from the distribution network, with the proper application of the water safety plan, is of good quality.
Mohammad Gholizadeh, Omid Heydari,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (4-2020)
Volume 13, Issue 1 (4-2020)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Increased untreated wastewater and unsustainable development of agriculture has deteriorated water quality of rivers. The aim of this study was to determine the quality of water in Gorganrud River basin using NSFWQI IRWQISC and Liou Pollution Index and compare them with the global standards. To do this, GIS software.was used
Materials and Methods: In this study, 5 sampling stations were selected based on standard criteria including land use type, accessibility and standard distributions along the river. 12 water quality parameters including dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform, pH, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, temperature, organic phosphate, nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity in river for one year were measured from June 2019 to May 2019 follwoing standard methods.
Results: The amount of phosphate and turbidity was increased along the river from station 2 to the mouth of the river. This was due to the presence of agricultural and municipal sewage. There was a significant difference in BOD, fecal coliforms and nitrates with those of the standard values. Water quality indicators showed the great effects of urban wastewater and human waste in the river area. The best quality was observed in Station 1 (75; Good Quality), which was less exposed to human activity and development. Based on the conformity of the results of the indicators with the terrestrial reality, the results of the IRWQIsc index (Iranian surface water quality) showed the best results due to compatibility to the land uses and the trend of variables.
Conclusion: The presence of urban sewage and unsustainable agricultural in the city of Gonbad Kavous is the most important reason for the decline in water quality (poor quality class). In this regard, a comprehensive management in water resources and environmental impact assessment is needed.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 5 sampling stations were selected based on standard criteria including land use type, accessibility and standard distributions along the river. 12 water quality parameters including dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform, pH, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, temperature, organic phosphate, nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity in river for one year were measured from June 2019 to May 2019 follwoing standard methods.
Results: The amount of phosphate and turbidity was increased along the river from station 2 to the mouth of the river. This was due to the presence of agricultural and municipal sewage. There was a significant difference in BOD, fecal coliforms and nitrates with those of the standard values. Water quality indicators showed the great effects of urban wastewater and human waste in the river area. The best quality was observed in Station 1 (75; Good Quality), which was less exposed to human activity and development. Based on the conformity of the results of the indicators with the terrestrial reality, the results of the IRWQIsc index (Iranian surface water quality) showed the best results due to compatibility to the land uses and the trend of variables.
Conclusion: The presence of urban sewage and unsustainable agricultural in the city of Gonbad Kavous is the most important reason for the decline in water quality (poor quality class). In this regard, a comprehensive management in water resources and environmental impact assessment is needed.
Mohammad Gholizadeh, Mohammad Zibaei,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Volume 13, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Surface water is usually highly variable in chemical composition due to contact with different geological formationsand other surface and groundwater resources. Knowledge on water quality and the impact of human activities are particularly important for sustainable management and planning of water resources. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical and hydrochemical quality of Chehelchai river water in Golestan province.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 6 sampling stations were selected based on standard criteria including land use type, accessibility and standard distributions along the river in 2018. 10 river water quality parameters including pH, electrical conductivity, total soluble solids, sulfate, chloride, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium - were measured according to standard methods for one year period. Piper, Schuler, Durov, Wilcox and Gibbs diagrams were applied for hydrochemical analysis using RockWorks.17 software. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA.
Results: Results indicated the abundance of major ions was found in the order of HCO3- > SO42- > Cl- and Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+. The river water type was predominantly determined as calcic bicarbonate. The findings revealed that the water of the study area is acceptable for drinking purpose based on Schuler diagram and also appropriate for agricultural uses considering Wilcox diagram (80% of the samples in class S1-C3 (saline - usable for agriculture)) and the average sodium uptake ratio (0.79).
Conclusion: The presence of dolomite ores, the absence of factories and domestic sewage and adhering to hygiene regulations by the residents, are the main reasons which have increased the quality of Chehelchai river water.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 6 sampling stations were selected based on standard criteria including land use type, accessibility and standard distributions along the river in 2018. 10 river water quality parameters including pH, electrical conductivity, total soluble solids, sulfate, chloride, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium - were measured according to standard methods for one year period. Piper, Schuler, Durov, Wilcox and Gibbs diagrams were applied for hydrochemical analysis using RockWorks.17 software. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA.
Results: Results indicated the abundance of major ions was found in the order of HCO3- > SO42- > Cl- and Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+. The river water type was predominantly determined as calcic bicarbonate. The findings revealed that the water of the study area is acceptable for drinking purpose based on Schuler diagram and also appropriate for agricultural uses considering Wilcox diagram (80% of the samples in class S1-C3 (saline - usable for agriculture)) and the average sodium uptake ratio (0.79).
Conclusion: The presence of dolomite ores, the absence of factories and domestic sewage and adhering to hygiene regulations by the residents, are the main reasons which have increased the quality of Chehelchai river water.
