Showing 23 results for Tehran
A Solgi, R Nabizadeh, K Guodini,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (9-2009)
Abstract
Backgrounds and Objectives:Today the crisis rising from over consumption energy and materialand environmental pollution pose serious problems that challenges present resources of man.Sustainable development is probably an inevitable strategy for human being in such a way that theleast possible damage be inflicted to the environment.In this way, the role played by universities in reaching the objectives of sustainable development is crucial. In this paper, we examine the present state of consumption energy resources (Electricity and natural gas) in the central main campus of Tehran University and so we calculate the extent of environmental pollutants resulted of these energy consumptions.
Materials and Methods: For surveying of our objectives the first step is a survey of the current state of campus by way of reexamination of Gas and Electricity bills and distribution of a questionnaire. Second is an estimate of the entering pollutants to the environment with online software in site of http://www.abraxasenergy.com/emissions.
Results:annual consumption of 16.5 million KWHS of electricity along with 4312392 m3 of naturalgas leads to 0.0218 million tones Co2, 778 kg VOCS, 374.6 tones NOX, 2.41 tones CO, 65.341 tones So2, 93 kg Mercury compounds and 868 kg particles.
Conclusion: It is shown that there is no objective effort and green management in this part ofuniversity officials. This project suggests that the implementation of green management in the framework of programs such as green university can be crucial in reaching the objectives.
K Naddafi, R Nabizadeh, M.s Hassanvand, A.r Mesdaghinia, K Yaghmaeian, F Momeniha,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (11-2009)
Abstract
Backgrounds and Objectives: Due to having features such as toxicity, corrosiveness, ignitability, reactivity or other similar characteristics, hazardous wastes refer to the wastes that jeopardize man's health and environment. A study was required to identify the hazardous wastes in Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), since it plays an important role in the development of the country's education. The objective of this research was to provide a review of hazardous wastes production and its management at Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
Materials and Methods: In this study, four schools that were in the central campus of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, were selected and the necessary data were gathered using a sampling, questionnaire, interviewing those in charge of the units, and referring to the available documents. The information includes the type and amount of waste, method of temporary storage, frequency of waste discharge, and method of final disposal of wastes.
Results: The obtained results indicate that approximately 2072 Kg of hazardous wastes are produced each year, excluding the uncontrolled wastewater. Moreover, schools of dental, pharmacy, medicine, and public health produced approximately 993, 606, 256, 217 Kg/year, respectively, of hazardous wastes in the central campus. Also, the results show that, of total amount of annual hazardous waste that was 2.72 tons, 954, 848, 475, 427, 245, 49 Kg were wastes that the features infectious, toxicity, ignitability, carcinogenesis, corrosiveness, and reactivity, respectively.
Conclusion: It is to be mentioned that hazardous solid wastes were manage with household solid waste and hazardous liquid waste were discharged into sink without any kind of control. Improper practice is evident from the point of waste production to final disposal.
M Farzadkia, S Salehi, A Aameri, A Joneidy Jafari, R Nabizadeh,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (11-2009)
Abstract
Backgrounds and Objectives: Over than 70% of solid wastes is consisted of food wastes with high putrecibility in Iran. Due to this regard, construction of composting factories for sanitary disposal or fertilizer production from solid wastes was very appreciated in our country. The objective of this research was to study on the quality and comparing of the compost produced by Khomain and Tehran compost factories.
Materials and Methods: This study was accomplished on the compost produce from Khomain and Tehran compost factories about 9 months. For investigation of chemical qualities of these materials, some indexes such as percentage of organic materials, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and heavy metals consists of lead, cadmium, mercury and chromium were measured. Microbial quality of these compost materials were defined by assessing of the amounts of coliforms bacteria, salmonella bacteria and parasites ova.
Results: The average amounts of some indexes in compost of Khomain and Tehran were been: organic materials % (37.77, 29.80), carbon %( 22.14, 18.12), nitrogen% (2.08, 1.6), lead (229.6, 59.44 ppm), and chromium (70.2, 19.75), respectively. The microbial quality of these compost samples were agreement with class B of USEPA guidelines.
