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Noise Pollution Evaluation of City Center of Zanjan by Geographic Information System (GIS)
F Majidi, Y Khosravi,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (6-2016)
Abstract

Background and Objective: The aim of  noise control in a community is to improve its management in the community, because the traffic noise can affect neighboring residential areas. Well-planned noise management can eliminate this major and harmful component issue, which is one of the stresses of urban life on human health. However, before planning to decrease urban noise, it is necessary to determine the very noisy areas in a given city. Therefore, the objective of this study was to measure the main noise indices at the noisy areas of Zanjan City, Iran.

Materials and Methods: This study was performed in the central area of Zanjan City, with heavy traffic. For this purpose, the equivalent sound level (Leq), the day-night sound level (Ldn), the day-evening-night sound level (Lden), the noise pollution level (NP) and the traffic noise index (TNI) were measured in 19 stations in the first half (winter and spring) of 2012. The measurements were conducted in the main streets of this area as recommended by EPA guidelines and finally the results obtained were mapped using the ArcGIS (Ver. 10.2) software. 

Results: the noise maps in GIS showed clearly the variations of Leq, Ldn, and Lden indices in the study field area. Moreover, it was found that the hourly variations of Leq, Ldn and Lden in stations are completely function of population movements and therefore traffic loads in the Zanjan city center. In addition, the extent of violation of traffic noise level from the ambient noise standard was estimated by Lden at 100% stations (greater than 55 dB). The TNI values at 67  and 100% stations  were more than 74 dB (A), but  in the evenings the TNI values at  100% of stations  were more than 74 dB (A). The NP values at 78% sampling stations were more than 80 dB  implying  traffic noise was annoying in the most stations and times.

Conclusion: Using noise maps, NP and TNI indices can help intelligent traffic control planning, because the noise maps can be used to represent the movement of people in different times and parts of a city.   


Spatial and temporal variations of air pollutants from motor vehicles using MOVES software: case study of Beheshti and Modarres boulevards in Rasht
A Ahmadi Orkomi, A Kamkar, Z Aghajani,
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Since mobile resources are the most important sources of air pollution in the metropolis of Rasht and due to the importance of air pollution in wet weather condition in Rasht, this research was carried out in a specific area to determine the pattern governing the change in the monthly emissions of pollutants on a small scale, using the results obtained from that area.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the amount of air pollutants was estimated on a small scale by continuous monitoring of traffic throughout the year (four days per month and six hours per day) and using MOVES software.
Results: The maximum annual average emissions of CO and NOx in the study area were 15.76 (between Gas and Razi squares) and 2 (between Imam Hossein Square and Nirou Daryaee square) g/(m.hr), respectively. In addition, the results showed that the average monthly emission of NOX throughout the year in each of the sections was constant and the average monthly emission of CO in the first half and the second half of the year was constant, and its value in the first half was higher than that in the second half.
Conclusion: Hourly distribution of CO emission in different months was affected by events and, in general, the pattern of people's life styles. But the hourly distribution for NOX was roughly constant throughout the year. Also, according to the results, with a single measurement (for CO) and twice measurement (for NOX) of traffic instead of monthly measurements, the pollutant emission estimation in other parts of the city was possible with an acceptable accuracy. Because the generalization of the method used in this study to estimate the emission of pollutants in all roads of the city is not reasonable and cost-effective.
 

Air pollution tolerance index and heavy metals (Pb and Cd) bioaccumulation in selected plant species (trees, shrubs and herbs) in high-traffic areas of Yazd city
Behnam Nazari Alamdarloo, Asghar Mosleh Arany, Saeed Shojaee Barjoee, Hamidreza Azimzadeh, Bahman Kiani,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract 
Background and Objective: Urban traffic, while affecting human health, causes physiological and biochemical changes in plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the bioaccumulation potential of Pb and Cd and assess air pollution tolerance index for a number of plants grown high traffic areas of Yazd.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was performed in both control and high traffic areas of Yazd city by random sampling of trees, shrub and herb species. After transferring the samples to laboratory, relative water content, pH of leaf extract, total chlorophyll and ascorbic acid content (the factors for calculating APTI) in plants were measured using standard methods. Furtheremore, Pb and Cd concentrations were measured to find their relation with APTI index in plants. All statistical analysis, including Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, ANOVA, Duncan test and Pearson correlation coefficient between the studied parameters, were performed in SPSS software version 22.
Results: The highest relative water content (84.73%) and ascorbic acid (5.98 mg/g) were measured in contaminated area for Canna indica and Rosa damascena, respectively. Also, the highest acidity (7.01) and total chlorophyll (1.48 mg/g) in the control area were measured for Verbena hybrida and Ligustrum vulgar, respectively. The highest air pollution tolerance values were recorded in Rosa damascena and Ligustrum vulgar. Moreover, the results obtained showed that APTI index was positively and significantly correlated to Pb, ascorbic acid and relative water content. 
Conclusion: According to the classification of air pollution tolerance index, two species of Rosa damascena and Ligustrum vulgar exhibited moderately tolerant to traffic pollutant. Therefore, based on ecological requirements of these two species, they can be used to develop green spaces in high-traffic areas of Yazd.  This study showed that Pb increased physiological response of the studied plants, while the plants did not exhibit a significant physiological response to the Cd element. The results also showed that the relative water content and ascorbic acid were more important in the air pollution tolerance index than other factors.

Feasibility of using Achillea wilhelmsii and Cardaria draba for biomonitoring and bioremediation of heavy metals (Zn, Pb and Ni) in the roadside environments
Nayereh Sadat Hosseini, Soheil Sobhanardakani, Mehrdad Cheraghi, Bahareh Lorestani, Hajar Merrikhpour,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (2-2021)
Abstract
Background and Objective: Monitoring of traffic emissions is a good way to build a safe ecosystem for living organisms. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the feasibility of using Achillea wilhelmsii and Cardaria draba located along the suburban roads of Hamadan for Zn, Pb and Ni removal by their aerial and underground organs in 2020.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, after selecting 3 sampling stations, a total of 126 plant samples and 63 soil samples were collected. In the laboratory, the samples were prepared, and were then digested with acid. Subsequentely, the concentration of each heavy metal was measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Moreover, bioconcentration factor (BCF), bioaccumulation factor (BAF), transfer factor (TF) and metal accumulation index (MAI) were also calculated. Statistical analyses of the results were performed using SPSS statistical software.
Results: The mean values of BCF and BAF in both A. wilhelmsii and C. draba for all tested elements were greater than 1. On the other hand, A. wilhelmsii showed TF greater than 1 for zinc while C. draba showed TF greater than 1 for zinc and lead. The highest mean values of MAI in unwashed and washed shoots and roots of A. wilhelmsii were 98.48, 64.87 and 72.38, respectively.
Conclusion: Based on the calculated average values of BCF, BAF and TF of each elements, it can be argued that A. wilhelmsii and C. draba species have the potential of phytoextraction and Phytostabilization of the measured heavy metals and can be used for biomonitoring and bioremediation from soil and air in the heavy metals polluted areas.

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