Showing 22 results for Karimi
Roghayyeh Karimi, Nahid Dehghan Nayyeri, Tabandeh Sadeghi, Abbas Mehran,
Volume 1, Issue 4 (10-2008)
Abstract
Khorshid Vaskooei Eshkevari, Mahboobeh Karimi, Hamideh Asnaashari, Nooshin Kohan,
Volume 2, Issue 4 (10-2009)
Abstract
Ali Mohammadpoor, Yoosef Mehdipoor, Afsaneh Karimi, Zahra Abdollahi,
Volume 3, Issue 5 (12-2010)
Abstract
Tabandeh Sadeghi, Nahid Dehghan Nayyeri, Roghayyeh Karimi,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (5-2011)
Abstract
Nurses' ability to communicate with patients is essential for the effectiveness of the nursing process. This factor is more significant in the case of adolescent patients. Appropriate communication between adolescent patients and health care staff is crucial, since it contributes to the patients disclosing important personal information, and helps nurses communicate necessary information, viewpoints or skills through health promotion measures. The present study aimed to draw a comparison between nurses’ and hospitalized adolescents’ understanding of the significance of the nurse-patient relationship and the observance thereof.
In this cross-sectional study, 175 nurses and 180 hospitalized adolescents (12-18 years of age) were selected through simple random sampling respectively, all of whom met the criteria necessary to enter the study. The data was collected from children’s hospitals affiliated with the Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the data collection tools were self-report questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical software.
Findings of this study showed that there was a significant statistical difference between the understanding of nurses and hospitalized adolescents regarding the importance of the nurse-patient relationship (P=0.019) and its observance (P0.001), and the nurses scored a better understanding than adolescent patients in both cases. This paper also investigated the priorities of each group regarding the significance and observance of the nurse-patient relationship. The results showed that nurses viewed explaining the necessary follow-up care after discharge as the most important part, while adolescent patients believed that proper verbal communication and being listened to patiently were of great significance. Both groups seemed to observe proper verbal and non-verbal communication according to the results of this paper.
The findings of this research proved that nurses can be directed to achieve the less observed objectives that are viewed by adolescent patients as significant in order to eliminate the obstacles in proper nurse-patient relationship.
Samaneh Tirgar, Banafsheh Karimi, Farzaneh Zahedi Anaraki, Nasrin Hamidi Abarghouei, Bagher Larijani, Soodeh Tirgar, Fatemeh Mirzaee (lotfi Azar),
Volume 7, Issue 4 (11-2014)
Abstract
Abortion of the disabled fetus is among the challenges of medical ethics, and decision-making in this respect is subject to a major controversy between Islam and Western philosophies. One reason is skepticism about the continued existence and evolution of the human soul after death, which has resulted in legitimacy of abortion of disabled fetuses in the West. Islam and Islamic philosophers, however, attribute great importance to the soul and its evolution, and therefore in decisions related to such embryos all aspects of the body and soul are considered, with more emphasis on the latter. Some issues that are raised in the Islamic worldview include: What is the reason behind embryonic defects? And does a disabled fetus also suffer from a defect in the soul?The present paper is a descriptive-analytical non-systematic review that uses a data collection approach. Regardless of the issue of ensoulment, the study intends to examine the evolution of the spirit (nafs) in the fetus during various stages of life (vegetative, animal and human) based on Mulla Sadra and Imam Khomeini's perspectives. It also aims to conduct a philosophical investigation into defects in creation and to find the answer to the important question of whether the soul of a disabled fetus is also imperfect.
Findings of this study show that based on Mulla Sadra’s views, all living things have been created in the best and most perfect form. The disabled fetus is not an exception and therefore has a perfect soul, but the appearance of the soul in a malformed body is defective. The imperfection may have two causes: first, a wrong choice made by the soul of the disabled fetus in the world before this one, i.e. the Zar world, although the concept is among the unfolded mysteries of creation unfathomable by human knowledge second, effect of the genes and/or the environment, regardless of the choice made by the soul of the disabled fetus in the world of Zar.However, since decision making regarding abortion of disabled fetuses is still a matter of controversy in medical ethics, further studies from the perspective of Islamic philosophy seem necessary to help resolve the issue and provide ethical guidelines based on Islamic principles.