Conclusion: This study showed that quality of organic materials percent in Tehran's samples was better than Khomain's samples, but these indexes on these samples were lower than the grade No.2 of compost. The percentage of carbon, nitrogen and potash in these samples were desirable but, phosphorus amount were not in sufficient. The heavy metals especially lead and chromium in Tehran's samples were higher than Khomain's samples, but these samples were usually in agreement with guidelines of compost. Due to the defined microbial qualities, these samples could be used as well as amendment agents for poor soil.
M. A Karami, M Farzadkia, A Jonidi Jaafari, R Nabizade, M. R Gohari, M Karimaee,
Volume 4, Issue 4 (3-2012)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In recent years, poor industrial waste managements have created many crises in human societies. The aim of this study was to investigate industrial waste management located between Tehran and Karaj zone in 2009-2010.
Materials and Methods: This study is descriptive and sectional which was done by site visits, (Iranian environmental protection organization) use of questionnaires, database production and results analysis. The questionnaire consisted of 45 questions mainly about industrial waste quantity, quality and management. Total number of industries with over 50 personnel's, calculated as 283. Class-weighted sampling was used in which the sample size contained 50 industries.
Results: Total generated industrial waste was 123451, kg per day. Major hazardous waste generated in industrial sections included: chemical and plastic making. About 45.28% of waste generated disposed by private sectors. Landfill with 62% and reuse with 17% were the first and second alternative of common methods for final disposal of solid waste in this zone.
Conclusion: In order to reduce hazardous waste generation in this zone, reuse and recovery maximization of the waste must be noted in short-term. In long-term, some industries such as chemical-plastic and electronics which have high rate of hazardous waste production must be replaced with other industries with low rate production, such as wood-cellulose and paper industries.
Fazlollah Changani, Anvar Asadi, Gholam Ali Haghighat, Amir Hossein Mahvi,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (4-2012)
Abstract
MicrosoftInternetExplorer4
Background
and Objectives: since there is not any information about
the quality and quantity of carpet cleaning wastewater, this study was done for
the evaluation of carpet cleaning wastewater
characterization in Tehran.
Materials
and Methods: There are 122 carpet-cleaning units in Tehran. Compound
samplings were taken from 10 randomly selected carpet-cleaning units. Each unit
was sampled 5 times and analyzed based on the Standard Methods. Quality
parameters measured included chemical oxygen demand (COD), detergent, color and
suspended solids (SS), and data was analyzed using statistical software spss16.
Results: Results showed that the amount of water usage for carpet cleaning was 30.84
liters per square meter of carpet washed. The average level of COD, color,
detergent and SS in the effluent of carpet cleaning unit was 367.4 mg/l, 171.85 ADMI, 55.51 mg/l and 359.62
mg/l, respectively.
Conclusion: The effluent characteristics of carpet cleaning units are almost with in the
domestic wastewater range. However, since these wastes are disposed untreated
into the environment which are then enter surface and groundwater, all measured
parameter were higher than proposed standards regulated by EPA, So treating
process must be done before disposal.
!mso]>
ject classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id=ieooui>
Soheila Rezaei, Kazem Naddafi, Hossain Jabbari, Masoud Yonesian, Arsalan Jamshidi, Abdolmohamad Sadat, Alireza Raygan Shirazinejad,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In recent years exposure to fine airborne particles has been identified as an important factor affecting human health. Epidemiological studies have showed that the aerosol laden air can be an agent for microorganisms’ dispersion. Ignoring internal sources, ambient air quality significantly affects indoor air quality. Since people spend most of their times in the indoor spaces and little data are available on the general understanding of the indoor air quality, therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the particulate matter concentrations in indoor and ambient air of Tehran Children Medical Center Hospital.
Materials and Method: PM10/PM2.5 samples were collected in the indoor environment of the Tehran Children Medical Center Hospital and its adjacent outdoor environment by a portable GRIMM dust monitor model 1.108 from November 26 to March 10, 2007. The places of sampling for indoor and ambient air were in the patient room and the roof of the hospital respectively.
