Showing 12 results for Antibiotic
M Hadi, R Shokoohi, A.m Ebrahimzadeh Namvar, M Karimi, M Solaimany Aminabad,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (5-2011)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: widely use of antibiotics as therapy and uncontrolled discharge of them to receiving waters increased the percentages of antibiotic resistant bacteria in various environments which may cause problems in therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa bacteria isolated from urban and hospital wastewaters. Nine antibiotics namely Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazol, Gentamycin, Ceftizoxime, Nalidixic Acid, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxon and Cefalexin were investigated in this study.
Materials and Methods: through a cross-sectional descriptive study the isolation of bacteria from hospital and urban wastewater samples was performed by microbiological identification techniques. The resistance to nine antibiotics was tested by application of the standard disc diffusion technique and zone-size interpretation chart of Kirby-Baeur. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used to assessing two environments differences.
Results: The resistance percentage of E. coli to studied antibiotics was significantly less (ranged from 1.81 to 51.02%) than the resistance percentage of P. aeroginosa (ranged from 3.57 to 61.76) and K. pneumoniae (ranged from 6.45 to 91.83%). the highest resistance to antibiotics studied was for K. pneumonia in comparison with others. E. coli, K. pneumonia and P. aeroginosa bacteria showed the highest resistance to CAZ, SXT and CN, respectively. The study showed the resistance rate in hospital wastewater is more than urban wastewater.
Conclusion: Easy access and uncontrolled usage of antibiotics cause discharge of antibiotics to wastewaters and consequently diminish the drugs' effectiveness. High concentration of antibiotic and diversity in wastewater of hospital in comparison with urban wastewater causes to transfer resistant agents between bacteria and increased the multiple resistances.
M Heidari, H Saffari Khouzani, M.m Amin, M Ghasemian, E Taherian, L Attari, A Hassanzadeh,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2011)
Abstract
Background and Objectives:Antibiotics and hormones are excreted with other wastes following their influences on bodies.These substances can disturbed treatment process by their entery to the wastewater. In this study the inhibitory behavior of antibiotics Ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin and hormone stradiol 17- valerat have been investigated on Specific Methanogenic Activity (SMA) of anaerobic biomass.
Materials and Methods: Twenty one SMA tests were done using 120-mLvials in batch mode. In each vial, substrate, biomass and biogas were occupied 66, 17, and 17 % (v/v), respectively. Each test longed in range of 15-30 days. Produced methane was measured by gas replacement with 2N KOH solution as CO2 absorbent.
Results: In this study, at the concentrations of 200, 500 and 1000 mg/L of antibiotic Ofloxacin, the methane production reduced to 45, 76 and 88 percent, respectively. Reduced methane production of 68, 81 and 88 percent was observed in Ciprofloxacin concentrations of 100, 200, and 500 mg/L, respectively. Cumulative methane at the concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 5 mg E2 /L was 66, 90, and 121 mL, respectively
Conclusion: Antibiotic Ciprofloxacin at concentrations similar to the antibiotic Ofloxacin have a greater inhibitory effect on specific methanogenic activity of anaerobic biomass. Also, the hormone E2 at lower concentrations showed more inhibitory effect than other two antibiotics Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin.
M Hoseini, Gh.h Safari, H Kamani, J Jaafari, A.h Mahvi,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (8-2015)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Among the different types of antibiotics, tetracycline antibiotics are the second most common group around the world that their entrance into domestic sewage can result in contamination of water sources. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the nano-sonocatalytic process on removal of tetracycline antibiotics from aqueous solutions. Materials and Methods: In this study, the effectiveness of ultrasonic irradiation without and with TiO2 nanoparticles and hydrogen peroxide were studied in tetracycline antibiotics removal. For this purpose, a reactor different concentrations of tetracycline was exposed to two irradiation frequencies of 35 and 130 KHz. Concentration of residual antibiotic was measured using HPLC equipped with a C18 reverse phase column and a UV detector. Results: It was found that the efficacy of ultrasonic irradiation alone in removal of this pollutant was negligible and at the best conditions only 20.3% removal was achieved at the frequency of 35 KHz. Addition of TiO2 nanoparticles improved the removal efficiency the removal rate increased with the increase in TiO2 concentration until 250 mg/L, after which it remained approximately stable. The best removal efficiency was achieved by adding 100 mg/l hydrogen peroxide to US/TiO2 process at pH 4 in which 94.3% removal was achieved after 60 minute. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the sonocatalytic process using TiO2 nanoparticles and along with adding H2O2 as an oxidant is very effective and can be used for removal of tetracycline antibiotics from aqueous solutions.