Hamid Karyab, Faeze Karyab,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (11-2020)
Volume 13, Issue 3 (11-2020)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Since industrial waste management requires accurate knowledge of quantity and quality of solid wastes, this study was conducted to assess quantitative and qualitative characterization of industrial solid waste in Qazvin province, Iran and investigate its related pattern management.
Materials and Methods: Based on the guideline of Iranian Environment Protection Organization, industries were classified into 10 groups. Then according to the abundance of industries in each group, 276 industries and 4 wastewater treatment plants were selected. The Basel Convention criterion was used to identify special solid wastes. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics and management pattern of industrial wastes were determined by referring to the industries and completing a researcher-made questionnaire.
Results: The total types of identified industrial solid wastes were 1726. According to the guideline of Basel Convention, 33.7% of identified wastes were classified as special wastes. The total amount of solid wastes was 38826 ton/month. The maximum solid wastes production was in the chemical industries with 14,380 ton/month. The recovery and recycling rates were 8.96 and 6.44%, respectively, and 36.44 % of industrial waste was sold directly.
Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the management of industrial solid wastes in Qazvin province does not follow a specific pattern. In addition, the quantity and the composition of solid wastes in the study area is a serious potential for environmental pollution and threatening human health. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a center responsible for industrial wastes management and design a centralized industrial waste disposal system.
Materials and Methods: Based on the guideline of Iranian Environment Protection Organization, industries were classified into 10 groups. Then according to the abundance of industries in each group, 276 industries and 4 wastewater treatment plants were selected. The Basel Convention criterion was used to identify special solid wastes. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics and management pattern of industrial wastes were determined by referring to the industries and completing a researcher-made questionnaire.
Results: The total types of identified industrial solid wastes were 1726. According to the guideline of Basel Convention, 33.7% of identified wastes were classified as special wastes. The total amount of solid wastes was 38826 ton/month. The maximum solid wastes production was in the chemical industries with 14,380 ton/month. The recovery and recycling rates were 8.96 and 6.44%, respectively, and 36.44 % of industrial waste was sold directly.
Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the management of industrial solid wastes in Qazvin province does not follow a specific pattern. In addition, the quantity and the composition of solid wastes in the study area is a serious potential for environmental pollution and threatening human health. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a center responsible for industrial wastes management and design a centralized industrial waste disposal system.
Mazaher Moeinaddini, Seyed Hassan Mousavi, Zohreh Isakhanbeygi, Somayeh Heidari,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (11-2020)
Volume 13, Issue 3 (11-2020)
Abstract
Background and Objective: One of the most important goals for urban environmental management system is the monitoring of air quality. Allocating optimum air quality monitoring stations (AQMS), is a key factor in establishing effective and accurate air quality monitoring program. The objective of this study was to determine optimal allocation for AQMS in Karaj.
Materials and Methods: Based on two stages approach, at first, the suitability map was obtained by WLC method. For AQMS implementation, municipal districts were ranked. The extracted alternatives were graded using TOPSIS. In the next stage, the position of preferred sites were investigated by site visiting and detailed criteria. Finally, the AQMS locations were introduced.
Results: Ten suitable stations were suggested based on population and number of municipal districts. During the first stage important criteria such as distance from roads and street cross-section were weighted and standardized. The distance from roads and green space were the lowest and highest important criteria, respectively. The lowest and highest ranks for AQMS implementation were Nos. 9 and 3 districts, respectively. During the first phase 30 alternatives were obtained. At the second stage, 10 best alternatives were selected following field observation and considering implementation criteria (eg. distance from trees, cross section and pollutants emission sources).
Conclusion: In this study, at the first stage the preferred alternatives were determined. In the next stage the best alternatives for AQMS implementation were selected considering reasonable time and effort. The suggested approach could be used to implement AQMS for other areas.
Materials and Methods: Based on two stages approach, at first, the suitability map was obtained by WLC method. For AQMS implementation, municipal districts were ranked. The extracted alternatives were graded using TOPSIS. In the next stage, the position of preferred sites were investigated by site visiting and detailed criteria. Finally, the AQMS locations were introduced.
Results: Ten suitable stations were suggested based on population and number of municipal districts. During the first stage important criteria such as distance from roads and street cross-section were weighted and standardized. The distance from roads and green space were the lowest and highest important criteria, respectively. The lowest and highest ranks for AQMS implementation were Nos. 9 and 3 districts, respectively. During the first phase 30 alternatives were obtained. At the second stage, 10 best alternatives were selected following field observation and considering implementation criteria (eg. distance from trees, cross section and pollutants emission sources).
Conclusion: In this study, at the first stage the preferred alternatives were determined. In the next stage the best alternatives for AQMS implementation were selected considering reasonable time and effort. The suggested approach could be used to implement AQMS for other areas.