Results: The results showed that indoor PM10 level was higher than WHO standards in 80% cases in patient room, whereas, for indoor PM2.5 level, this value was 42 and 64% more than the EPA standards and WHO standards respectively. The relationship between outdoor and indoor particulate matters was examined by linear regression analysis. The indoor particulate matter levels were correlated with the corresponding ambient air ones.
Conclusion: Our analysis revealed that infiltration of ambient air could substantially increased indoor pollutants and thereby influences the indoor air quality.
Mehdi Ahmadi Moghadam, Parviz Mahmoudi,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Exceeding the standard level in most cases, Tehran air pollution has become a national environmental challenge. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze Tehran air-pollution data set during 2000-2009 for trend analysis.
Materials and Methods: In this study, we collected the hourly data of Tehran air pollution during 2000-2009 recorded by monitoring station of Tehran Air Pollution Control Company and statistical methods was used to determine the trend of the five pollutants, including: CO, PM10, SO2, NO2 and O3.
Results: The results indicate that average annual concentration of PM10, CO, NO2, SO2 and O3 has changed from 91, 11.18, 102.6, 46.8, and 22.1 at monitoring station in 2000 to 88 µg/m3, 3.64 ppm, 66.1 ppb, 21.4 ppb, and 83 ppb in 2009 respectively.
Conclusion: Our findings revealed that although the air quality in Tehran has improved in term of particulate matter, SO2 and NO2 during this decade as a result of government's recent program in air pollution control, ozone concentration has increased.
Roohollah Noori, Gholamali Hoshyaripour, Khosro Ashrafi, Omran Rasti,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract
Backgrounds and Objectives: Precise air pollutants prediction, as the first step in facing air pollution problem, could provide helpful information for authorities in order to have appropriate actions toward this challenge. Regarding the importance of carbon monoxide (CO) in Tehran atmosphere, this study aims to introduce a suitable model for predicting this pollutant.
Materials and Method: We used the air pollutants and meteorological data of Gholhak station located in the north of Tehran these data provided 12 variables as inputs for predicting the average CO concentration of the next day. First, support vector machine (SVM) model was used for forecasting CO daily average concentration. Then, we reduced the SVM inputs to seven variables using forward selection (FS) method. Finally, the hybrid model, FS-SVM, was developed for CO daily average concentration forecasting.
Result: In the research, we used correlation coefficient to evaluate the accuracy of both SVM and FS-SVM models. Findings indicated that correlation coefficient for both models in testing step was equal (R~0.88). It means that both models have proper accuracy for predicting CO concentration. However, it is noteworthy that FS-SVM model charged fewer amounts of computational and economical costs due to fewer inputs than SVM model.
Conclusion: Results showed that although both models have relatively equal accuracy in predicting CO concentration, FS-SVM model is the superior model due to its less number of inputs and therefore, less computational burden.
Hossein Banejad, Mahsa Kamali, Kimia Amirmoradi , Ehsan Olyaie,
Volume 6, Issue 3 (12-2013)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Rivers are the most important resources supplying drinking, agricultural, and industrial water demand. Their quality fluctuates frequently due to crossing from different regions and beds as well as their direct relationship with their peripheral environments. Thus, it is essential to be considered the surveying and predicating changes in the water qualitative parameters in a river. In this study, in order to estimate some of the qualitative parameters (Total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity and sodium absorption rate) for Tehran Jajroud and Kermanshah Gharasu rivers, we used wavelet-artificial neural network (W-ANN) hybrid model during a statistical period of 24 years. Methods: We compared W-ANN model with ANN model in order to evaluate its capability in detecting signals and separating error signals for estimating water quality parameters of the abovementioned rivers. The evaluation of both models was performed by the statistical criteria including correlation coefficient, the Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NS), the root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE). Results: The results showed that the optimized W-ANN with correlation coefficient of 0.9 has high capability to estimate SAR parameter in the stations studied. Moreover, we found that W-ANN had less error and higher accuracy in the case of EC and TDS parameters rather than ANN model. Conclusion: W-ANN proved high efficiency in forecasting of the water quality parameters of rivers, therefore, it can be used for decision making and assurance of monitoring results and optimizing the monitoring costs.
