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Showing 9 results for Pollution Index
Determination of Geo-Environmental Factors and Source of Heavy Metals in Street Dust, Masjed-e- Soleiman City, Khouzestan Province
Z Javidaneh, Ar Zarsevandi, F Rast Manesh ,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (9-2016)
Abstract

Background and Objectives: Street dust reflects one of the most important indicators of pollution in the urban environment. Most studies carried out in the world on heavy metal pollution are related to cities and metropolitans, while less attention has been paid to towns. Masjed-e- Soleiman, the most oil-rich town is located in the north eastern part of Khuzestan Province in Iran. This town contains geogenic pollutants such as gas and oil sources, oil and gas activities, oil and gas combustion, industries, and heavy traffic, which make it important from the viewpoint of environmental impact assessment.

Materials and Methods: For monitoring and management of pollution, 11 samples of street dust were collected and prepared from different stations within the town during the dry season (June 2013). Each sample was analyzed using ICP-OES instrument.

Results: Possible sources of the heavy metals were identified by multivariate analyses such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA). In addition, factors such as the Index of Geo-accumulation (Igeo), Pollution Index (PI), Integration Pollution Index (IPI), and Enrichment Factor (EF) were assessed to determine the degree of heavy metals pollution in street dust of the Masjed-e- Soleiman Town. The results of PCA and CA indicated that the region is mostly affected by oil pollution (both natural and combustion of fossil fuels), traffic, and industrial activities (PI revealed high levels of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn pollution in samples and the average level of Ni, As, and V pollution in other samples). Igeo indicated the moderate to severe pollution of some samples to Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn while no to moderate pollution against Ni, As, and V in other samples. EF for Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn showed a significant pollution in some samples and other samples represented the least pollution against Ni, As, and V.

Conclusion: Results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in dust samples were higher than control samples in Masjed-e- Soleiman. Thus, the classification of pollution in street dust in Masjed-e- Soleiman is as follows: IPI> EF> Igeo ≈ PI.


Heavy metal pollution in soils nearby Kerman steel industry: metal richness and degree of contamination assessment
N Sistani, M Moeinaddini, N Khorasani, Ah Hamidian, Ms Ali-Taleshi, R Azimi Yancheshmeh,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (6-2017)
Abstract

Background and Objective: Urban and industrial development has increased concentration of heavy metals in the environment. The goal of this study was to assess the impact of Kerman steel complex on their surrounding soil by heavy metals.

Materials and Methods: This study was a snapshot and its type was descriptive-analytical research. Heavy metals contents from 60 soil samples (top soil, 0-15 cm) near two Steel Complexes were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Source identification and pollution degree indices including enrichment factor (EF) and its percentage (EF%), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (Cf), degree of contamination (Cd) and modified degree of contamination (mCd) were calculated to assess the soil pollution level. 

Results: The average concentration of Ni, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cr and Cd were 9.98, 54.38, 15063.33, 20.86, 3.54 and 0.038 mg/kg, respectively. The order of average EF for heavy metals was Pb > Zn> Cd> Fe> Ni> Cr. Cf index also showed that 90% of the samples were moderately to significantly polluted with lead element. The results of EF% indicated that Fe (68.18%) had higher enrichment than others. The average values of Cd and mCd indices were 2.90 and 0.48, respectively, that showed low degree of pollution.

Conclusion: In this study, Pb and Cd concentration were related with activities of the steel complexes and other metals had a combination of natural and anthropogenic emission sources. The steel complexes should plan to reduce pollutants emission to their environment.


Assessment of the metals and metalloids level in street dust of the east and west of Tehran
S Mazloomi, A Esmaeili - Sari, N Bahramifar, M Moeinaddini,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (9-2017)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Street dust is considered as one of the important sources of particulate matters and heavy metals in the atmosphere. The goal of this study was to assess the heavy metals pollution in street dust of Tehran and evaluate their ecological risk.
Materials and Methods: The sampling of street dust was carried out in two areas at the east and west of Tehran. After preparation of samples, the concentration of heavy metals was measured by ICP-MS. The pollution level of heavy metals in the street dust was assessed using geo-accumulation index (Igeo), pollution index (PI), integrated pollution index (IPI), enrichment factor (EF) and ecological risk index (RI).
Results: The results of the calculations of the indices showed that the street dust in both studied areas was non-polluted with Li, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Sr and Ba. The origin of these elements was mainly natural sources. However, Cd, Cu, As, Zn, Sn and Pb had medium to high level of contamination. These elements had a very high to extremely high enrichment in both areas. Their origin was mainly anthropogenic sources. The ecological risk index indicated a moderate ecological risk for the east and a low ecological risk for the west area.
Conclusion: The higher level of lead in the East is the main reason of higher ecological risk of this area. Therefore, the heavy metals pollution of the street dust, especially lead and its enterance into the environment, should be considered in this area.
 

