Showing 51 results for Environment
M Mohammadian, J Nouri, N Afshari, J Nassiri, M Nourani,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (10-2008)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Heavy metals processing industry has always been a major cause of concern which affects soils, surface waters, ground waters and river sediments contaminations. Thus, the Zanjan Zinc and Lead Smelting Plant has been considered as a potential source of contamination.
Mterials and Methods: This cross-sectional study has been conducted in February 2008 in the site region .The concentrations of Lead, Zinc and Cadmium have been assessed. The samples have been taken from 17 wells and atomic absorption spectrophotometeric method has been used to assess the samples. In order to find out and locate the exact situation of the wells under study, Global Positioning System instrument has been used. The correlation between the concentration of each metal and the distance of studied well from the plant has been assessed too.
Results: The findings of this study showed that lead and cadmium concentrations were 53% and 59% respectively out of the guideline values of World Health Organization.
Conclusion: The concentration of Zinc was lower than both national and international values in all samples. As the heavy metal concentration is very important for human health status, the other fields of study like heavy metal air pollution effects and related diseases and conditions should be studied and assessed.
A Solgi, R Nabizadeh, K Guodini,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (9-2009)
Abstract
Backgrounds and Objectives:Today the crisis rising from over consumption energy and materialand environmental pollution pose serious problems that challenges present resources of man.Sustainable development is probably an inevitable strategy for human being in such a way that theleast possible damage be inflicted to the environment.In this way, the role played by universities in reaching the objectives of sustainable development is crucial. In this paper, we examine the present state of consumption energy resources (Electricity and natural gas) in the central main campus of Tehran University and so we calculate the extent of environmental pollutants resulted of these energy consumptions.
Materials and Methods: For surveying of our objectives the first step is a survey of the current state of campus by way of reexamination of Gas and Electricity bills and distribution of a questionnaire. Second is an estimate of the entering pollutants to the environment with online software in site of http://www.abraxasenergy.com/emissions.
Results:annual consumption of 16.5 million KWHS of electricity along with 4312392 m3 of naturalgas leads to 0.0218 million tones Co2, 778 kg VOCS, 374.6 tones NOX, 2.41 tones CO, 65.341 tones So2, 93 kg Mercury compounds and 868 kg particles.
Conclusion: It is shown that there is no objective effort and green management in this part ofuniversity officials. This project suggests that the implementation of green management in the framework of programs such as green university can be crucial in reaching the objectives.
M.a Zazuoli, M Abdi, E Ghahramani, M Ghorbanian,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (11-2009)
Abstract
Backgrounds and Objectives: The school is the most appropriate place for flourishes children, adolescents and juniors, and prepares safe and vigorous life. Thus, the aim of this research is to study of the hygienic conditions in primary schools in region 1 of Sari city.
Materials and Methods: This article is a descriptive study. In which 45 non-for-profit and governmental schools were sampled using census method. The Fools of sampling was questionnaire filled in during interview with school principals and direct observation. Collected information was analyzed using "Excell" and spss soft wares.
Results: The results of this search showed that %93.4 of schools had dimention smaller than minimum standard. Only in %35.6 of schools, lavatory and drinking places were separate and the quality and quantity of lighting in %32 of. schools were classes proper.
Conclusion: The most important finding of this search was the ignorant of indicators in environmental healthas overlooking of standards, and the schools are merely established on quantity and urgent need despit of their quality.
M Aghapour Sabbagi,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2011)
Abstract
BackgroundsandObjectives: Environmental activitiesunknownprice and value caused establishing of some unique characteristics for mentioned commodities. One of these characteristics was existing gap between private and social cost and benefit. For assessing these activities different approaches include travel cost, willingness to pay and hedonic price had been suggested. According to Tehran's air pollution problem, in this study Hedonic approach had was used for the assessment of healthy air on Tehran's residential house price.
Materials and Method : Hedonic approach is one of the methods that are used for evolution environmental goods. In this method, each good's price is estimated as a functions of that good`s properties. To gather this study information 300 questionnaires has been collected by random sampling from different area of Tehran.
Result: Results revealed that activities in order to reduce air pollutions, in addition to environmental value have economical value form the point of view of consumers. Also, results show that willingness to pay of every Tehran's citizens for every square meter of house located in region with less pollution is between 1120 to 1350 thousands Rials.
Conclusion: According to the obtained results can be said that, clean air as an environmental good from the viewpoint of consumers has economic value that can be calculated this value using methods such as Hedonic.
