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Showing 9 results for Lead
Investigation of  Heavy Metals Concentrations in the Water Wells Close to Zanjan Zinc and Lead Smelting Plant
M Mohammadian, J Nouri, N Afshari, J Nassiri, M Nourani,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (10-2008)
Abstract

Background and Objectives: Heavy metals processing industry has always been a major cause of concern which affects soils, surface waters, ground waters and river sediments contaminations. Thus, the Zanjan Zinc and Lead Smelting Plant has been considered as a potential source of contamination.
Mterials and Methods: This cross-sectional study has been conducted in February 2008 in the site region .The concentrations of Lead, Zinc and Cadmium have been assessed. The samples have been taken from 17 wells and atomic absorption spectrophotometeric method has been used to assess the samples. In order to find out and locate the exact situation of the wells under study, Global Positioning System instrument has been used. The correlation between the concentration of each metal and the distance of studied well from the plant has been assessed too.
Results: The findings of this study showed that lead and cadmium concentrations were 53% and 59% respectively out of the guideline values of World Health Organization.
Conclusion: The concentration of Zinc was lower than both national and international values in all samples. As the heavy metal concentration is very important for human health status, the other fields of study like heavy metal air pollution effects and related diseases and conditions should be studied and assessed.


Investigation of Nano Particles Efficiency  Prepared from Cedar Fly Ash (Zizyphus Spinachristi) for  Lead (Pb+2) Removal from Aqueous Solution
Laleh Divband, Majid Behzad, Saeed Boroomand Nasab, Sara Divband,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (4-2012)
Abstract
MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Background and Objectives: Existence of Heavy metals in water resources is one of the most important environmental problems in many countries. These metals have dangerous effects on human health. The purpose of this study is  to investigate and compare lead removal by nanometer and millimeter absorbents of Zizyphus Spinachristi fly ash.
Materials and Methods: This study was non-continuous experiment which was implemented under laboratory conditions with and by changing effective factors such as pH (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8), contact time (5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 minutes) and adsorbent concentration (1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg/ L). The data was fitted based on four models including Ho et al, Lagergern, Lungmuir and Freundlich which the first two models used for absorption kinetic and the latter two considered as absorption isotherm.
Results: The Result of this study showed that as the pH increases from 3 to 5 adsorption efficiency increased as well. Furthermore, when pH was over 5, the metal ions settled down. With increasing contact time, adsorption efficiency increased as well. With increasing the amount of nanometer as an adsorbent, removal efficiency increased and then decreased. Also the adsorption process followed precisely Ho et al kinetic and Langmuir isotherm, for both absorbents.
Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, specific area of the nano particles was more than millimeter particles (29.56 m2/g & 17.80 m2/g), therefore adsorption capacity of nano absorbent was four times more than adsorption capacity of millimeter (19.93 mg/g & 17.80 mgr/g). Furthermore, the findings concluded high capability of nano particles towards Sorption of lead ions (Pb) from aqueous solutions.


Determination of Cadmium and Lead Concentration in Cosmetics (Sunscreen, Lipstick and Hair Color)
Mehrnoosh Mohammadi, Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari, Saber Khodabandeh,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (3-2014)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Development of cosmetics industry has increased the affinity to use these products by people especially women for makeup and toilet. Due to the presence of metals such as lead and cadmium as preservative and colored element in these products, concentrations of these metals in sunscreen cosmetics, lipstick and hair color were determined. Materials and Methods: Different brands of cosmetics were analyzed to determine Cd and Pb concentration (in µg/kg dry weight) using graphite furnace atomic absorption (AA-670). Results: We found that generally mean concentration of Cd was lower than Pb. There was no significant difference of Cd level between different brands of sunscreen and lipstick (p>0.05), whereas, a significant difference of Pb between the brands studied was observed (p<0.05). No significant difference was obtained between concentration of Cd and Pb in various brands of hair color (p>0.05). Conclusion: Though levels of Pb and Cd in selected brands of cosmetics were lower than standard limits, their low concentration in compared with the results of previous research works could induce serious hazards on human health and the possibility of occurrence or exacerbation of disease including allergy, inflammation, skin diseases, cancer and so on. Hence, preparation and use of these products must be done according to current standards.
Risk Assessment of Non-Carcinogenic Heavy Metals (Barium, Cadmium, and Lead) in Hair Color in Markets of Tehran
F Khalili, A.h Mahvi, S Nasseri, M Yunesian, B Djahed, M Yaseri,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (6-2016)
Abstract

Background and Objectives: Chemical hair color are one of the most widely used cosmetics. The presence of heavy metals in these products can affect the health of consumers. Unlike other cosmetics, no study has been conducted on the heavy metal levels in the synthetic chemical hair colors. This study determined the concentration of heavy metals in these products and the risk assessment of non-carcinogenic effects by these elements were calculated.

