Iranian Journal of

Background & Objectives: This paper, discussed the concentrations of heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, chromium, iron, and magnesium in surface sediments of the Gulf of Chabahar. Materials & Methods: Samples of coastal sediment and shallow waters were collected from five different stations in summer and winter, 2013. Results: The research found that the concentrations of heavy metals in sediments is more than water, although the concentrations of metals in sediment and water from different stations followed a general trend. Seasonal variation had effect on the concentration of metals, so that in winter, the concentration of heavy metals such as copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, and nickel was more than of the summer season. Conclusion: Generally, concentration of heavy metals in the study area was less than the quality guidelines for sediments and water. However, between different stations, higher concentrations of heavy metals were found in stations nearby the fishing ports. The results show that increase in the concentrations of heavy metals can contribute considerable impacts on the pollution level due to fishing boats in the study area although some metals are also of natural origin.

Background and Objective: The discharge of seawater concentrate from desalination plants into the sea causes irreparable effects on the environment. The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of this discharge, model methods for optimizing it, and design an effective outlet that minimizes environmental impacts and costs. 

Materials and Methods: This study discusses impacts of seawater concentrate discharged into the sea, numerical modeling of diffusion, and outlet design based on discharge standards.A review of articles and sources from databases such as Google Scholar, Academia, Scopus, Civilica and Irandak was conducted using keywords such as “brine discharge”, “numerical modeling”, and “outlet design.” Out of 132 reviewed articles, 45 articles were consistent with the objectives of the study.

Results: The effects of seawater discharge can be observed in the discharge area and at greater distances. Numerical modeling is employed to predict pollutant concentrations at various distances and to determine the optimal discharge point while considering established standards. The design of the diffuser and the use of multiple nozzles at an angle of 60 degrees result in the greatest dilution at the discharge point.

Conclusion: The use of desalination systems necessitates addressing the effects of climate change. Appropriate modeling and design of the outlet are essential for complying with environmental standards and optimizing costs. Further research in this field is needed.