Mh Dehghani, B Akbarpour, M Salari, A Poursheykhani, H Rasoulzadeh,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (9-2016)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Milk is a full meal that can provide an appropriate growing environment for different bacteria. Hence, it can be hazardous to human health in unpasteurized conditions. The present study was conducted in order to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in raw and pasteurized milks of Sari City in the summer of 2014.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the summer of 2014 in the city of Sari. Totally, 160 samples- each 200 mL of raw milk were collected from collection and distribution centers (80 samples) of raw milk, and pasteurized milk from food stores (80 samples). Under aseptic conditions, confirmatory tests were carried out in Chapman and Blood agar media. Antibiogram test was performed for positive samples. Results were analyzed using SPSS (Ver. 19) software through the t-test descriptive statistical analysis.
Results: The results showed that 38.75% of 80 samples of raw milk collected were contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus, while no contamination was observed in pasteurized milk samples. The average number of colony formation of raw milk was estimated to be within 3×104 to 7×104 Cfu/mL. Maximum sensitivity was found against vancomycin, gentamicin, and Co-trimoxazole antibiotics and the maximum resistance was observed against ampicillin, methicillin and cephalotin antibiotics with of 87.5, 25, and 12.5%, respectively.
Conclusion: The raw milk showed the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, compliance with and control of sanitation at different steps of preparation, supplying and consumption of milk can prevent the human infection with this type of contamination.
L Kiyani, Se Rezatofighi, H Motamedi,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (3-2017)
Abstract
Background and Objective: The use of household water filter systems has been widely increasing in recent years because of water pollution. In water filter systems, bacterial biofilm forms on the surface of the membranes, thereby increasing the possibility of transferring antibiotic resistance among bacteria and allowing their entry into the human body. This study analyzed the types of bacteria that grow in the membranes of water filter systems and their antibiotic resistance.
Materials and Methods: For this study, samples were collected from 80 membranes of household water filter systems. Bacteria grown on these membranes were identified using biochemical and molecular methods. Resistance against antibiotics including penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamycin, cephalexin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was evaluated by disk diffusion method.
Results: The detected bacteria included Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Bacillus, Sphingomonas, Zymomonas, Aeromonas, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Drexia and Achromobacter. Majority of the isolates were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibiogram test showed that most of these bacteria exhibited multi-drug resistance (MDR). Maximum resistance was observed toward cephalexin and the least resistance was toward gentamicin.
Conclusion: The results revealed that membranes of household water filter systems were suitable environments for the growth of bacteria. In these conditions, MDR bacteria presumably could transfer antibiotic resistance genes to bacteria and microflora of the human body through water. Therefore, membranes should be designed in such a manner that not only they can remove the bacteria from water but also kill them.
H Kamani, Ah Panahi, Sd Ashrafi, F Kord Mostafapour, Ns Omrani Gargari,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (12-2017)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Extreme use of antibiotics and discharging to the environment lead to serious consequences. Mesoporous silica such as MCM-41 material is widely used to absorb contaminants from the aqueous solution. The aim of this study was to evaluate mesoporous synthesis of MCM-41 and its efficacy for removal of the antibiotic cephalexin from aqueous solution.
Materials and Methods: Physical characteristics and absorbent structure synthesized by techniques BET, FTIR and XRD were analyzed. The effect of variables such as pH values (3, 7, 11), the dose of MCM-41 (200, 500, 800 mg/L), initial concentration of cephalexin (50, 75, 100 mg/L), contact time (30, 60, 90 min), and process temperature (20, 30, 40 0C) on absorption of cephalexin were studied. In order to achieve the optimal experimental conditions, response surface methodology (RSM) model was used.
Results: The results showed that pH (p=0.0001), adsorbent dose (p=0.0001), initial concentration of cephalexin (p=0.0001), contact time (p=0.01), pH2 (p=0.0002) and pH (p=0.04) and initial concentration had a significant impact on the response variable. The optimum removal condition based on analysis of variance and the model was at the reaction time 90 min, pH 3, initial concentration 50 mg/L and adsorption dose 600 mg/L. Under these conditions, the removal efficiency of 81.1% was achieved.
Conclusion: The results showed that adsorption process with the mesoporous MCM-41 had a high efficiency on the removal of cephalexin from the aqueous environments.