Seyed Ali Jozi, Maryam Firouzei,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (3-2014)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Nemone Tehran Poultry Slaughterhouse having an area of 13000 m2 is located at District 3, Region 5 of Tehran Municipality and in Morad Abad Quarter .This study aimed at analysis the environmental impacts of the abovementioned slaughterhouse. For this purpose, we applied analytical hierarchy process (AHP) as one of the multiple criteria decision making methods (MCDM). Materials and Method: First, we determined the criteria and options required through analyzing the project impacts. Then, for final validity of criteria, we used experts questionnaire. Special vector technique through using the Expert Choice software was used in order to set priorities for criteria and options. Results: Analysis of the slaughterhouse effluent indicated that it can neither be discharged into the surface water and well nor suitable for irrigation and agricultural purposes. Noise evaluation showed that rate of noise measured is beyond the standard limits. The laboratory experiment results on air pollutants was lower than the standard level. Conclusion: The results indicated that from the pollution perspective in the slaughterhouse, wastewater weighted 0.497 is the primary preference and sound, air, and odour weighted 0.229, 0.136 and 0.080 are the subsequent preferences. Cultural and socioeconomical environment ranked hgiher relative to the chemical-physical environment and then biological environment. Finally, regarding to the main significant environmental problem of slaughterhouse (Wastewater), optimization of the slaughterhouse wastewater treatment system and constant monitoring of the external sewage quality is in priority.
M Amirpour, M Amini, D Khademi Shurmasti,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (8-2015)
Abstract
Background & objectives: Aflatoxin M1 and M2 (AFM1 and AFM2) are secondary toxic metabolite of molds excreted into livestock milk and dairy products when animal consume feedstuffs contaminated with AFB1 and AFB2. Considering the importance of taking dairy products in human diet, the present study was carried out to determine AFM1 of pasteurized Kashk (industrial liquid) in Tehran Metropolitan. Materials & Methods: Totally, 32 industrial liquid Kashk samples (eight brands with four different dates of production) were purchased from supermarkets of Tehran and were analyzed using High Performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC) and immunoaffinity columns. Results: In this study, 90.62% of samples (mean: 60.17 ± 75.48 ppt) were contaminated with AFM1. The concentration of AFM1 in 20.68% of samples were higher than Iranian national standard limits (100 ppt). Comparison of different brands showed that brand B with the mean 99.09 ± 158.47 ppt and brand G with the mean 21.27 ± 16.91 ppt had the highest and lowest level of contamination respectively, however, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Considering contamination of more than half of the samples with AFM1 and the point that even low level of aflatoxin can be a serious problem for human health, therefore, continuous control of dairy products and preventive proceedings such as avoidance of using moldy feedstuffs for livestock is suggested
H Kamani, M Hoseini, G.h Safari, A.h Mahvi, H Zarei,
Volume 8, Issue 4 (3-2016)
Abstract
Backgrounds and Objectives: Quantity of trace metals in the wet precipitation can illustrate the environmental pollution of different urban areas. Up to now, there is no study regarding the chemistry of wet precipitation in Tehran .The objectives of this study are: measurement of heavy metal concentrations and identification of the main factors affecting the heavy metal concentrations in wet precipitation using factor analysis method.
Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which measurements of heavy metals were performed in 53 wet precipitation samples collected from a central site of Tehran City, capital of Iran. The samples were collected during November to May in 2010, 2011 and 2012 on the roof of the student’s dormitory building of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and then the concentration of heavy metals in each sample was measured with ICP-MS.
Results: pH ranged from 4.2 to 7.1 with a mean value of 5.1 indicating in acidic range. Result of EF calculations revealed that samples were not enriched with Fe and Cr but were enriched with Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb and Cu. Factor Component Analysis with Varimax normalized rotation showed Al, Fe and Cr are originated from crustal source and Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb and Cu are originated from anthropogenic sources.