Mehrnoosh Abtahi, Mahmood Alimohammadi, Reza Saeedi, Ramin Nabizadeh, Masoomeh Askari, Babak Mahmoudi, Maryam Ghani,
Volume 14, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Volume 14, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
Background and Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical and microbial quality of bottled water in Iran and to calculate the water quality index (WQI).
Materials and Methods: Different brands of bottled water (4 samples from 71 brands) were randomly collected from the market. Chemical and microbial characteristics of the samples were examined and determined. Finally, the calculations related to the WQI index were performed and the water samples were classified as excellent, good, poor, very poor and unsuitable.
Results: None of the samples exhibited concentration of heavy metals beyond Iranian water standards, and the concentration of sulfate (SO4), chloride (Cl) and fluoride (F) did not exceed international standards. However, in some samples, nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3) concentrations were higher than recommended standards. With Regard to other water quality parameters, 8% to 89% of the samples exhibited concentration higher than the values provided on the water bottle label. 5 species of different bacteria were found in 15 water samples. According to the WQI index, about 63% of the samples were of excellent quality. Also, the water quality of 34% and 3% of the samples fell in good and poor quality categories, respectively. None of the bottled water samples was of very poor quality.
Conclusion: The quality of bottled water investigated in this study was generally suitable, but due to the wide range of bottled water in Iran based on brand and seasons, continuous evaluation of water treatment methods in companies and careful monitoring of chemical and microbial quality of bottled water in all seasons is recommended.
Materials and Methods: Different brands of bottled water (4 samples from 71 brands) were randomly collected from the market. Chemical and microbial characteristics of the samples were examined and determined. Finally, the calculations related to the WQI index were performed and the water samples were classified as excellent, good, poor, very poor and unsuitable.
Results: None of the samples exhibited concentration of heavy metals beyond Iranian water standards, and the concentration of sulfate (SO4), chloride (Cl) and fluoride (F) did not exceed international standards. However, in some samples, nitrite (NO2) and nitrate (NO3) concentrations were higher than recommended standards. With Regard to other water quality parameters, 8% to 89% of the samples exhibited concentration higher than the values provided on the water bottle label. 5 species of different bacteria were found in 15 water samples. According to the WQI index, about 63% of the samples were of excellent quality. Also, the water quality of 34% and 3% of the samples fell in good and poor quality categories, respectively. None of the bottled water samples was of very poor quality.
Conclusion: The quality of bottled water investigated in this study was generally suitable, but due to the wide range of bottled water in Iran based on brand and seasons, continuous evaluation of water treatment methods in companies and careful monitoring of chemical and microbial quality of bottled water in all seasons is recommended.
Mohammad Rezvani Ghalhari, Benyamin Ajami, Esfandiar Ghordouei Milan, Moein Khalooei, Amir Hossein Mahvi,
Volume 14, Issue 4 (3-2022)
Volume 14, Issue 4 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Groundwater is the primary water source for drinking and agricultural activities in arid and semi-arid regions. Rainfall, land use, geological structure, aquifer mineralogy, and duration of water contact with the environment in the basement are the main factors affecting the chemical quality of groundwater. This study aimed to determine the physicochemical properties of groundwater by considering the water quality index (WQI) and its quality assessment for drinking water.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 71 wells of Kashan were sampled in summer 2020 with three samplings from each well, and physical and chemical parameters were studied, water quality index was determined using mathematical methods, and Pearson correlation coefficient was determined. Correlation analysis was used. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using SPSS-16 software, Excel 2013, and statistical tests.
Results: The calculated WQI of 71 wells in Kashan shows that 67% of the wells were of excellent quality, and 33% were of good quality in terms of water quality parameters. In total, out of 71 samples, the numerical index of water quality was 44.94, and the water was of excellent quality.
Conclusion: The results show that ions such as sodium, sulfate, and chlorine are directly related to the counting in an area and increase the concentrations of EC and TDS, and can impair the balance of anionic and cationic aqueous solution. It was also found that more than half of the wells have excellent quality due to using water wells for drinking.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 71 wells of Kashan were sampled in summer 2020 with three samplings from each well, and physical and chemical parameters were studied, water quality index was determined using mathematical methods, and Pearson correlation coefficient was determined. Correlation analysis was used. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using SPSS-16 software, Excel 2013, and statistical tests.
Results: The calculated WQI of 71 wells in Kashan shows that 67% of the wells were of excellent quality, and 33% were of good quality in terms of water quality parameters. In total, out of 71 samples, the numerical index of water quality was 44.94, and the water was of excellent quality.
Conclusion: The results show that ions such as sodium, sulfate, and chlorine are directly related to the counting in an area and increase the concentrations of EC and TDS, and can impair the balance of anionic and cationic aqueous solution. It was also found that more than half of the wells have excellent quality due to using water wells for drinking.