Bagher Larijani, Mina Mobasher, Samaneh Tirgar, Farzaneh Zahedi, Soodeh Tirgar, Farideh Shariati, Banafsheh Karimi, Fatemeh Mirzaei (lotfi Azar),
Volume 7, Issue 5 (1-2015)
Abstract
It is universally acknowledged that death is a complex concept and different factors such as complicated philosophical ideas, contradictory descriptive approaches, and diversity in interpretations add to this complexity. Although a thorough understanding of the notion of death is important for everyone, this concept is of crucial importance to health care providers as they face enormous ethical challenges in the course of their careers. A few instances are controversial issues such as brain death, euthanasia and end-of-life care, where it seems essential to define a set of robust criteria for death. On the other hand, it can be argued that death is not a scientific concept and only different branches of medicine can provide a framework to clarify the subject of death. Therefore, it could be argued that theological approaches may shed some light on this concept. In this article, we aim to extract ontologic components of death mentioned in the Holy Quran, and will move on to propose a set of 12 criteria for death. This may help provide a clear understanding of the concept from the point of view of the Holy Quran, although more research is warranted to further illuminate this complex subject.
Farzaneh Zahedi Anaraki, Bagher Larijani, Banafsheh Karimi, Samaneh Tirgar, Kobra Khazali, Soodeh Tirgar, Nasrin Hamidi Abarghouei, Fatemeh Mirzaei (lotfi Azar),
Volume 7, Issue 5 (1-2015)
Abstract
Abortion has remained a subject of intense controversy in medical ethics, particularly in the case of malformed fetuses. Review of the existing literature on the issue indicates that there are two main challenges in this regard: firstly, the question as to whether a malformed fetus has the right to live, and secondly, the fate of the soul (vegetative and animal) after induced abortion.This descriptive research presents different viewpoints in order to investigate the aforementioned questions in Mulla Sadra’s philosophy with a focus on the “right to live”. The results of the study demonstrate that according to Mulla Sadra’s theory, all fetuses possess potential human souls even if they are extremely malformed or disfigured. He considers the fetus a vegetable with the potential to convert into a human. Based on this ideology, which encompasses both creation and resurrection, the malformed fetus has the right to live. The assumption is founded upon Mulla Sadra’s Theory of Substantial Motion, which implies that abortion may influence the evolution of the soul in the limbo period (intermediate state) after abortion and might even affect its resurrection. It can be concluded that in the Iranian society, which has an Islamic background, theological views should be considered in decisions about abortion. It should be mentioned, however, that philosophical approaches alone cannot be relied on for decision-making regarding the abortion of a malformed fetus. Furthermore, interdisciplinary contributions are indispensable to a thorough analysis of this controversial issue so that the ethical challenges surrounding abortion in such cases can be overcome.
Behzad Foroutan, Moussa Abolhassani, Sajad Salehipour, Adnan Karimi, Fariba Dehghanizadeh, Nastran Rezvani, Mohammad Soltani Beldaji,
Volume 8, Issue 4 (11-2015)
Abstract
Ethics is important in all professions, particularly in nursing, since morality and commitment in nurses can play a significant role in improving patients’ health and recovery. The nursing profession is therefore rooted in ethics, and the observance of nursing ethics is more important than other aspects of health care. This study aimed to determine patient's views on standards of professional ethics in nursing practice in Imam Hussain Hospital during 2015.
This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 575 patients in different wards of Imam Hussein Hospital in Shahroud. Research instrument was a 22-item questionnaire designed by the researchers to evaluate nurses’ observance of professional ethics in the three dimensions of accountability, improvement of care quality, and respect for patients. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 20 software.
The mean age of participants in this study was 51.32 (± 19.03), and 299 participants (52%) were male. The mean total score of professionalism was 18.38 (± 2.74), and the relationship between age and observance of professional ethics was statistically significant (P = 0.006).
According to the subjects of this study, the nurses’ observance of professional ethics was relatively good and at a desirable level. It is recommended to utilize a variety of learning styles and employ the services of professors of nursing ethics in order to enhance the quality of nursing education with respect to professional ethics.
