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Number deposition rate of dust particles in residential buildings in Tehran
Zahra Khodarahmi, Mohsen Heidari, Gholamreza Moussavi, Sakine Shekoohiyan,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (12-2025)
Abstract
Background and Objective:  To date, the number of dust particles that may be deposited daily in residential buildings has not yet been considered, while this type of pollution may have adverse effects on human health and can also be used to describe indoor air quality. The aims of this study were to evaluate the number deposition rate of dust particles in residential buildings in Tehran and to analyze its variability under various conditions.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 42 fallout samples were collected from residential buildings in Tehran during two periods in the spring (warm) and autumn (cold) seasons. For sampling, Petri dishes were placed inside residential buildings (living room, bedroom, or kitchen) for 45 days. The particles deposited on the surfaces of Petri dishes were counted directly and without any interference using a stereomicroscope. The obtained data were analyzed using Excel, Origin, and SPSS software.
Results: Average deposition rate over total sampling period was 9.23×106 PN/m²/day. The average deposition rate in the warm season (1.10×107 PN/m²/day) was significantly higher than the cold season (7.46×106 PN/m²/day) (p <0.001).
Conclusion: This study showed that a substantial number of dust particles are deposited daily in residential buildings. The high number deposition rate, along with its variability under various conditions, indicates the necessity for increased attention to this metric of dust pollution in indoor environments.
 

Evaluation of hydrochar quality and high heating value derived from spent coffee grounds
Anis Sajadi, Sakine Shekoohiyan, Gholamreza Moussavi,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (12-2025)
Abstract
Background and Objective: The increasing accumulation of spent coffee grounds (SCG) has raised serious environmental concerns. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the hydrothermal carbonization process in converting SCG into a valuable solid fuel..
Materials and Methods: An experimental study was conducted using the design of experiments (DOE) approach and response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of key independent variables—including temperature (180–290 °C), reaction time (30–90 min), and liquid-to-solid ratio (L:S, 1:1–15:1)—on the properties of the produced hydrochar were investigated. A total of 20 experiments were carried out, and physicochemical analyses were performed on both the hydrochar and the process water.
Results: The results indicated that the quadratic model demonstrated strong predictive capability for hydrochar yield (HY) and higher heating value (HHV) (R² > 0.98). Analysis of variance showed that all three independent variables had significant effects on HY and HHV. The produced hydrochar showed HHV of 17.9–28.5 MJ/kg and HY of 17.5–77.2%. Response surface methodology identified 235 °C, 180 min, and L:S 4:1 as optimal for desirable HY and HHV. Optimization indicated 229 °C, 160 min, and L:S 4:1 yielded hydrochar with 27.8 MJ/kg HHV, 67.9% HY, with 0.891 desirability. CHNSO analysis showed a decrease in H/C and O/C ratios and an increase in surface area from 2.4 to 12.6 m²/g.
Conclusion: Given the favorable HHV of the produced hydrochar, it can be concluded that the proposed process is an effective method for converting biomass into solid fuel.
 

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