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Methods of Teaching Medical Sciences in Iran until the End of the Safavid Era
Hamid Kavyani Pooya,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2025)
Abstract
Education in Iran, as in the rest of the world, has a long history, and with the foundation of inclusive national governments, due to the interaction of civilizations and adaptation of scientific achievements, education and educational institutions and centers have undergone major changes and transformations. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine different methods of teaching medical sciences and transferring medical achievements to scholars and those interested in this profession in the history of Iran until the end of the Safavid era through a library-based method. Data were collected from original medical resources, travelogues, and reliable historical documents and evidence in Arabic, Persian, and English. Data were then described and analyzed using domestic databanks. The findings indicated that throughout the history of Iran, particularly in the Islamic civilization, medical education and sciences have been transferred both theoretically and practically. In modern terms, this involved lectures (theory) and clinical training (practice). Nevertheless, there have been differing opinions regarding the importance and priority of each method, and the period under study witnessed significant evolution and changes in improving the ways medical concepts have been conveyed to scholars.

Quantitative Evaluation of Scientific Articles in the Thematic Field of “History of Medicine in the Safavid Period” in Iran (2001-2024)
Zahra Aghabeiglooei, Roshanak Saghebi, Jamal Rezaei Orimi, Morteza Mojahedi,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2025)
Abstract
The history of medicine during the Safavid period (907-1135 AH) in Iran, as one of the important periods, has always been the focus of researchers. The main objective of this study was to conduct a quantitative evaluation of articles related to the “history of medicine in the Safavid period” in Iran. This descriptive-analytical, applied study was conducted using a quantitative approach. The statistical population of the study comprised all scientific productions on the history of medicine in the Safavid period indexed in domestic and international scientific databases over 22 years, from 2001 to March 2024. During the period under review, a total of 247 articles in the field of the history of medicine in the Safavid period were published with the participation of 542 authors. In terms of thematic orientation, 18.2% of the published works were on the biographies of physicians, while research, translation, and editing of medical manuscripts ranked next with 16.1%. Among universities and scientific centers, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Islamic Azad University ranked first. Male participation accounted for approximately 60%, exceeding that of female authors, and about 68% of the works were the result of collaborative research. The Journal of Islamic and Iranian Traditional Medicine published the highest number of articles. The most common type of publication was original research articles. Content analysis showed that, despite significant growth in this research field, an excessive concentration on specific topics, such as physicians’ biographies, has limited scholarly attention to other dimensions of medical history in this period, highlighting the need for broader and more balanced research perspectives.

Nursing Professional Ethics in Clinical Services: A Review of Studies in Iran
Samira Orujlu, Arezoo Ghavi, Leila Valizadeh, Vahid Zamanzadeh, Sadat Seyed Bagher Maddah, Parvaneh Aghajari,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2025)
Abstract
Improving the quality of nursing services and enhancing ethical decision-making in clinical settings require greater attention to professional ethics. This study aimed to review and synthesize existing research on professional ethics in nursing in Iran, to organize, plan, and establish knowledge- and evidence-based decision-making, and also provide strategies for ethics-centered nursing in Iran. Iranian studies on ethics were reviewed without time limitations until June 22, 2023. Database search was conducted using keywords including "Nurse", "Nursing", "Ethics",  "Professional ethics", "Nursing Care", "Codes of Ethics", "Patient Rights", "Conscience", and "Iran", as well as their Persian equivalents, combined with "AND" or "OR" operators. The included studies were analyzed utilizing the five-stage integrative review method proposed by Whittemore and Knafl. A total of 103 Persian and 59 English articles were reviewed. The results were organized into two main categories: achievements of professional ethics (encompassing knowledge, attitudes, and professional performance of nurses; nurses’ experiences with ethical care; positive outcomes of professional nursing ethics education; and the convergence of spiritual health with adherence to professional ethics and the need for an Islamic approach) and factors influencing ethical performance (including facilitators of ethical performance and barriers to adherence to professional ethics). Based on the findings, it is recommended that nursing care protocols and standards be developed, and various educational programs be conducted, including those on ethical care in emergencies and disasters, emotional and spiritual intelligence, training for clinical nursing managers, and the application of creative strategies for teaching clinical professional ethics.

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