Maryam Karimi Noghondar, Nasrin Tavakoli, Fariba Borhani, Mohaddeseh Mohsenpour,
Volume 8, Issue 5 (2-2016)
Abstract
In the nursing profession, ethical practice is contingent upon the nurses’ ability to determine the ethical issues in their vocation, and their sensitivity to these issues in the nurse-patient relationship. In order for the health system to have a strong and solid foundation, this sensitivity must be formed in nursing students during the early stages of their education. Educational environment and clinical experience each affect ethical sensitivity in their own way. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the ethical sensitivity of third and fourth year nursing students and nurses in Islamic Azad University, Mashhad branch during 2014.
In this cross-sectional study Lutzen’s Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire was used, and its validity and reliability was confirmed. According to the formula for sample size, 110 persons were sampled in each group. Sampling was performed randomly among the third and fourth year students, and in two stages among the nurses: first cluster, and then randomly. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics by SPSS software.
The mean and standard deviation of moral sensitivity was 3.33 ± 0.36 in nursing students, and 3.27 ± 0.35 in nurses, and the independent t-test showed no significant difference between the two groups (df = 218, t = -1.06, P > 0.05). Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of moral sensitivity based on demographic characteristics.
It was concluded that the ethical sensitivity of nurses and nursing students of Islamic Azad University, Mashhad branch was satisfactory, which can be considered as a point of strength for policy makers of the health system.
Hamid Hajianpour, Zeinab Karimi,
Volume 8, Issue 6 (3-2016)
Abstract
Women are the epitome of affection and are therefore suited for the caregiver role by nature. In Prophet Muhammad’s era, women entered one of the toughest and perhaps most masculine areas of social life, that is, the battlefield. Prophet Muhammad permitted and endorsed the presence of women in battles, and appointed troops of women to accompany him to war for the purpose of providing nursing and medical care. The importance of this issue lies in recognition of the role of Muslim women in social arenas such as battlefields. This study aims to: a) investigate the medical role and performance of women during wartime in Prophet Muhammad’s era, and b) describe the medical function of women in the Prophet’s battles while introducing some who have been active in this domain.
This was an analytic/descriptive study conducted by collecting note cards from library resources. Our findings showed that women had a significant presence in battles during the early stages of Islam, and as historical evidence confirms, they appeared in the caregiver role by the permission of Prophet Muhammad. Moreover, women’s presence was not due to a shortage of men in the battlefield, but rather because of their abilities in the field of medicine and healthcare, where they succeeded in offering a remarkable performance.
Marziye Karimi Behzad, Leila Nikooie Nejad,
Volume 11, Issue 0 (3-2018)
Abstract
Abortion is one of the most controversial and debatable issues of human history. Those who analyze social issues from moral perspective claim satisfying preconditions of abortion would compensate its unwanted consequences. Nowadays some philosophers in order to define abortion in a more reasonable way propose abortion as a new concept using moral theories such as deontologism, utilitarianism and virtue ethics for defining abortion. The goal of this study is to analyze Peter Singer’s utilitarianism, Australian philosopher, attitude toward abortion. In this article, we try to study abortion in different moral views in a descriptive and analytical way and determine moral order in different branches of utilitarianism viewpoint. But considering lack of reasons to rationalize utilitarianism theory which Singer himself admits its inefficiency in some occasions, practicing other moral theories could be helpful in order to propose a suitable solution for moral issues of abortion.
Ali Labaf, Fariba Asghari, Talayeh Mirkarimi,
Volume 11, Issue 0 (3-2018)
Abstract
Trust is one of the most important issues in patient-physician relationship and affects the treatment acceptance and followup from the patient and optimal outcome. Patient trust to emergency physician is different from other physicians in many ways because of patient’s urgent situation and lack of choice in physicians. This paper explores the reasoning for (dis)trust in emergency physicians in Imam khomeini hospital. A qualitative study in Imam khomeyni hospital was done including 5 recorded focused groups (with 3-6 patients in each group) and 8 in-depth interviews with patients. Patient trust’s issues were divided into 2 major groups: 1- issues that depend on emergency physicians (including professionalism; practical skills and physician’s personal factors) 2-issues independent to emergency physicians (including patient’s previous beliefs; environmental and hospital’s factors and patient’s personal factors). Many factors about emergency physicians like personal factors that are extracted from this study were similar to other physicians. In other hand, it seems that patient trust in emergency physicians is affected by environmental factors especially hospital related factors and it is better to consider it as an integrated foundation and not only trust between persons.