M Shafiepourmotlagh, M Kalhor, F Khalil Arya,
Volume 4, Issue 2 (9-2011)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study presents an evaluation between IAQX 1.0f and Fluent 6.3.26 in modeling of NOx dispersion in an indoor residential environment. Modeling predictions are compared with sampling results.
Materials and Methods: Aresidential building with about 84 m2 area is modeled. In IAQX 1.0f the building is divided into five zones. Emission factors and absorption rate of sinks is estimated with US.EPA suggested factors. On the other hand, In the Fluent 6.3.26 model, the building was divided into 1777 cells, and the openings are defined by the boundary conditions of the inflow. In this model, pollution sources were simulated by boundary conditions of the mass inflow.
Results:Compared to IAQX 1.0f, Fluent 6.3.26 showed higher estimation of the concentrations in the zones of 1, 2 and 3. In comparison with the measurements, both models had underestimated results.
Conclusion: The results of Fluent 6.3.26 were closer to the sampling results in the zones.
M Ghani, F Golbabaie, A.r Akbarzadeh Baghban, H Aslani, N Moharamnejad,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (10-2011)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Particular importance of hazardous wastes is due to having characteristics such as toxicity, flammability, corrosively and reactivity. Some of the chemical wastes due to having hazardous materials must be collected and managed in a proper manner, since they are potentially harmful to the environment. Owing to the fact that educational centers have important roles in developing countries, so the main objective of the present study was to investigate, hazardous waste management in chemistry laboratories of Ministry of Science universities, in Tehran, Iran.
Materials and Methods: Study area of this research includes all chemistry laboratories in Tehran universities which were covered by Ministry of Science. To obtain the number of samples, based on Scientific Principles and identification formula, 64 samples were calculated. In addition, sampling was done by Stratified sampling. Validated checklists were used for data gathering. Data analysis were done by Descriptive statistics (mean, frequency and etc.) and inferential statistics (kruskal- wallis test).
Results: results obtained in this study indicate that Sharif University by obtaining the mean score of 60.5 and Tehran University by obtaining the mean score of 4.5-6 are placed in best and worst rank, respectively. Beheshty, Alzahra and Tarbiat Moallem univesities by acquiring the mean score of 20-28.5 have a same position in ranking table.
Conclusion: Results show that most of the studied laboratories do not have any collection program and only 26.5 percent of them have acceptable programs.The separation and storing program observed in about 12.5 percent . Hazardous wastes' management in chemistry laboratory of Tehran Universities was not in good status. And from the standpoint of management, only 12.5 percent of studied cases are in good status, while 75 percent was in undesirable status.
Meghdad Pirsaheb, Kiumars Sharafi, Abdollah Dargahi,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (4-2012)
Abstract
MicrosoftInternetExplorer4
Background and
Objectives: 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid is a well-known herbicide
which can be dangerous for both human
and animal health in different ways such as its presence in drinking water.
This study aimed at Performance of granular activated carbon to 2-4-D removal
from aqueous solution and assessing the relationship between COD and 2-4-D
concentration
Materials and Methods: This study is a lab-scale study. Firstly, different 2-4-D concentrations were
prepared from Stock solution (1000 mg/L), and then their CODs were measured.
Optimum pH for 2-4-D removal was determined and its absorption rate at
different concentrations was measured.
Results: Results
showed a clear relationship between COD and 2-4-D concentration. On the other
hand, COD removal increased as time elapsed, so that maximum removal 90% and
84% at initial 2-4-D concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/L were observed at contact
time of 50 min respectively. Optimum pH for all concentrations was determined
as 6.
Conclusion: According
to present study it can be concluded that activated carbon have be up to 90% of
2-4-D removal from water environment. In addition, a significant relationship
was observed between COD and 2-4-D concentration, so that direct measurement of
COD can be used instead of 2-4-D measurement.
Mohammad Ali Hosseinpour Feizi, Mohammad Mosaferi, Saeed Dastgiri, Maasumeh Mehdipour, Ahmad Kusha,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (10-2012)
Abstract
MicrosoftInternetExplorer4
Background and Objectives: Intake of high concentrations of fluoride in drinking
water can cause dental fluorosis. In this study, the prevalence of dental
fluorosis in rural communities of East
Azerbaijan Province
was studied.