Conclusion: EF and acidic pH values indicate Tehran is under the influence of extremely anthropogenic activities. Large number of vehicles and industrial activity in the city are undoubtedly responsible for the emission of a wide range of pollution.
A Beiki, M Yunesian, R Nabizadeh, R Saeedi, L Sori, M Abtahi,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (6-2016)
Abstract
Background and objectives: Swimming is one of the most popular sport fields and entertainments that has considerable benefits for human health, but on the other hand microbial water contamination in swimming pools through transmission and spread of infectious diseases is a significant threat against public health. In this study, microbial water quality of all public swimming pools in Tehran were assessed and effective factors on microbial water quality were analyzed.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study with the analytical approach was performed in 2013. The whole public swimming pools in Tehran were inspected and water samples were taken for measurement of microbial indicators including thermotolerant coliforms, heterotrophic plate count (HPC), and physicochemical parameters affecting the microbial water quality including turbidity, free residual chlorine and pH and an integrated swimming pool microbial water quality index were used to describe the overall situation. Operational parameters with probable effects on microbial water quality were checked through inspection using a checklist.
Results: The assessment of the swimming pool microbial water quality indicated that the compliance rates of thermotolerant coliforms and HPC were 91.4 and 84.5%, respectively. Compliance rates of free residual chlorine, turbidity, Ph, and temperature were also obtained to be 82.7, 45.5, 85.6, and 65.4% respectively. Based on the integrated swimming pool microbial water quality index, the proportions of swimming pools with excellent and good microbial water quality were 39.6 and 50.4% respectively and the others had not proper microbial water quality. The parameters of water free residual chlorine and turbidity, swimmer density, water recirculation period, dilution amount, cleaning, usage rates of shower and disinfection basin and operation of water treatment systems had significant effects on the microbial indicators (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The study showed that the overall microbial water quality status of public swimming pools in Tehran was acceptable and analysis of the results determined the most efficient interventions for improvement of the microbial water quality of the pools.
F Khodamoradi, A Fotouhi, M Yunesian, Mh Emamian, H Amini, M Shamsipour,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (3-2017)
Abstract
Background and Objective: The aim of present study was to assess environmental inequality in long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution in 22 districts of Tehran in 2012.
Materials and Methods: The present study is an ecological study and concentration index was used for assessment of inequality. In this study the amounts of pollutant concentrations (PM10, NO2, SO2) obtained were based on land use regression (LUR) for exposure assessment. Variables that their effects have been studied on the distribution of exposure to pollutants included: education level, employment status and car ownership, which were obtained from census demographic and Tehran Municipality's dataset.
Results: The concentration index for PM10 in the case of illiteracy, people with higher education and private car owners was 0.059 (0.004-0.113), -0.056 (-0.001- -0.110) and -0.079 (-0.031- -0.127), respectively. These relationships were statistically significant. Concentration index for PM10 was 0.016 for the workers population, which was not statistically significant. For NO2 and SO2, no inequality was found in illiterate people, people with higher education, employees and car owners.
Conclusion: This study showed that there was significant inequality in terms of exposure to PM10 between different regions of Tehran in the illiterate, people with higher education and car owners. Considering these subgroups of population can be helpful in policy-making process.
K Naddafi, M Yunesian, S Faridi, A Rafiee, S Parmy, Gh Safari, R Nabizadeh Nodehi , K Yaghmaeian, N Rastkari, R Ahmadkhaniha, S Niazi, M Hoseini,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (6-2017)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic pollutants that are mostly generated during the incomplete combustion. The main objective of this study was to characterize potential sources of PAHs in Tehran.
Materials and Methods:, Samples of PM10 were collected at 10 monitoring stations belonging to Tehran Air Quality Control Company (AQCC) and transferred to laboratory for analysis. Besides, a SKC Flite 2 Air Sampling Pump (SKC, USA) equipped with a sampling head and PM10 size-selective inlet was used at four stations to compare the results obtained by collecting AQCC monitors (AQCCMs) tapes with the standard sampling procedures for assessing the interchangeability of two field sampling methods. The principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios were applied to identify emission sources and source contribution.