Shilan Ghaderi, Mehran Sadeghi, Fayegh Yousefi, Mohammad Saleh Vahedi, Nader Karami, Aram Karimian,
Volume 12, Issue 0 (3-2019)
Abstract
One of the main methods of improving patient safety is use of reporting systems and providing facilities for analyzing and preventing mistakes. The aim of this study was to determine the attitude of nursing managers of hospitals affiliated to Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences towards the voluntary reporting system of medical errors in 2015. In this descriptive-analytic study, all managers of selected hospitals in Kurdistan province were enrolled in this study. The data was collected through a valid questionnaire for attitude towards the voluntary reporting system of medical errors. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 20, independent t-test, chi - square and ANOVA. According to the results of the study, 87.9% (80 participants) of the managers encountered reporting of errors in their workplace. 68.1% (62 participants) of the managers had a positive attitude toward the voluntary system of medical errors and 16.15 % (15 participants) had a negative attitude and 15.38% (14 participants) were indifferent. According to the results of the research, more than 68.1 % of managers have a positive attitude towards the voluntary reporting of medical errors and with the necessary measures a suitable platform for launching the voluntary reporting system of medical errors in the treatment centers can be provided.
Zeinab Karimi, Mostafa Nadim, Fatemeh Binshifar,
Volume 12, Issue 0 (3-2019)
Abstract
In the Qajar era, European countries deployed many doctors accompanied by their military, religious, and political groups to Iran consistent with their political goals and interests. Meanwhile, the role of France was more and more significant than the rest of European countries. This essay aims to introduce French physicians, to express the performance of French physicians in Iran during the Qajar period, to introduce the activities and extent of the influence of French physicians on the medicine of the Qajar period, and to examine the elements that advance the presence of French physicians in Iran during the Qajar era. This research was conducted using library resources and descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that the influence of French medicine on the developments of modern medicine in Iran was very significant, to the extent that the modern medicine was based on French physicians in Iran. Overall, the French effects on medicine in Iran can be found in two forms: establishment of the hospital and clinics and the formation of a health council. In addition, French physicians took important steps in the field of medical education such as ophthalmology, surgery, microbiology, vaccination, writing medical books, and quarantine to prevent communicable diseases. Therefore, French physicians, unlike other European countries, which only improved their health status, also evolved in the history of Iranian medicine. Finally it must be said the Qajar community was well-received by French medicine and physicians; Because both the Qajar court and the community were in need of medical care and the French government needed a comprehensive medical presence in Iran to achieve its political and economic goals.
Zeinab Karimi, Fatemeh Binshifar, Khdijeh Alizadeh Dill,
Volume 13, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
Despite the peak of medical knowledge in the Abbasid period, the presence of famous medical families in the Abbasid court, translation and writing of medical works, attention to nutrition and health in the court of the Abbasid caliphs, the expectation of long life and quality was created for the Abbasid caliphs. However, all these possibilities were not used much by the caliphs, and if they had not been killed in the war, they would have died of disease, even at a young or middle age. This research is performed using library sources and descriptive-analytical method. According to the findings of this study, the urgent need of the Abbasid caliphs for "treatment" had caused physicians to be present in the court of the caliphs with great benefit of wealth and even power. Revelry, the unjustified lifestyle in having fun and spending a lot of time in the harem leads to the suffering from of some Abbasid caliphs in their age Young or untimely due to some incurable or incurable diseases that caused their premature death. Finally, among the 37 Abbasid caliphs, 30 of them were killed in internal or external wars and conflicts. The remaining number died of disease, despite the establishment of a coherent system of health and treatment and having all the medical facilities of their time. Therefore, despite the provision of medical facilities for the Abbasid caliphs, the wrong lifestyle and full of excesses in having fun has caused them to fall ill and eventually die.