Materials and Methods: 3 villages of Bashsizkooh, Bostanabad (fluoride concentration in drinking water
= 0.12 mg/L), Nagharehkub, Ahar (current
water resource = 0.6 mg/L, old water resource = 1.1-1.2 mg/L), and Gharehbolaq,
Jolfa (current water resource = 0.35 mg/L and old water resource = 2.4 mg/L old
source) were selected as low, medium, and high exposure to fluoride
respectively. All village residents above 6 years old were visited by
physician. Quality of water resources was determined by referring to the
records archived and through conducting new analysis.
Results: Dental
fluorosis was observed in 62.7 % of the people visited. In 31.5% of
participants, fluorosis Grade 1 in 22.4 % of participants, fluorosis grade 2
in 7.7 % of participants, fluorosis grade 3 and finally fluorosis grade 4 was
observed in 4 patients. Different levels of fluorosis were observed in
residents of the villages of Gharebolaq, Nagharehkub, and Bashsizkooh (83.3%,
70.5 %, and 32.5 % respectively). There was a significant difference in
prevalence of fluorosis between villages (P < 0.001). Fluorosis was observed
in both permanent and temporary teeth. Mean cumulative fluoride index (MCFI) in
people with and without fluorosis was 22660.2 and 4743.2 mg, respectively.
There was a correlation between this index and fluorosis (R =0.413).
Conclusion: In all
three villages studied, even Bashsizkooh, different grades of fluorosis were
endemic. It is recommended that the responsible authorities take a new measure and approach for the intake of fluoride from drinking
water.
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Farin Fatemi, Hamed Mohammadi, Ali Ardalan, Kazem Naddafi,
Volume 6, Issue 2 (9-2013)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: On August 2012, two earthquakes measured 6 and 6.2 on the Richter scale took place in Eastern Azerbaijan province. Environmental Health Department is accounted as one of the main units for providing and supervising environmental sanitation services at the emergencies, therefore, the objective of this study was allocated to assess environmental health response performance in recent earthquake.
Material and Methods: Through multi-stages stratified sampling, we selected 8 and 4 villages from the earthquake zones of Heris and Varzaghan respectively. The collecting data tools in this research were the WHO checklist in 7 categories, 14 subcategories, and 37 environmental health activities and also the minimum standards of Sphere Project checklist. The status of environmental health in each village was assessed using the mentioned checklists. This study was carried out with attendance of research team in earthquake zones 21 days after the occurrence of earthquake.
Results: Among the 37 environmental health activities, 7 activities were the joint ones, which Environmental Health Department had to carry it out with the coordination of other related organizations. In other words, the environmental health has the supervising role in these activities. Totally, such activities had more nonconformities compared with the activities in which environmental health was administered as the main responder. The details of results have been expressed in the full text.
Conclusion: Providing intra-sector coordination, prioritizing the needs of the affected population and considering the principles of community based management in the natural disaster are proposed as the recommendations of this study.
Seyed Ali Jozi, Maryam Firouzei,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (3-2014)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Nemone Tehran Poultry Slaughterhouse having an area of 13000 m2 is located at District 3, Region 5 of Tehran Municipality and in Morad Abad Quarter .This study aimed at analysis the environmental impacts of the abovementioned slaughterhouse. For this purpose, we applied analytical hierarchy process (AHP) as one of the multiple criteria decision making methods (MCDM). Materials and Method: First, we determined the criteria and options required through analyzing the project impacts. Then, for final validity of criteria, we used experts questionnaire. Special vector technique through using the Expert Choice software was used in order to set priorities for criteria and options. Results: Analysis of the slaughterhouse effluent indicated that it can neither be discharged into the surface water and well nor suitable for irrigation and agricultural purposes. Noise evaluation showed that rate of noise measured is beyond the standard limits. The laboratory experiment results on air pollutants was lower than the standard level. Conclusion: The results indicated that from the pollution perspective in the slaughterhouse, wastewater weighted 0.497 is the primary preference and sound, air, and odour weighted 0.229, 0.136 and 0.080 are the subsequent preferences. Cultural and socioeconomical environment ranked hgiher relative to the chemical-physical environment and then biological environment. Finally, regarding to the main significant environmental problem of slaughterhouse (Wastewater), optimization of the slaughterhouse wastewater treatment system and constant monitoring of the external sewage quality is in priority.