Reza Kheiri Soltan Ahmadi, Habib Nazarnejad, Farrokh Asadzadeh,
Volume 14, Issue 4 (3-2022)
Volume 14, Issue 4 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background and Objective: With the industrialization of communities, population increase and use of surface water, river pollution has been increased by agricultural, industrial pollutants and urban wastewater. Therefore, investigation of river pollution for regional and environmental planning is of great importance. To evaluate surface water pollution, a number of surface water quality indices have been investigated.
Materials and Methods: Iran water quality index for surface water resources (IRWQISC) approach was used to evaluate the water quality of the Mahabadchai river, Iran. Sampling was carried out along the Mahabadchai river based on some criteria such as approximately to drainage areas for landfills/domestic and agricultural effluents.
Results: Pearson correlation coefficient between physical, chemical and microbial parameters of water showed that fecal coliform, BOD, COD, nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, turbidity and total hardness had a significant positive relationship with each other at 99% confidence. According to this index, upstream samples of the river are classified as good, mid-stations relatively good to moderate category, and downstream samples of the river are classified as relatively bad.
Conclusion: Based on the relationship between each variable, fecal coliform, BOD, COD, ammonium, and turbidity were more effective in determining the IRWQISC. Most of the examined variables showed low concentrations in upstream areas of the river while their concentration gradually increased along the river to downstream areas, especially close to urban and industrial districts.
Materials and Methods: Iran water quality index for surface water resources (IRWQISC) approach was used to evaluate the water quality of the Mahabadchai river, Iran. Sampling was carried out along the Mahabadchai river based on some criteria such as approximately to drainage areas for landfills/domestic and agricultural effluents.
Results: Pearson correlation coefficient between physical, chemical and microbial parameters of water showed that fecal coliform, BOD, COD, nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, turbidity and total hardness had a significant positive relationship with each other at 99% confidence. According to this index, upstream samples of the river are classified as good, mid-stations relatively good to moderate category, and downstream samples of the river are classified as relatively bad.
Conclusion: Based on the relationship between each variable, fecal coliform, BOD, COD, ammonium, and turbidity were more effective in determining the IRWQISC. Most of the examined variables showed low concentrations in upstream areas of the river while their concentration gradually increased along the river to downstream areas, especially close to urban and industrial districts.
Neda Pouryousef, Mohammad Ahmady, Nabi Shariatifar, Sara Jafarian, Seyed-Ahmad Shahidi,
Volume 14, Issue 4 (3-2022)
Volume 14, Issue 4 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Nowadays, the application of procedures to minimize oxidative and microbial spoilage in marine products is economically and hygienically important. This study was performed to determine the effect of free and nanoliposome forms of poneh (Mentha pulegium L.) essential oil to increase the shelf life and improve the sensory characteristics of silver carp minced fish (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) during storage time.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the antibacterial properties of 1 and 2% essential oil and nanoliposomes form on the microbial population of minced silver carp fish inoculated with Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli were measured. Also, chemical tests (DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, measurement of iodine peroxide (PV), pH, total volatile nitrogen (TVB-N) and thiobarbituric acid (TBARs)) and sensory properties of minced silver carp were evaluated during 12 days of refrigerated storage.
Results: The results showed that the addition of poneh essential oil (free and nanoliposomes) according to the microbial results and the results of chemical experiments can effectively prevent microbial growth and chemical spoilage (p<0.05). Treatment containing 2% nano essential oil of poneh showed the greatest effect on the chemical, microbial and sensory properties of minced fish during the experimental period in comparison with control treatments, 1% poneh nanoliposomes essential oil and 2 and 1% free essential oils.
Conclusion: Therefore, the nanoliposomes form of 2% poneh essential oil can be used as a suitable additive to increase the shelf life of Silver carp fish in the fish industry.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the antibacterial properties of 1 and 2% essential oil and nanoliposomes form on the microbial population of minced silver carp fish inoculated with Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli were measured. Also, chemical tests (DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, measurement of iodine peroxide (PV), pH, total volatile nitrogen (TVB-N) and thiobarbituric acid (TBARs)) and sensory properties of minced silver carp were evaluated during 12 days of refrigerated storage.
Results: The results showed that the addition of poneh essential oil (free and nanoliposomes) according to the microbial results and the results of chemical experiments can effectively prevent microbial growth and chemical spoilage (p<0.05). Treatment containing 2% nano essential oil of poneh showed the greatest effect on the chemical, microbial and sensory properties of minced fish during the experimental period in comparison with control treatments, 1% poneh nanoliposomes essential oil and 2 and 1% free essential oils.
Conclusion: Therefore, the nanoliposomes form of 2% poneh essential oil can be used as a suitable additive to increase the shelf life of Silver carp fish in the fish industry.
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