Material and Method: 32 samples of chemical hair color from eight brands (3 local and 5 imported ones) and four most used colors were collected from the markets in Tehran. The concentration of cadmium, lead, and barium was determined using ICP-MS. The information required to assess exposure risk was gathered through  a questionnaire distributed among citizens of Tehran. The assessment of exposure was conducted using Mont Carlo method and  non-carcinogenic risk was determined using the index of Hazard Quotient. .

Results: Barium concentration measured was 0.86 mg/kg and concentrations of Cadmium and Lead were 0.45 and 185.34 µg/kg respectively. Among the elements, Pb with Hazard Quotient equals to 7.46×10-4 had the most risk and cadmium with Hazard Quotient equals to 3.57×10-5 had the lowest risk. Moreover, the Iranian brand and blond had the highest risk among the samples.

Conclusion: Based on the index of Hazard Quotient, heavy metals in the studied samples had no risk for consumers of these products.


Investigation of spatial distribution of lead and cadmium using geostatistical techniques and GIS (case study: field’s surrounding Mobarakeh steel complex)
Sh Khaledan, L Taghavi, P Paykanpour Fard,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (9-2017)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Population explosion and human ever-increasing demands has been resulted in industrialization which its mismanagement led to land pollution and consequently irreversible harm to nature and living organisms. Thus, it is an important measure to investigate the role of industrial centers in soil pollution.
Materials and Methods: We studied Mobarakeh Steel Industrial Complex and surface soil samples were taken in a regular grid with a dimension of 2 km of a 10 km buffer zone. 49 samples were taken from different sites. Soil parameters such as texture, pH and salinity were analyzed and concentrations of heavy metals including lead and cadmium were measured using flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
Results: Data analysis in the GIS environment using geostatistical techniques showed that a spherical model is a good model to investigate the spatial variability of lead and cadmium. The lowest and highest lead concentrations were 88.50 and 71.26 mg/kg and that of Cd was 6 and 26.1 mg/kg, respectively. No significant relationship between the heavy metals and soil properties (p>0.05). However, the correlation between two elements was significant (p<0.001). Among the various parameters, it was realized that wind direction played a great role in the distribution of lead and cadmium in the area.
Conclusion: The results showed the role of the industrial complex in the environmental pollution. The hot spot for lead was eastern and southwestern parts of the steel complex and for Cd it was in eastern and western parts. Proper management and more accurate monitoring are necessary to protect the environment in the complex industry.
 
Lead phyto-remediation by corn (Maxima CV.) and white clover in monoculture and mixed culture system in a Pb polluted soil
Ah Baghaie, K Mahanpoor,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Lead is a dangerous heavy metal for human health. This research was conducted to study the potential of a new Iranian corn (Maxima CV.) and white clover in monoculture and mixed culture for phytoremediation of Pb in a Pb polluted soil.
Materials and Methods: The experimental treatments consisted of corn and white clover in a mixed culture (with 10 and 20 plant density) and either corn or white clover in a monoculture system (with 10 and 20 plant density) in a Pb polluted soil (800 mg Pb (kg soil)‌-1) at 60 and 90 days of  experiment. Plant and soil Pb concentration were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Results: Root and shoot Pb concentration of corn and white clover were significantly increased in a mixed culture system relative to mono culture system. In addition, the increase of white clover density from 10 to 20 in a mixed culture system caused a significant increased Pb concentration in root and shoot of corn and white clover. The highest Pb translocation factor (TF) and shoot Pb concentration were observed in white clover in a mixed culture of corn and white clover (with 20 plants density).
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the Pb concentration of corns shoot in a mixed culture system with corn and white clover (20 densities) was three times higher than that of the monoculture system.
 

