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Survey of Optimal Methods for the Control of Cockroaches in Sewers  of Qom City
M. Fahiminia, A. Paksa, A. Zarei, M. Shams, M. Fazlzadeh Davil, H. Bakhtiari, M. Norouzi,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (4-2010)
Abstract

Backgrounds and Objectives: Domestic sewers and wastewater treatment plants are suitable places for the growth of some types of Cockroaches. Annually the water and wastewater company of Qom city make considerable attempts to overwhelm the problem. The current study is aimed to determine types of Cockroaches and select the optimal methods for their control.
Materials andMethods: In this study, 120 manholes are selected in different locations of Qom city, the numbers of Cockroaches are counted and the Cockroaches are classified into different groups. Then, each group are faced to different insecticides Including Simperator, Diazinon , Dursban Ec, Faikam, Sipermetrin, Icon, Deltametrina and Sulfac. One group of manholes was considered as blank sample during one month. Counting and determination of Cockroaches in these manholes conducted before using insecticides and also five months after it.
Results: the study showed that all sewers were 100% polluted by Cockroaches. The number of Cockroaches in manholes range from minimum 4 to maximum 3600 in each manhole. The applied of insecticides including Dursban Ec, Simperator, Sulfac, Dursban, and Deltametrina are used 2 gr in 100 square meter of area of each sewer. The Cockroaches population reduced to approximately zero after application of these insecticides. Spraying sewers by Simperator controlled 100% of Cockroaches.
Conclusion: the most effective method for the control of Cockroaches was usage of 2 gr of Dursban (Ec) in squaremeter of area in the beginning of warmseason.If we use 1-1/5months interval between the time of spraying insecticide in selected wells, with using simperator and dursban (Ec) we can overwhelm Cockroaches using Simperator and Dursban Ec. The results of statistical analysis show that reduction of number of coackroaches in one month after using poison is significant (P-value< 0.05). But after 5months it lose meaningful in all of them.Also, reduction of number of coackroachesin blank manholes was not statistically significant.


Design, Production and Evaluation of Electronic Hook forMice Population Controlling
M.r Massoudi Nejad, M. Manshouri, M. Khatiby,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (10-2010)
Abstract

Backgrounds and Objectives:since large cities of Iran due to specific population, topographic, cultural and economical conditions have a numerous population per surface unit, , results in everincreasing population and it.s accumulation and have prepared favorable conditions for increasing various mice and rats species in these cities. Efforts, designing, construction and evaluation of electronic traps for mouse and rat controlling is one of the controlling methods which may be studied beside the other methods.
Materials and Methods:At first the types and species of mice and rats in Tehran city were studied (including length, weight, behavior characteristics etc.). Next, using a system producing attractive fragrance attracts mouse and rat to the trap. Then, using electronic sensors, mouse presence with commandswhich is sent to electrical bobbins evaluates.Later, themiddle section becomes electrically activated. Contacting the trap, the animal will die within 3 to 5 seconds contacting. Mouse corpse will transfer to the beneath section of trap. This section includes a drawer to be emptied daily or weekly. Preventing electric shocks, the power of all the sections will go with drawing out the drawer. Testing efficiency of the device, it was tried first with lab mice thus in each level of experiences the problems were solved.
Results:According to the design, each section of the device including attraction, killing and removing sections were evaluated separately. For instance, in killing section, the amount of voltage and its type also the method of electricity transfer to the animal was evaluated. In addition in attraction section the variety of fragrances were compared and it was found that walnut fragrance gave the best result for all the animal samples attraction. Also, the results showed 300 volts current voltage with 15 Amperes current intensity, has the best killing efficiency in less than a second than other voltages.
Conclusion:According to the different evaluations, it was clear there were no good results of killing in 2.5 to 15Amperes direct current intensity. Thus using direct currentmethods in these trap devices were not practical. In addition, using sexual fragrances for attraction males, in several species were tested and results showed that the proteins in these fragrances became decomposed very fast in environmental conditions and the attraction nature of these substances decreased. For this reason it seams according to its easy availability, food fragrances as attraction substances are more practical and useful.