Zeinab Karimi, Shokrallah Khakrand, Massoumeh Dehghan,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
The spread of epidemic diseases has always been one of the important issues in the scope of Islamic civilization The history of the plague epidemic dates back to ancient times So that the outbreak of the plague known as Justinian Plague in the late ancient period and its transfer to the Islamic period Muslims in the conquered lands Facing new issues Therefore, plague is one of the deadliest infectious diseases In the geographical scope Islamic civilization has been that in the early Islamic centuries It has caused damage to the social, economic and even intellectual and cultural structure of the Islamic society The land of sham has been one of the most plague-prone regions of Islamic civilization that repeatedly and consecutively And it happened with many injuries. This research aims to investigate the plague in the Sham region during the Umayyad period (661-749AD) Also, examine the reasons for its occurrence and the beliefs surrounding the plague in this region. The investigations of this research show The geographical location of the sham, its Mediterranean climate, and the location of the sham on the trade routes And the resulting changes It has been influential in the occurrence and spread of the plagueThe occurrence of the plague has also had important and interesting effects on the world view of Muslims. So that the plague was not considered an epidemic but as a result of divine mercy or divine punishment.
Shiva Khaleghparast, Samaneh Karimian,
Volume 17, Issue 0 (Supplement of 11th Annual Iranian Congress of Medical Ethics 2024)
Abstract
Conflict of interest refers to situations in which professional judgment or actions related to a primary interest are unduly influenced by secondary interests. In scientific communication, such conflicts can compromise professional decision-making and threaten the integrity of research outcomes. As educational, research, and clinical activities in the medical field expand, the prevalence of conflicts of interest across healthcare domains has increased. Despite the efforts of organizations such as the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and the Committee on Publication Ethics, which have established guidelines for conflict of interest disclosure, there remains a significant gap in awareness and understanding among researchers. This highlights the urgent need for increased attention to this issue. The UK National Research Ethics Advisory Panel defines conflict of interest as situations where professional judgment concerning a primary interest, such as patient welfare or the credibility of research, is improperly influenced by a secondary interest, such as financial gain. In clinical research, therapeutic studies primarily aim to validate the safety and efficacy of new drugs or devices. This goal should take precedence over secondary concerns, such as economic benefits derived from pharmaceutical production. Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines and the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) stress that researchers have primary responsibility for the health and medical care of participants. Therefore, any conflict of interest represents a significant risk to participants, potentially compromising their welfare. To safeguard scientific integrity, institutions must enforce policies that uphold ethical principles, require researchers to disclose conflicts of interest to ethics committees, and implement measures to mitigate associated risks. Identifying and managing conflicts of interest based on their potential impact is crucial to preserving the credibility of clinical research. Members of ethics committees, like researchers, must disclose their conflicts of interest, as they significantly influence study processes. Transparency in research funding is essential to minimizing bias and managing conflicts of interest. Effective strategies for addressing conflicts of interest include the development of comprehensive policies and guidelines, the maintenance of an electronic database for conflict disclosure, and the promotion of regular training for ethics committee members and researchers on managing such conflicts. Collaborative learning initiatives and the ongoing refinement of institutional policies further enhance the management of conflicts of interest, ensuring the integrity of scientific research.
Morteza Javanmardi , Seyede Elahe Karimipour , Zahra Bakhshizadeh , Mohammad Hossein Taklif, Negin Farid,
Volume 17, Issue 0 (Supplement of 11th Annual Iranian Congress of Medical Ethics 2024)
Abstract
Moral courage, encompassing the ability to act ethically in the face of adversity and uphold ethical principles, is crucial for nurses. This systematic review aimed to investigate the factors influencing moral courage among nurses. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using keywords such as "moral courage," "ethics," "nurses," and "courage" in major databases, including PubMed/Medline, Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, Google Scholar, Irandoc, SID, and Magiran. The search included publications in both English and Persian with no time limitations. After excluding duplicates and screening the initial 2577 studies, 21 studies met the inclusion criteria. The review adhered to the PRISMA guidelines for reporting systematic reviews, ensuring ethical considerations were maintained throughout the selection, extraction, and analysis processes. The review revealed that moral courage in nurses is influenced by a multifaceted array of factors. Individual factors such as age, gender, work experience, and type of employment (e.g., permanent vs. temporary) were found to influence moral courage. Higher education, particularly possessing a master's degree or higher, and participation in medical ethics training were significantly associated with increased moral courage. Ethical sensitivity, defined as the ability to recognize and appreciate ethical dilemmas, was a significant facilitator of moral courage. A supportive work environment, characterized by factors such as strong ethical leadership, open communication, and adequate resources, was found to positively influence moral courage. Conversely, ethical distress experienced in challenging clinical situations can negatively impact moral courage. This review demonstrates that moral courage among nurses is influenced by a complex interplay of individual, professional, and environmental factors. Enhancing moral courage requires a multi-pronged approach, including strengthening nursing education with a robust emphasis on ethics training, fostering a supportive and ethically sound work environment, and implementing strategies to mitigate ethical distress. These interventions can significantly contribute to improved clinical practice and enhanced patient care.
