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Pretreatment of bottom sludge of crude oil storage tanks using chemical oxidation process with hydrogen peroxide and Fenton
R Nabizadeh, K Naddafi, A Jonidi Jafari, M Yunesian, A Koolivand,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (5-2014)
Abstract

Background & Objectives: Remaining crude oil in storage tanks lead to accumulation of oily sludge at the bottom of the tank, which should be treated and disposed of in a suitable manner. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficiency of chemical oxidation using H2O2 and Fenton’s reagent in removal of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) from bottom sludge of crude oil storage tanks. Materials & methods: In this experimental study, hydrogen peroxide and Fenton’s reagent were added to the sludge in six concentrations including 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30% (w w-1) and TPH was measured for a period of 24 and 48 h of reaction time. The oxidants were added in a single and stepwise addition way, both to the pristine and saturated sludge. The elemental analysis of sludge and TPH measurement were carried out using ICP and TNRCC methods respectively. Results: The mean TPH removal of 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30% oxidant concentrations were 1.55, 9.03, 23.85, 33.97, 41.23, and 53.03%, respectively. The highest removal efficiency was achieved in stepwise addition to the saturated sludge. Increasing oxidation time from 24 to 48 h had a little effect on increase in TPH removal. Moreover, the removal efficiency of H2O2 and Fenton was nearly similar. Conclusions: Mere application of chemical oxidation is not capable of complete treatment of the sludge but it is an effective process as a pre-treatment step for decreasing toxicity and increasing its biodegradability.


Efficiency of in-vessel composting process in removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from bottom sludge of crude oil storage tanks
K Naddafi, R Nabizadeh, S Nasseri, K Yaghmaeian, A Koolivand,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (12-2015)
Abstract

Background and Objectives: Remaining of crude oil in storage tanks usually results in accumulating oily sludge at the bottom of the tank, which should be treated and disposed of in a suitable manner. The efficiency of in-vessel composting process in removing total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) from bottom sludge of crude oil storage tanks was investigated in the present study.

Material and methods: The sludge was mixed with immature compost at the ratios of 1:0 (as control), 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10 (as dry basis) with the initial C:N:P and moisture content of 100:5:1 and 55% respectively for a period of 10 weeks. The moisture adjustment and mixing process were done 3 times a day during the composting period. Sampling and analysis of TPH and pH were done every week and every two days, respectively.

Results: TPH removal in the 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10 composting reactors was 66.59, 73.19, 74.81, 80.20, and 79.91%, respectively. Thus, initial adjustment of sludge to immature compost ratios plays a great role in reduction of TPH. The results of the control reactors indicated that the main mechanism of TPH removal in the composting reactors was biological process.

Conclusions: In-vessel composting by addition of immature compost as amendment is a viable choice for bioremediation of the bottom sludge of crude oil storage tanks.


Consequence modeling of the ethylene oxide storage tanks explosion using the PHAST software (a case study in a petrochemical industry)
H Cheraghi, A Soltanzadeh, S Ghiyasi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Ethylene oxide (EO) is a very toxic and dangerous substance with a high potential for explosion and fire. Ethylene oxide units are among the most hazardous units in petrochemical industries. This study was designed to analyze and model the consequences of ethylene oxide storage tanks explosion in one of Iran's petrochemical industries.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the consequences of the ethylene oxide storage tanks explosion in a petrochemical industry was identified and analyzed. This study was conducted in 2017 using PHAST software version 6.54. For this study, two climate conditions including the first climate conditions (spring and summer) and the second climate conditions (autumn and winter) were considered.
Results: The results of the modeling for the first and second climate conditions showed that there were possibility of severe damages due to the explosion consequences up to 204 and 256 meters, respectively. In addition, based on the criteria for assessing the consequences of accidents associated with damage levels, such as the explosion wave, the wind speed and direction due to the sudden release scenario and the numerical results related to the modeling, the consequence of this scenario in the second climate conditions (autumn and winter) was higher than the first climate conditions (spring and summer).
Conclusion: The findings of the study indicated that, in addition to the high risk of explosion of ethylene oxide storage tanks, the modeling scenarios in different climate conditions have different consequences. Thus, more attention should be paid to safety of these equipment as risk centers in the petrochemical industry and similar industries.
 

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