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Contamination and source apportionment of iron, zinc, cadmium and chromium elements in surface soil of Khorramabad county, Iran
Masoumeh Selahvarzi, Soheil Sobhanardakani, Amir Hooman Hemmasi, Lobat Taghavi, Jamal Ghoddousi,
Volume 15, Issue 4 (3-2023)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Soil contamination with heavy metals is the most important challenge and common environmental, economic, and public health issue in the world. Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate the contamination and source identification of Fe, Zn, Cd, and Cr in the surface soils of Khorramabad county, west of Iran in 2020.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, after dividing the study area into 11 homogeneous units, a total of 65 surface soil samples were collected. After preparing the samples, the content of the elements was determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Also, enrichment factor (EF), pollution factor (CF), and Nemrow integrated pollution index (NIPI) were calculated. Statistical analyses of the data were performed using SPSS statistical software.
Results: The results showed that the average content of Fe, Zn, Cd, and Cr (mg/kg) in soil samples were 3.14, 1.13, 0.021, and 0.529, respectively. The EF values showed that the enrichment of Zn, Cd, and Cr was "extremely severe" and the average values of EF for the elements followed the descending order of Cd > Cr > Zn. The average values of CF and NIPI varied from 3.30×10-5 to 0.182 and 0.043-0.136, respectively, indicating the level of "low pollution" and quality conditions of "no pollution" in all the studied stations. Based on the results of multivariate statistical analysis (PCC, PCA and HCA), Fe has a geological origin; while, Zn, Cd, and Cr mainly originated from a combination of geological processes and anthropogenic activities.
Conclusion: Although the average values of CF and NIPI showed that the study area has an acceptable soil quality, the values of EF indicated the impact of anthropogenic activities on soil contamination. Therefore, regular and periodic monitoring of soil samples as well as management and control of pollutant emission sources is recommended for maintaining environmental and human health.

Modeling of the impact of land use patterns on groundwater quality indices (TDS, SAR) in Qazvin plain
Mohamad Parsi Mehr, Eisa Solgi,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (3-2025)
Abstract
Background and Objective: The Qazvin Plain, one of the key agricultural regions in Iran, faces significant challenges affecting the quality of its water resources. These challenges include changes in land use (LU) and the expansion of activities such as agriculture and industry. Assessing, modeling, and predicting total dissolved solids (TDS) and the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) in groundwater—two critical parameters influencing water resource usability—can play a pivotal role in managing water quality in the region.
Materials and Methods: This study aimed to investigate and model the relationship between LU and water quality parameters. TDS and SAR values were first mapped using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation method. Land use in the Qazvin Plain was then classified using Landsat 8 satellite imagery and the supervised maximum likelihood classification method. Finally, geographic weighted regression (GWR) was employed to model and examine the spatial relationship between the LU distribution patterns in the Qazvin Plain and the groundwater quality parameters.
Results: The coefficient of determination (R²) for the relationship between SAR and LU was 0.74, while for TDS and LU, it was 0.81. These findings highlight a significant influence of LU changes on groundwater quality parameters in the study area.
Conclusion: The results demonstrate a strong correlation between LU and groundwater quality parameters. Moreover, the application of GWR proved effective in capturing spatial variations and providing accurate tools for analyzing these relationships. This approach can be instrumental in the sustainable management of water resources in the Qazvin Plain.
 

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