Results: The average diagnostic ratios of phenanthrene (Phe)/ (Phe+anthracene (Ant)), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA)/ (BaA+chrysene (Chry)), fluorantene(Flu)/ (Flu+pyrene (Py)), and indeno(1,2,3cd) pyrene (IcP)/(IcP+benzo(ghi)perylene (BghiP)) in samples were 0.79, 0.52, 0.43 and 0.38, respectively. These ratios showed that the combustion, especially fossil fuels and motor vehicles, was the main sources of PAHs emission in Tehran. The results of PCA analysis also indicated that 49, 29 and 22% of PAHs sources in Tehran atmosphere were attributed to gasoline-driven vehicles, diesel vehicles and other sources, respectively.
Conclusion: According to the results, the combustion, especially fossil fuel and motor vehicle, was the main sources of PAHs emission in Tehran.
B Mohammad Moradi, S Sobhanardakani, M Cheraghi,
Volume 10, Issue 4 (3-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Heavy metals are the most frequent pollutants of urban soils. In general, human health and especially children are directly at risk if the soil is being accidentally ingested orally or nasally. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess potential ecological risk index (RI) of Pb, Cd, Cr and Cu in surface soils of urban parks in Tehran City in 2016.
Materials and Methods: A total of 60 surface soil samples were collected from Mellat, Laleh, Velayat, Ekbatan and Pirouzi parks. The heavy metals contents in samples were determined using ICP-OES after acid digestion of soil samples. Also, RI of heavy metals was determined. All statistical analyses were performed according to the Shapiro-Wilk test, One-Way ANOVA, One Sample T-Test and Pearson Correlation Coefficient.
Results: The lowest and highest contents of the metals (mg/kg) with an average of 0.52 ± 0.25 and 153.81 ± 31.83 were related to Cd and Pb, respectively. Pb and Cu were higher than MPL. Also, the highest surface soil contamination was related to Velayat Park located at the south of Tehran. The value of RI was 99.16 and therefore the soil contamination was categorized in low ecological risk.
Conclusion: Although the value of RI categorized as low ecological risk, due to mean concentrations of Pb and Cu were higher than MPL, control of soil-contamination sources, periodic monitoring of surface soil in the urban parks where citizens spend most of their free time. Additionally, it should be avoided to construct urban parks close to the regions with high traffic intensity.
Kh Faraji Mahyari, Sh Rafiee, Ar Keyhani, Z Faraji Mahyari,
Volume 12, Issue 3 (12-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Knowledge about the quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation plays a key role in formulating policies of waste management. So far, different methods have been applied to estimate the quantity of waste generation. In this study, eight specific forms of mathematical functions were evaluated to predict waste generation by the regression analysis method based on population.
Materials and Methods: The significance test of each model and the existence necessity of predictor parameters were performed using the F- and t-statistic, respectively. The statistical indicators of determination coefficient ( ), adjusted determination coefficient ( ), root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias error (MBE) and mean percentage error (MPE) were used for model’s goodness of fit. The predicted determination coefficient ( ) was calculated to assess the predictive ability of models by method of Leave-one-out cross validation.
Results: The results showed that polynomial models of second order and more are not significant (at 0.01 level) despite good accuracy and are not suitable for long-term prediction. Linear, power and exponential models are best with equal to 0.942, 0.932 and 0.936 and equal to 0.904, 0.893 and 0.898 respectively. However, the uncertainty was greater in the exponential model.
Conclusion: The status of waste generation was investigated in four scenarios based on growth rate of population (increasing, fixing and decreasing births) at Tehran metropolis in 2021-2051. In all scenarios, annual generation and per capita of waste are increased to 2051. The daily waste generation will increase to 12317 ton in 2051.
R Bayat, Kh Ashrafi, M Shafiepour Motlagh, Ms Hassanvand, R Daroudi,
Volume 12, Issue 3 (12-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Despite the significant improve in air quality in Tehran in 2018 and reducing the average concentration of most pollutants, compared to previous years, air quality is still far from the WHO air quality guideline level and national air quality standards. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of air pollution on health in Tehran by considering the spatial distribution of particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter (PM2.5) and population in determining exposure levels.