S. A. Jozi, S. J. Esmat Saatloo, Z. Javan,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (5-2014)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Chemical spillage of equipment is possible in petrochemical processes. Occurrence of such event can result in firing and explosion and consequently would bring about some risks to the environment affected. The aim of this study was to assess environmental risks in Olefin Plant, Arya Sasol Petrochemical Company in order to identify environmental risks at producing source. Methods: The basic data was gathered through using the results of monitoring and measurement of ambient air pollutants and stack exhaust gases, safety review method and field observation. For determination the effects of hydrocarbons leakage from equipment on the environment, measuring BTEX in ambient air was performed as per EPA0030 Standard method with using Gas Chromatography at 4 stations of the complex and a portable Testo 350 XL device was used for monitoring stack exhaust gases, from 9 stacks from May 2011 to April 2012. Assessment and risk management tool used in this study was the fault tree analysis method. The main part of the risk assessment in fault tree method is selecting a top event. According to the statistics of accidents and environmental aspects of ethane cracking operations, hydrocarbon leakage is detected as top event and then composition and relationship between risk factors is determined in the form of terminal event, intermediate event and the gate “and” and “or”. With qualitative and quantitative analysis of fault tree of this accident, the main causes of the accident and the likelihood of the top event was calculated for a year. Results: Comparing with other stations, it was found that benzene with concentration of 0.37 mg/m3 in autumn, toluene with concentration of 0.13 mg/m3 in spring, and ethyl benzene with concentration of 0.09 mg/m3 in autumn, and xylene with the concentration of 1.01 mg/m3 in autumn season had the highest concentration. The fault tree developed had 16 events (including final, intermediate, and initial), which were connected to each other with seven logic gates. The maximum error percentage in the terminal events was attributed to the hardware failures such as malfunction in equipment with 55.55 percent followed by human and administrative errors in the next ranking. The highest percentage (22.2%) of the terminal events was related to the gasket unsuitable material the main reason is due to the economic sanctions and the lack of effort to provide high quality products. Conclusion: Most likely occurrence of the final event was related to the gasket unsuitable material (2×10-2). Control action to prevent the occurrence of leakage could be supplying high quality gaskets and the failure is classified in the hardware failure category.
S Valizadeh, Z Shekari,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (8-2015)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Significant increase in population and as a result, the production of excessive waste has recently made attention to municipal solid waste management a necessary issue. The objective of this study was to use matrix-based EIA process in order to determine best waste management option in Birjand City and to suggest appropriate solutions to managers and planners of this city. Materials and Methods: Assessing the environmental impacts of waste management options was done using Iranian Leopold Matrix. Through this method, the environmental impacts of waste management options were determined in the Birjand City. The options were Open dumping, Recycling, Composting, and Sanitary damping. Results: The results indicated that Open dumping with a final score of -3.06 had the highest environmental impact and was introduced as the fourth preference. In addition, composting with final score of -2.34 has the lowest environmental impact compared with other options. Conclusion: About 76.95% of the composition of municipal solid waste of Birjand City is household waste therefore, putrescible organic materials are the predominant waste. Thus, according to the results of the Iranian Leopold matrix method, composting option was introduced as the first priority and the most logical option for waste management in the Birjand City.
M Sabouhi , F Nejadkoorki, H.r Azimzadeh, M.s Ali Taleshi,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (6-2016)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The presence of industrial workshops has increased urban pollution. This study aimed to investigate the heavy metal pollutants of Yazd battery repairing workshops and to identify the ecological and environmental effects resulted.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Yazd. In this regard, the city was divided into three parts on the basis of geographical features. Then, 30 workshops were selected from each part through stratified random sampling method. Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn) in the floor were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The impacts assessment of heavy metals was evaluated using environmental potential risk index (RI), cumulative pollution index (IPI), pollution coefficient factor (Cf), and the degree of modified contamination (mCd) and Pearson’s correlation statistical test.
Results: The trend of heavy metals concentrations in floor dust particles of workshops was as Fe>Cu>Pb>Zn>Mn>Cr>Cd. Therefore, the average concentrations of Fe and Cd in the samples were 27011.52 ±4721.05 and 78.25±21.07 mg/kg respectively. The results of the RI showed that heavy metal of floor dust had very high danger (2816.29). The mCd value was as 63.35 indicating these workshops were at severe contamination class. The value of Cf was as 304.17 revealing that these workshops were at very severe contamination class.
Conclusions: This research showed that the high concentration of heavy metals in battery repairing workshops is due to the interaction of heavy metals of industrial wastes components, including electrical wastes and battery with the dust having mankind origin.