R Mirzaei, M Yunesian, Ar Mesdaghinia, S Nasseri, M Gholami, E Jalilzadeh, Sh Shoeibi,
Volume 11, Issue 3 (12-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Antibiotics are a group of emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment. Antibiotic residues threaten the human health and ecosystem in the low concentrations found in the environment. Hence, the present work has been conducted to investigate the occurrence and removal efficiency of most prescribed antibiotics including amoxicillin, penicillin, cefixime, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and azithromycin detected in two urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Tehran.
Materials and Methods: The present work is an applied research based on USEPA method no. 1694, to investigate pharmaceuticals residues in water by HPLC/MS/MS in year 2016. The differences between target antibiotics residues were investigated statistically. After the calculation of the removal efficiencies, the normality of the data was assessed. Then, parametric and non-parametric tests were used to compare the removal efficiencies in both WWTPs.
Results: There was not a significant difference between the influent and effluent concentrations of cefixime and azithromycin (in Ekbatan WWTP) and cefixime (in southern Tehran WWTP). There is a significant difference between the removal efficiencies of cephalexin (p=0.005) and erythromycin (p=0.002) in two WWTPs. The Highest median removal efficiencies were observed for cephalexin 94.41 and 99.47 in Ekbatan WWTP and southern Tehran WWTP, respectively.
Conclusion: In addition to the type of treatment processes, it is physicochemical properties of the selected compound has a significant influence on removal efficiencies.
S Hamzeh Pour, S Vaziri, E Molaee Aghaee,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Traditional cheese has desirable organoleptic characteristics for Iranian consumers. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella are some of the most important microbial agents in food poisoning and gastrointestinal infections, which can contaminate this product and endanger the health of consumers. The aim of this study was to survey the contamination rate and determination of antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains isolated from traditional cheeses distributed in Mahabad, Iran.
Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 100 samples of traditional cheese from the production and distribution centers in Mahabad city were randomly selected in 2016 to determine the bacterial contamination in accordance to national standard guidelines for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli and Salmonella spp. Anti-biograms test was conducted using a standard disc diffusion method through the measurement of the inhibitory zone diameter on the Muller Hinton agar.
Results: Among the 100 samples, 54, 45 and 0 samples were positive for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella, respectively. All E.coli (100%) were found to be resistant to Amoxicillin, while Staphylococcus aureus isolates (100%) were resistant to Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid and Amoxicillin. However, 66.6% isolates of E.coli were susceptible to Ceftriaxone and 97.7% isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were susceptible to Trimethoprim – Sulfamethoxazole.
Conclusion: The microbial quality of traditional cheeses distributed in Mahabad city was not evaluated as appropriate and the values did not meet the national standards. Thus, further monitoring and control are needed.
Mr Samarghandi, Ar Rahmani, Z Darabi, J Mehralipour,
Volume 12, Issue 4 (2-2020)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Electroproxone process is a combination of ozonation process and electrolysis in which the production of hydroxyl radical and ultimately degradation of a pollutant occurs. The aim of this study was to estimate the E-Proxone process in removing ceftriaxone from a synthetic solution.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, a semi-continuous reactor equipped with four graphene electrodes having 2 × 10 cm dimension and 3 mm thickness was used. The effect of pH (3-11), concentration of ozone gas (1-5 mg/min), direct electric current (1-3 A), initial concentration of ceftriaxone (5-50 mg/L) and radical scavenger dose (tertbutanol = 20 mmol/L) was studied in a 0-60 minutes reaction time. The Ceftriaxone concentration was measured by HPLC, COD was measured with spectrophotometer (DR6000) and TOC with a TOC analyzer.
Results: The results of this study indicated that this process had sufficient performance in the degradation of the antibiotic and diminishing of COD and TOC. The excellent condition was pH = 3, the electric current of 3 A, the ozone concentration of 5 mg/min, and the sodium sulfate as an electrolyte was 50 mmole/L. The ceftriaxone concentration was 5 mg/L in the duration of the 30 minutes experiment. 99.39% of the Ceftriaxone was destroyed. The process efficiency in COD and TOC removal was highest at 90 minutes. The presence of tertbutanol reduced the process efficiency to 83%.
Conclusion: The E-Proxone process, as one of the advanced oxidation processes, has the ability to reduce the pollution load of pharmaceutical industry, especially the ceftriaxone in this wastewater. This process is considered an environmentally friendly process.