Evaluation of the level of pollution and potential ecological risk of some heavy metals in surface soils in the Ahvaz oil-field
A Nazarpour, N Ghanavati, T Babaenejad,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (12-2017)
Abstract

Background and Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the concentration, enrichment factor, Nemrow integrated pollution index, and potential ecological risk of heavy metals including (Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, V and Cr) in surface soils of Ahvaz oil filed.
Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 49 soil samples with a systematic scheme from Ahvaz oil field were analyzed by atomic absorption method.

Results: The mean concentration of heavy metals was as follow: Pb (251.20), Ni (94.6), Cu (75.80), Zn (132.84), Cd (0.69), V (4.97) and Cr (141.48) (mg/kg). The average value of enrichment factor in the soil samples decreased as Pb>Ni>Cu>Cr>Zn>Cd>V. Nemrow integrated pollution index (NIPI) indicated high level of pollution for the studied heavy metals except V. The Potential ecological risk of the studied heavy metals showed a low potential ecological risk for V, Cd, Zn and Cr; Cu showed a moderate risk and Ni and Pb indicated a considerable ecological risk. The mean value of the risk index indicated that 27 (55.10%) of the soil samples with a moderate risk, 21 (42.85%) with a considerable risk and one sample (2.05%) with a high ecological risk.
Conclusion: The obtained results from the enrichment factor, Potential ecological risk, and risk index indicated that the main source of heavy metals in the study area were anthropogenic sources such as oil drilling activities.
 

Assessment of the quality of groundwater for drinking purposes in Varamin aquifer: heavy metals contamination
Z Nejatijahromi, Hr Nassery, M Nakhaei, F Alijani,
Volume 10, Issue 4 (3-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Irrigation of agricultural lands with treated wastewater in the main part of the Varamin plain, the highly populated urban areas of the middle part of the plain, and the presence of industries have increased the actual risk of heavy metal contamination of groundwater. Therefore, the concentrations of heavy metals were investigated in this study in order to assess the risk of using groundwater of Varamin aquifer for drinking purposes.
Materials and Methods: A total of 78 groundwater samples were collected to measure the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, Fe, Co, and Mn ions. The bivariate correlation analysis has been used to describe the correlation between hydrochemical parameters in the Varamin area. Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI) and Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) of the groundwater were determined to determine the feasibility of drinking supply in Varamin plain.
Results: The average concentrations of cadmium in dry and wet periods were 7.5 and 8 μg/L, respectively. In the wet period, the average concentration of lead in the groundwater of the Varamin plain was 12.5 μg/L. The concentrations of both heavy metals were more than the permissible amount for drinking. Pearson correlation analysis of qualitative data of the water samples of the Varamin plain showed a strong correlation between some heavy metals such as Pb and Co with Cd, Cu and Mn. This reflected a similar source of contamination of the groundwater, inter-correlations, and the same mobility behaviors in the aquifer media. The results obtained from HEI and HPI showed that the pollution of Varamin aquifer in most parts was not dangerous with respect to the heavy metals concentrations, but in some areas, significant variations in the concentrations of some metals can be observed.
Conclusion: It may be expected that the risk of groundwater contamination continues with respect to heavy metals due to the persistence of contamination sources in the Varamin plain. Hence, some measured should be taken with regards to the agricultural recycle water, dispose of domestic and industrial wastewater, and the quality of transferring treated effluent from Tehran to the plain.
 

Ecological quality assessment of Anzali wetland for heavy metals using heavy metals pollution index (HPI)
F Jaffari, N Hassanzadeh,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract 
Background and Objective: Research has shown that assessing the toxicity and ecological risk of various types of pollutants, including heavy metals, using specific indicators, is indispensable in the ecological risk assessment of the ecosystem. Accordingly, the aim of this study was the assessment of the ecological effect of heavy metals presence (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and, As) in Anzali wetland using Heavy Metals Pollution Index (HPI).
Materials and Methods: 43 water samples were collected from the eastern, western and central parts of Anzali wetland. The samples were transferred to the laboratory, and the preparation steps were carried out using the ASTM method. Concentration of the elements was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma -Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). According to the concentration of heavy metals in the water samples, the index (HPI) was calculated. The results of the HPI index were classified into three classes: low risk (<15), moderate (15-30), and high risk (> 30).
Results: The numerical value of the HPI index was 3.59-23.3 with an average of 27.97, indicating the average level of heavy metals pollution in Anzali wetland. Indicator (HPI) in the eastern part of Anzali wetland and ​​the Pirbazar area showed a severe contamination and ecological hazard of the heavy metals and in the Abkenar region showed an acceptable ecological status.
Conclusion: Although the average of HPI in the whole Anzali wetland was modest, but at some stations, especially in the east of the wetland, the HPI indicates the occurrence of ecological hazards in the wetland in the event of uncontrolled entry of pollutants in future. Therefore, monitoring the sources of these pollutants entering to the wetland and controlling the ecological risks is necessary.
 