N Naqshband, M Askari Hesni,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (9-2017)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Glyphosate is a non-selective, systemic herbicide that can control most plants, but it has harmful effects on organisms, especially aquatic animals. Static bioassays were made to determine acute toxicity of glyphosate and its effects on haematological parameters and behavior changes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
Materials and Methods: Common carp were exposed to different concentrations of glyphosate (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/L) and a control group for 96 h. After that, blood and plasma factors were measured in blood samples. Mortality rate and fish behavioral were recorded during the experiments. LC50, LOEC, NOEC and MATC were calculated by Probit software according to mortality rate in any treatment.
Results: In the early period of the experiment, fish in toxic media were jumping in water and showed high movements. Then after, the behavior such as breathing in surface, loss of balance, weakness and finally death were observed in the different treatments. LC50 value and 95% confidence limit of glyphosate in 24, 48, 72 and 96 h were 36.09, 30.46, 21.78 and 20.05 mg/L for common carp, respectively. The LOEC, NOEC and MATC were calculated as 6.66, 4.73 and 2.005 mg/L. The Significant changes that were observed in blood factors included RBC, WBC, Hct, Hb and plasma factors such as total protein, glucose, cortisol and other factors when the pesticide concentration was increased (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Results showed that glyphosate had a high effect on common carp and it its physiology and immune system. Haematological parameters may be used as an environmental health diagnostic test and stress indicator for agriculture pesticides in aquatic ecosystems.
M Ghodrat, E Asrari,
Volume 10, Issue 4 (3-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Excessive consumption of antibiotics and the entrance of the potentially hazardous substances to the environment has become one of the environmental concerns. Today, adsorption is one of the efficient and reliable methods for the removal of this class of compounds. The aim of this study was to synthesize chitosan-Fe3O4 and to compare the efficacy of removing erythromycin antibiotics from aqueous humorous media by this adsorbent and chitosan.
Materials and Methods: The structural properties of the synthesized adsorbent were analyzed by TEM, PSA, VSM techniques. Various parameters including pH (1-11), contact time (0-60 min), adsorbent concentration (1-5 g/L), and initial concentrations of erythromycin (5-50 mg/L) was evaluated for the removal efficiency. For data analysis, Excel software was used. The equilibrium constant and the kinetic constants were calculated from the first-order kinetic model using Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms.
Results: The results indicated that increased pH and initial concentration of erythromycin increased the dose of adsorbents and the contact time of removal efficiency. The highest absorption efficiency at pH of 3 for both adsorbents, the contact time 30 min for modified chitosan and 50 min for chitosan, the dose of adsorbent 2 g/L for modified chitosan, and 3 g/L for chitosan and the initial concentration of erythromycin for each of the two adsorbents was 10 mg/L and the erythromycin adsorption by both adsorbents follows the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo second order kinetics.
Conclusion: According to these results, chitosan modified with Fe3O4 can be used as a more effective adsorbent than chitosan for removal of erythromycin by adsorption method.
Mr Jelokhani-Niaraki, F Hajiloo, L Hasanzade,
Volume 11, Issue 3 (12-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Noise pollution causes many physiological, psychological, economic and social effects on human life. This issue is more important in the environment of industrial workplaces. This research aimed to adopt the functions of GIS for evaluating and spatial analysis of noises in industrial environments.
Materials and Methods: At the initial step, the spatial data for industrial halls were collected and stored as map layers into GIS database. Then, the noise pollution data sampled. The data, including the locations and values of sound pressure levels, were used for the relevant spatial analyses.
Results: The analyses included: the estimation of sound pressure levels in different areas of halls and at the given distance from machines, determination of noisy areas, development of sound noise risk map, interpolation of sound pressure level data, prioritization of the sound sources (i.e., machines) for a given point, prediction of sound pressure levels by moving machines, and optimal site selection and distribution of machines. The mean of noise pressure level was 95 dB for knitting hall, 93 dB for spinning hall 1 and 88 dB for spinning hall 2.
Conclusion: GIS plays a key role in the assessment of noise pollution in industrial workplaces. It is an appropriate tool to store, analyze, manage, and present all types of sound pressure spatial data. Specifically, the use of such system provides spatial intelligence and could help monitor, detect, control, and solve real word sound noise pollution issues.