Hanieh Karimi, Ali Farahmand Asil, Saeedeh Saeedi Tehrani,
Volume 17, Issue 0 (Supplement of 11th Annual Iranian Congress of Medical Ethics 2024)
Abstract
Trust between doctors and patients is a cornerstone of improved health outcomes and quality medical care. However, this trust has eroded in recent decades due to various factors. The global crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic presents a unique opportunity to examine and analyze changes in public trust towards the healthcare system. This narrative review explores the state of public trust in healthcare before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, analyzing the factors influencing this trust and proposing strategies for its maintenance and rebuilding. A narrative review was conducted, with information gathered from searches in reputable national and international scientific databases like PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Scopus. Relevant articles from Iranian databases such as Magiran and IranMedex were also included. The review focused on the components of trust, factors affecting it, and challenges faced by the healthcare system during the pandemic. The review revealed significant changes in the components of trust in doctor-patient relationships due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Prior to the pandemic, public trust in physicians had been declining due to factors such as perceived inequities in treatment, medical errors, and unprofessional behavior by some healthcare professionals. For example, surveys indicate a decline in public trust in healthcare professionals in the United States, dropping from 73% in 1966 to 34% in 2012. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly exacerbated this decline, with many people distrusting governmental institutions, pharmaceutical companies, and media outlets perceived to be providing misleading information. A study in Poland found that 31% of respondents viewed the pandemic as an exaggerated threat, while 3% considered it entirely fictional. However, the dedicated service and transparent communication of some institutions and healthcare personnel during the COVID-19 crisis partially restored public trust. This led to the emergence of a concept known as "dual trust," where people not only trust individual physicians but also pay closer attention to the overall performance of the healthcare system and governments. Dual trust has implications not only for the quality of healthcare services but also for the success of prevention and treatment programs. The COVID-19 crisis has had a profound impact on public trust in the healthcare system. To maintain and rebuild this trust, effective measures are essential. These measures should focus on enhancing service quality, fostering scientifically informed citizens, ensuring transparent communication, and promoting positive interactions between doctors and patients.
Shiva Khaleghparast, Saied Bagheri Faradanbeh, Samaneh Karimian, Fahimeh Khosrobeigi Bozchaloei, Seyed Ebrahim Hoseini Zargaz, Ehsan Shamsi Gooshki,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
The electronic health record system (SPAS in Iran) records information related to the health of individuals in an electronic format. It is the center for collecting health information and data on outpatients and inpatients. This system records information such as the patient's full name, marital status, gender, date of admission, level of education, occupation, type of admission, and other relevant medical data. The core values and ethical requirements of SPAS include safeguarding citizens' rights, respecting individuals, observing justice and fairness, transparency, encouraging participation, and accountability. In this study, the ethical aspects of SPAS were evaluated using the model proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for ethical evaluation. This model emphasizes fundamental ethical principles such as human well-being and health, respecting individuals and communities, justice, and fairness. Concerning human well-being and health, SPAS can prevent unnecessary and redundant interventions and provide physicians with quick access to an accurate patient history. Furthermore, the system ensures the confidentiality of information, which is essential to respect individuals and communities. Regarding justice and fairness, the system can improve access to health services for disadvantaged and remote areas. Moreover, SPAS adheres to procedural ethical principles such as solidarity, transparency, participation, and accountability. Therefore, by critically examining the ethical dimensions of the electronic health record system (SPAS), the findings of the present study provide valuable insights for policymakers, health professionals, and regulatory organizations to ensure the ethical and efficient performance of electronic health record systems in Iran.