Air pollution tolerance index and heavy metals (Pb and Cd) bioaccumulation in selected plant species (trees, shrubs and herbs) in high-traffic areas of Yazd city
Behnam Nazari Alamdarloo, Asghar Mosleh Arany, Saeed Shojaee Barjoee, Hamidreza Azimzadeh, Bahman Kiani,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract 
Background and Objective: Urban traffic, while affecting human health, causes physiological and biochemical changes in plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the bioaccumulation potential of Pb and Cd and assess air pollution tolerance index for a number of plants grown high traffic areas of Yazd.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was performed in both control and high traffic areas of Yazd city by random sampling of trees, shrub and herb species. After transferring the samples to laboratory, relative water content, pH of leaf extract, total chlorophyll and ascorbic acid content (the factors for calculating APTI) in plants were measured using standard methods. Furtheremore, Pb and Cd concentrations were measured to find their relation with APTI index in plants. All statistical analysis, including Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, ANOVA, Duncan test and Pearson correlation coefficient between the studied parameters, were performed in SPSS software version 22.
Results: The highest relative water content (84.73%) and ascorbic acid (5.98 mg/g) were measured in contaminated area for Canna indica and Rosa damascena, respectively. Also, the highest acidity (7.01) and total chlorophyll (1.48 mg/g) in the control area were measured for Verbena hybrida and Ligustrum vulgar, respectively. The highest air pollution tolerance values were recorded in Rosa damascena and Ligustrum vulgar. Moreover, the results obtained showed that APTI index was positively and significantly correlated to Pb, ascorbic acid and relative water content. 
Conclusion: According to the classification of air pollution tolerance index, two species of Rosa damascena and Ligustrum vulgar exhibited moderately tolerant to traffic pollutant. Therefore, based on ecological requirements of these two species, they can be used to develop green spaces in high-traffic areas of Yazd.  This study showed that Pb increased physiological response of the studied plants, while the plants did not exhibit a significant physiological response to the Cd element. The results also showed that the relative water content and ascorbic acid were more important in the air pollution tolerance index than other factors.

Evaluation of the implementation of the nosocomial infection control program in the emergency department of teaching hospitals of Gorgan, Iran
Mehrnaz Asghari Mahforujaki, Ailar Jamalli, Saeed Golfiroozi, Ali Shahryari,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (6-2023)
Abstract
Background and Objective: In hospitals, the emergency department is a complex healthcare environment, and it is necessary to attention to nosocomial infections. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of nosocomial infection program in the emergency department.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in hospitals of Gorgan, Iran, in 2022, using the WHO checklist with 96 questions in 9 section staff; patients, environment, equipment, drug, prevention of infections wound, urinary, respiratory, and blood. Data were collected via observation and interviews. A checklist containing 45 questions was used to determine the impact of staff awareness on the infection control program, in 4 sections oftheoretical knowledge, performing procedures, immunization, and environmental hygiene.
Results: The results show that 82.46% of the infection control program was satisfactory. The percentage of scores for different sections of nosocomial infection program including staff, patients, environment, equipment, drug, infection prevention of wound, urinary, respiratory and blood  was 79.31, 77.78,  81.25,  83.34, 100, 44.34, 75.00, 87.88 and 100, respectively. Moreover, the percentage awareness score for emergency medicine specialists, general practitioners, medical interns, and nurses was 100, 95.83, 87.5, and 79.92, respectively.
Conclusion: The implementation quality of the infection control program was acceptable and satisfactory. However, some factors were lower than the desired level, which could be dangerous for medical staff, patients, and visitors. The medical staff believed that the support of the senior managers of the University was essential for the implementation of an infection control program, and also holding training courses, and accelerating data sharing.
 

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