H Malvandi, N Hassanzadeh,
Volume 11, Issue 3 (12-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Heavy metals contaminations are readily bioaccumulated in aquatic systems and lead to increased concentrations in food chains, posing a serious threat to human health, water-related organisms and aquatic ecosystems. The purpose of the present study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals in surface sediments of CheshmehKile River, to evaluate environmental and ecological risk and to determine the degree of contamination of the elements studied.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 25 samples of surface sediment were collected from the CheshmehKile River. The heavy metals content of the samples was measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. According to the content of heavy metals in sediment samples, environmental and ecological risk indices were calculated. Also, river contamination was evaluated by comparing the elements studied values with the sediment quality guidelines values.
Results: The mean concentration of chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc and arsenic were 41.27, 356.35, 16756.32, 9.17, 11.87, 41.24 and 24.60 µg/g, respectively. Based on the values of the CF and Igeo indices, all of the elements, with the exception of arsenic, showed a low degree of contamination. The indices of Eir and RI also showed the lowest ecological risk at all stations.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the surface sediments of CheshmeKile River in Mazandaran province were somewhat contaminated with arsenic. However, fortunately, the river sediments were of good quality from the point of view of the content of chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and zinc.
N Shiralipour, Mr Mirzaee Nejad,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Health expenditures and environmental pollution are indicators of development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of health per capita costs and the impact of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) as an indicator of environmental pollution on the growth of selected developed and developing countries.
Materials and Methods: The effect of health expenditures and air pollution on economic growth was studied based on the data of two groups of developed and developing countries (2000-2015) and the use of econometric methods.
Results: The fitting of the equations confirmed the significant effect of the health expenditure per capita and CO2 emission on the economic growth of both groups of countries. One percent change in these expenditures resulted in 0.029 percent economic growth in the developed countries and 0.054 percent in the developing. Also, the effect of CO2 release on the economic growth was -0.011 and -0.073.
Conclusion: Health has a direct impact on economic growth. Health has a positive effect on the economic growth by reducing health costs (and spending these resources in other areas) and by increasing labor productivity through increasing life expectancy and useful work time. Also, increasing air pollution has a negative effect on the economic growth of these countries.
M Ansari, M Fahiminia, M Farzadkia,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Rural wastewater management is recognized as one of the pillars of sustainable development. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess needs and prioritization of establishment of rural wastewater management facilities in order to supply a safe and alternative water source in the provinces of Iran experiencing severe water stress.
Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study which was carried out in rural areas of the provinces with severe water stress (South Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi, Fars, Isfahan, Yazd, Semnan, Qom, Sistan and Baluchistan) in 2017-2018. In this study, the number of sample rural areas was calculated by Cochran method and the determination of the sample rural area was done by stratified sampling. The data related to the sample rural area was collected using a validated constructor questionnaire.
Results: The results of this study showed that the difference among all the studied provinces in terms of their priority in establishing rural waste water management facilities to provide a safe and alternative water source was very low. The provinces of Isfahan, Semnan and Fars were rated at 76 out of 100, while the provinces of South Khorasan and Sistan and Baluchestan scored 71 points.
Conclusion: With emphasis on comprehensive decision making criteria based on sustainable development, the results of this study showed that the provinces with severe water stress have a high priority regarding the establishment of rural sewage management projects in order to provide a safe and alternative water sources.
P Firouzi, H Aslani, A Aslhashemi,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Nowadays, swimming pools as a sport and entertainment center have found more popularity. Violation of health based standards in terms of physicochemical, microbial and environmental health indices can turn pools into a potential source of disease transmission and spread. Due to the importance of maintaining swimmers’ comfort, health, and safety, the present study was aimed to consider environmental health status and physicochemical and microbial quality of swimming pools water in Tabriz.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the official checklists of swimming pools (consisting 10 public and 22 private swimming pools) were obtained from Tabriz Health Center. According to the inspections conducted in February 2017 and August 2017, the related information was extracted from the checklist. Data were analyzed using Excel software, SPSS version 23 and Chi-Square test.
Results: The average accordance of the physicochemical parameters with the standards for public and private pools was 67.5% and 65%, respectively. Among the physicochemical parameters, the residual free chlorine showed less accordance with the standards. On average, in the summer 49.5% and in the winter 28% of the pools showed microbial contamination.
Conclusion: The residual free chlorine values in the pool, Jacuzzi and chiller indicated a weak management of pools and a high potential for pathogenicity. Therefore, continual surveillance of the environmental health status and planning for an objective inspection program by the local authorities, especially in private sector, is suggested.