Evaluation of Gorganrood river water quality based on surface water quality indicators in Gonbad Kavous
Mohammad Gholizadeh, Omid Heydari,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (4-2020)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Increased untreated wastewater and unsustainable development of agriculture has deteriorated water quality of rivers. The aim of this study was to determine the quality of water in Gorganrud River basin using NSFWQI IRWQISC and Liou Pollution Index and compare them with the global standards. To do this, GIS software.was used
Materials and Methods: In this study, 5 sampling stations were selected based on standard criteria including land use type, accessibility and standard distributions along the river. 12 water quality parameters including dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform, pH, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, temperature, organic phosphate, nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity in river for one year were measured from June 2019 to May 2019 follwoing standard methods.
Results: The amount of phosphate and turbidity was increased along the river from station 2 to the mouth of the river. This was due to the presence of agricultural and municipal sewage. There was a significant difference in BOD, fecal coliforms and nitrates with those of the standard values. Water quality indicators showed the great effects of urban wastewater and human waste in the river area. The best quality was observed in Station 1 (75; Good Quality), which was less exposed to human activity and development. Based on the conformity of the results of the indicators with the terrestrial reality, the results of the IRWQIsc index (Iranian surface water quality) showed the best results due to compatibility to the land uses and the trend of variables.
Conclusion: The presence of urban sewage and unsustainable agricultural in the city of Gonbad Kavous is the most important reason for the decline in water quality (poor quality class). In this regard, a comprehensive management in water resources and environmental impact assessment is needed.

Golin river water quality assessment in Kermanshah province using water quality index and river pollution index
Houshang Ghamarnia, Meisam Palash, Zoleikha Palash,
Volume 15, Issue 3 (12-2022)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Increasing the productivity of surface water, the unsustainable development of agriculture in the boundaries of rivers, and human sewage have reduced the quality of these water resources. Therefore, investigating the amount of pollution and its sources is very necessary for regional planning. This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of the Golin River using WQI and Liou indexes.
Materials and Methods: Sampling of Golin river water was performed to check water quality based on (WQI) and (Liou) indices in Najjar village station for one year from April 2019 to March 2020.
Results: Water quality, according to the Liou index, during the research period in the sampling station in September and March, was in a good category and other months were slightly polluted. According to the results of the WQI index, water quality in September and March were in the excellent descriptive category, with values of 47.82 and 49.74, respectively, but in other months it was in a good category. In September and March, water quality improved compared to other months because of lower BOD5 due to reduced agricultural activities, and both indicators showed these quality changes well.
Conclusion: Due to the lack of stable conditions in water quality affected by seasonal changes and its departure from the category of high-quality water according to the results of the WQI index and also a little water pollution according to the Liou index, the direct use of Golin River water for drinking purposes is recommended and for this purpose, regular purification should be done and accurate and continuous evaluations of water quality in Golin River are necessary.
 

Ecological and human risk assessment of some heavy metals in the dust of elementary schools in selected areas of Mashhad city
Hassan Malvandi,
Volume 17, Issue 3 (12-2024)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Dust particles in urban environments are often contaminated with heavy metals, posing significant health risks, particularly to children. Schools are one of the environments where children are exposed to dust particles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals in the dust collected from Mashhad schools and to assess the associated health risks.
Materials and Methods: Dust samples were collected from 27 schools in the fall of 2022 using a brush.  The values of various indices were estimated, including the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), enrichment index (EF), potential ecological risk index (PERI), and health risk indices such as hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI).
Results: The average concentrations of cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), lead (Pb), and barium (Ba) were 9.63, 18538.58, 84017.79, 11270.42, 32.07 and 111.56 µg/g, respectively. The Igeo values ranged from -3.69 to 1.51, while the CF values ranged from 0.16 to 4.26. The results of the pollution indices indicated that most of the studied elements were at the first level of pollution, suggesting that the degree of pollution was negligible or low. Additionally, the HQ and HI values were both less than 1.
Conclusion: Overall, the concentrations of the studied elements were not a concern, remaining at uncontaminated levels, and there was no potential health risk associated with exposure to these elements.
 

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