Hanieh Mirbolooki, Mehrshad Hajibabaei,
Volume 14, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Antibiotics are hardly decomposable and resistant contaminants in the environment that according to their anti-biological properties, it is necessary to eliminate or reduce the amount of them before entering the environment. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate the Fenton and Fenton-like process efficiency for the treatment of wastewater containing Spiramycin antibiotic.
Materials and Methods: The effect of independent variables including pH, contact time, oxidant concentration (H2O2), and catalyst concentration (Fe2+ and Fe3+) on the COD removal efficiency were measured using COD meter. The ranges and number of experiments were assigned by RSM (Response surface method) using design expert software.
Results: The optimum conditions of Fenton process with treatment efficiency of 63.31% were obtained at pH 4, hydrogen peroxide concentration of 50 mg/L, Fe2+ concentration of 75 mg/L and contact time of 5 min. The optimum conditions of Fenton-like process with treatment efficiency of 51.21% were obtained at pH 3, hydrogen peroxide concentration of 60 mg/L, Fe3+ concentration of 137.5 mg/L and contact time of 32.5 min. Based on the ANOVA analysis results, the f value in Fenton method indicates that the model is significant.
Conclusion: According to the results, Fenton oxidation process was selected as the optimum method to remove COD from synthetic wastewater containing Spiramycin antibiotic which may be applied as an efficient method for the treatment of wastewaters containing antibiotic.
Moslem Daliri, Gholamali Javdan, Moslem Sharifinia,
Volume 14, Issue 3 (12-2021)
Abstract
Background and Objective: As pharmaceutically active compounds (particularly antibiotics) are known emerging contaminants (EC), their occurrence in the environment has high health risks for the living organisms and the public. The effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is the most important source of residues of these compounds in the environment. The urban wastewater of Bandar Abbas is discharged into the marine environment of the Persian Gulf at the rate of 500 to 700 L/s, which could be a potential source of pharmaceutical contamination for the marine ecosystem.
Materials and Methods: In this research, two main wastewater discharge stations at Gursuzan and Suru were sampled during three phases between December 2020 to February 2021. The concentration of Erythromycin residues, as the first antibiotic clinically used to treat human infections, was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.
Results: Data analysis showed that mean (± 95% CI) concentration of Erythromycin in Suru and Gorsuzan stations were 16 ± 1.53 and 19 ± 5.86 μg/L, respectively; which their differences did not differ significantly (p>0.05). Pooled data also indicated that the wastewater discharge contained 13.2 to 23.50 μg/L of Erythromycin (α=0.05). Considering the discharge of high volume of Bandar Abbas wastewater effluent into the Persian Gulf (500-700 L/s) as well as the data obtained from this study, the results of the simulation model showed that 5184×104 L Bandar Abbas municipal wastewater is discharged into the Persian Gulf marine ecosystem daily. This volume contains 0.877×103-1.02×103 g active residues of Erythromycin antibiotic (α=0.05).
Conclusion: The present study is the first report of contamination of residues of medicinal compounds into the Marine Environment of the Persian Gulf by urban wastewater. Regarding the high volume of wastewater discharged, which calls for immediate actions to be taken.
Majid Hashemi, Mohammad Javad Agah, Amir Mahmoud Rastegar,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Paying attention to antibiotic residues in milk is important due to its health effects on the occurrence of microbial resistance in consumers, as well as its harmful effects on the dairy industry. This study was carried out with the aim of determining the amount of oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin, and penicillin G in raw milk samples produced in Fars province, which were detected as contaminated during screening with a rapid kit.
Materials and Methods: The samples were first examined with a rapid commercial kit for the presence of antibiotic residues. Then the amount of oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin and penicillin G antibiotics in the positive samples belonging to the middle month of each season was determined using the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method.
Results: Antibiotic residues were found in 121 (7.7%) samples by the commercial Eclipse kit. Both season (p<0.001) and region (p<0.01) of sampling had a significant effect on antibiotic residues in raw milk. In the chromatographic method, antibiotic residues of oxytetracycline and enrofloxacin were detected in 6 (27.3%) samples, none of which exceeded the permissible limit determined by the Iranian Veterinary Organization.
Conclusion: Although the amount of antibiotics detected from raw milk from Fars province was much lower than the permissible limit, it is necessary to implement further executive, educational, and research measures to minimize these residues in raw milk due to the possibility of the presence of other antimicrobial substances.