Materials and Methods: In this study, while introducing the GEMM concentration–response function and BenMAP-CE software, the mortality attributed to PM2.5 in Tehran and its distribution for 2017 and 2018 was calculated. Hourly PM2.5 from monitoring stations used to estimate the mean PM2.5 for 349 Tehran neighborhoods.
Results: The results showed that the average population weighted PM2.5 concentrations in Tehran in 2017 and 2018 was estimated to be 31.8 and 26.2 µg/m3 respectively. Using the GEMM function, about 7,377 (95% CI: 6,126-8,581) total mortality attributed to PM2.5 was estimated in adults in 2017 (> 25 years) and the figure for 2018 was estimated as 6,418 (95% CI: 5,918-6,753).
Conclusion: The spatial distribution of deaths attributable to PM2.5 showed that the total mortality rate per 100000 in the districts 16 and 18 of the Tehran municipality were higher than other districts and the lowest rate observed in the district 1.
Mahdi Hadi, Alireza Mesdaghinia, Simin Nasseri, Elnaz Iravani,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (2-2021)
Abstract
Background and Objective: The bibliometric analysis is the most effective way to study the scientific output and trend of research. The purpose of this study is to analyze the scientific output of the Institute of Environmental Research (IER) at Tehran University of Medical Sciences using bibliometric technique.
Materials and Methods: All related IER articles that have been indexed in Scopus and WoK were retrieved from the beginning of 2009 till November 23, 2019. The bibliometric data were extracted and analyzed using R software.
Results: The document production follows an increasing exponential trend with a rate of 10% per year. 807 documents were retrieved with an average citations of 19.26 per each document. The documents per author and authors per document were obtained 0.196 and 5.1, respectively. The highest citations to documents was in 2017 (35.5 citations). The most frequent keywords were found “Adsorption”, “Drinking water”, “Air pollution”, “Particulate matter”, “Risk assessment” and “Response surface methodology”. Thus, engineering-based studies are more prominent in the published studies. Health-based studies, including risk assessment studies, accounted for the most area of research. The largest numbers of international research collaboration were recorded with the United States, Switzerland, Canada and India. While, in the national scale, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences’ collaboration was prominent.
Conclusion: It is still necessary to promote the level of the IER’s international collaborations to raise its regional status. In addition, more attention should be paid to health-based topics like risk assessment studies. These studies need to be given higher priority in the action plan of the IER’s centers and research groups.
Fariba Ebrahimi Fini, Farzam Babaei Semiromi, Mohammad Reza Tabesh, Mahdi Jalili Ghazizade, Amir Hushang Heidari,
Volume 15, Issue 3 (12-2022)
Abstract
Background and Objective: The critical step of policymaking and planning for the local governments to select appropriate waste management methods, is comprehensive information on solid waste generation. Waste generation rate and composition may vary from year to year because many factors influence it. This research identified the most important factors influencing the future of household waste generation and composition in Tehran, and how these factors affect each other.
Materials and Methods: This research is based on future studies methods which are carried out using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. Due to the nature of this research, structural analysis, Micmac software and Delphi survey were used.
Results: In this regard, after holding many meetings with 22 of the experts as the statistical population of the research, 14 effective factors were identified. The influential factors were then analyzed in the framework of the Cross-impact matrix in the Micmac software. The results showed that what can be understood from the state of the dispersion page of the variables indicated the system instability, with most of the variables dispersed around the diagonal axis of the screen.
Conclusion: Finally, considering the high scores received by direct and indirect influences, 10 key factors were identified. “Economic Growth”, “Digital Transformation and Technological Advances”, “Amendment of Existing laws, Enactment and Implementation of New and Specialized Laws”, and “Increased Awareness about waste and Attraction of Citizen Participation through Education and Provision of Information” were identified among these 10 factors as the driving forces influencing generation and composition, of household waste in Tehran in the Next Twenty Years.