Effect of applying Shazand municipal compost waste and Saveh pomegranate peel biochar on decreasing Pb availability in soil and Sorghum plant
Ah Baghaie,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Today, landfill management of municipal waste and soil pollution with heavy metals are major environmental problems. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of Shazand municipal waste compost and Saveh pomegranate peel biochar on decreasing Pb availability in soil and sorghum plant.
Materials and Methods: Treatments consisted of applying Shazand municipal waste compost (0, 10 and 20 ton/‌ha‌) and Saveh pomegranate peel biochar (0 and 15 g/‌kg‌) in a Pb polluted soil (0, 600, 800 and 1000 mg Pb/‌kg soil). After 8 weeks of sorghum planting (Kimya CV.), the soil physio-chemical properties and soil and plant Pb concentration were measured. 
Results: Applying 20 ton/ha‌ municipal waste compost with 15 g/‌kg‌ biochar increased soil pH by 0.4 units and decreased soil Pb availability by 11%. The similar results were observed for the root and shoot Pb concentrations, when the same amount of  manure in a Pb polluted soil was applied (1000mg Pb/‌kg soil) that decreased the root and shoot Pb concentration by 1.8 and 2.2 times, respectively.
Conclusion: The result of this experiment showed that applying Shazand municipal waste compost and biochar can increase soil sorption properties and decrease soil or plant Pb concentration. However, the role of these organic amendments on supplying plant nutritional needs cannot be ignored.
 

Assessment of cadmium and lead concentration in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and calculation the food consumption risk
H Tahsini, M Ahmadpour, Mh Sinkakarimi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Heavy metals as a main group of aquatic pollutants cause poisoning and concern in fish consumption. The aim of the present study was to assess cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentration in liver and muscle of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Additionally, the relationship between the heavy metals concentration with weight and length and the consumption risk of the species were assessed.
Materials and Methods: Thirty specimens of rainbow trout were obtained from a fish farming ponds that is located in Sanandaj City. After acidic digestion of the specimens, concentration of Cd and Pb were determined by using atomic adsorption spectrophotometer.
Results: The average concentration of Cd and Pb were 0.62 and 26.31 μg/g wet weight (ww) in liver and 0.16 and 23.65 μg/g ww in muscle, respectively. The amount of Pb was higher than the maximum acceptable level that is permitted by most international organizations. There was a significant correlation between Cd and Pb with length and total weight of liver. Also, a significant relationship was found between Cd and length and total weight of muscle (p < 0.01). The amount of THQ, Daily and weekly intake of Cd and Pb were lower than the allowable proposed dose. The maximum allowable consumption rate of Cd and Pb were 0.16 and 0.09 kg/day for adults and 0.01 and 0.002 kg/day for children, respectively.
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the amount of Cd and Pb in the rainbow trout is safe to consume and does not threaten the health of consumer with current consumption rate.
 

Investigating the amounts and risk assessment of lead in raw milk collected from farms in Tehran province in winter, 2022
Alireza Bakhtiyari, Behrouz Akbari-Adergani, Parisa Shavli-Gilani, Liela Karami, Najmeh Yazdanfar, Parisa Sadighara,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (6-2024)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Given the crucial role of milk and its products in human diets, it is imperative to implement effective measures to ensure the safety of milk by minimizing the presence of hazardous pollutants. This study aims to assess the concentration and potential risks associated with lead in raw milk produced in Tehran province.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study involved the collection of raw milk samples from 24 diverse livestock farms in Tehran province during the winter season of 1401. The samples were analyzed for lead contamination using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Statistical tests were applied to compare the results with international standards, and subsequent risk assessment was conducted based on the average amounts.
Results: The study revealed that none of the samples exceeded the permissible limit for lead. The mean and standard deviation of lead concentration in the samples was 7 ± 5.8 (ppb), well below the international standard. There was no significant variation in lead levels among the tested livestock farms. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for both children and adults were calculated to be less than 1.
Conclusion: The concentration of lead in all samples remained below the permissible limits set by Codex and the Iran Standards Organization, indicating no non-carcinogenic risks associated with milk consumption in terms of lead contamination, as suggested by the calculated HQ values.
 

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