Showing 191 results for Type of Study: Review
Mostafa Moallemi, Morteza Darabinia,
Volume 13, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
This study seeks to identify one of the pioneers of traditional clinical medicine named Abdullah Azdi and his medical dictionary. This research is an analytical study. The focus of the search was on two keywords, Abdullah Azdi and Kitab al-Ma'ma, but the scope of the search included all appropriate terms such as: medicine, Bu Ali Sina, traditional medicine, medical dictionary, ethics, and medical law. Data were collected and analyzed using comprehensive library software (version one), Islamic History Library, Islamic Iran History and reputable national and international centers. The main purpose of the forthcoming research, on the one hand, is to identify and introduce points about life and beliefs, as well as Abdullah Azdi's specialized knowledge in the field of medicine, and on the other hand, to introduce his book, which is in fact a dictionary called "Kitab al-Ma'a". The researches of this research show that Abdullah Azdi was one of the students of Ibn Sina and the companion of Abu Rihan al-Biruni. In addition of being expert in clinical medicine, he was an ethical and professional physician and in every part of his book, he observes the Shari'a. The use of specialized medical terms indicates that he was surrounded by medical knowledge.
Seyyed Alireza Golshani, Gholamreza Azari Khakestar,
Volume 14, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Abstract
Spanish flu was one of the harshest historical pandemics in the northeastern Iran, which killed many local people. Its first outbreak in Mashhad dates back to August 3 and 4, 1918. This disease continued until 1920 in successive waves. The death toll of this disease in Mashhad (with a population of 100,000 people at the time) was possibly as high as 3,500. Moreover, this disease caused outbreak of other diseases. In fact, it killed five percent of this city’s population and resulted in huge deaths in this city. This paper takes the importance of Mashhad’s medical history into consideration and at the same time investigates the outstanding role of Spanish influenza, World War I, and the presence of Russians who were the main cause of this outbreak in Mashhad, and the reaction of Iranian and foreign physicians to this disease and the medicine they prescribed, as well as the significant role of British in fake Persian Famine, opium addiction, and food poverty.
Kamran Shirbache, Saeed Pourhassan, Ali Shirbacheh,
Volume 14, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Abstract
With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemics, a huge flood of people rushed to medical centers, which severely affected working conditions of the medical staff. In this article, we are going to evaluate the reaction of health care workers to the rise of traffic, social gatherings, non-observance of mask use protocols and physical distance which lead to an increasing number of infected persons and death rate. Here, we address the impact of community’s indifference on medical staff which seems to decrease the quality of medical staff practice gradually
Arghavan Haj-Sheykholeslami, Fatemeh Mollarahimi-Maleki, Marzieh Nojomi,
Volume 14, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to perform a narrative review and documentary research in the history of community medicine specialty formation and the needs for its existence in health systems. We searched and reviewed related literature and documents in English and or Farsi (printed or online). Data was extracted and findings were categorized, summarized, and reported. About a century ago community medicine specialty was formed to respond to major health challenges of that time such as neglecting the effects of social determinants on populations’ health and total separation between clinical care and public health. Community medicine professionals are able to address many of the current health problems such as inequalities in health, fair financing problems, increasing demands and costs and disease-based health system approaches. They can be the leading advocates to emphasize the importance of social determinants in health of populations. They can promote communications with influencing institutions outside the health system to improve the health of the communities. This discipline can pave the way for the health systems to tackle the most important contemporary health challenges. Lack of attention to this discipline may hinder the achievement of sustainable development goals and health promotion of the communities. More support from officials and utilizing the skills of community medicine specialists can help health systems not only to better respond to the health needs of the society but also to facilitate the achievement of their main goals.
Javad Alipoor Silab, Ali Abbasi, Hossein Namdar,
Volume 14, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Abstract
The issue of disease in the context of history has always been one of the concerns of the wise man. In accordance with the intellectual system of each period of history, various diseases have been identified and prevention and treatment strategies have been presented. The identification of some diseases, including the flu, goes back to a new era. The use of the word "flu" first occurred in the Qajar era. Because it is new and unknown, the group of physicians, as the person in charge of health matters, needed to know about this disease and define and explain it. The purpose of this study as a historical-review study, in the first step is to study the history of the prevalence of this disease in Iran and the process of recognizing it through the available information sources in the Qajar era society. The medical approach of the press (publications) and the identification and introduction of " RESALE DAR MARAZ_E ANFLUENZA: GRIP" as the first treatise written about this disease, has been done at this stage. The second step of the present study is to investigate how the Spanish flu entered Iran and assesses its consequences in the affected areas.
Mahmoud Akbari, Mohammadnabi Salim,
Volume 14, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Abstract
One of the most important and influential events in the interaction between Islamic civilization and the West was the Crusades, which lasted for nearly two centuries and extended from Europe to the Levant and Egypt. The main reasons for these wars, apparently, were the religious zeal of the Christians to seize Jerusalem from the Muslims and, in fact, the territorial expansion and influx of the surplus population of Europe to the east. The present study aims to explore the role of the Crusades in the transfer of medicine to Europe. The present research uses a descriptive-analytical method and library resources to explain the process of transferring Islamic and Eastern medical science to the world, affected by religious wars. Referring to texts, honesty and trustworthiness, citation of used texts, avoidance of bias in inference from texts or analyzes have been observed. The results of the research show that during the Crusades, Europeans, observing the scientific progress of Muslims, decided to translate the works of Islamic physicians and transfer them to Europe. This led to the advancement of medical knowledge and the development of health in Europe's Renaissance. Thus, he most important consequence of the Crusades was facilitation of the transfer of the cultural and civilizational foundations of the Islamic world, including the reserves of Islamic and Persian medicine to Europe
Mohammad Rezaie,
Volume 14, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Abstract
The present study seeks to find an answer to this question, “how effective was the religious and moral advice on environmental health situation of cities under the territory of Al-Buwayh dynasty”? Findings indicate that in the first half of the Al-Buwayh era, following the increase in population and expansion of some cities, the need for health measures in various areas was felt, of which is considered a responsibility of environmental health authorities nowadays. In addition to the instructions and recommendations being embodied in some verses of Quran and hadiths being the basis of health laws, a number of rulers of this dynasty, like Azd al-Dawlah intervened in the health affairs of cities in various fields such as providing drinking water, constructing of medical and service centers, and appointing Sheriffs (Darougheh). A part of the mentioned actions was involved with the community health in the field of food hygiene, roads and public places, water hygiene as well as sewage disposal. In the present study, first, narrative, historical, medical and geographical books were indexed by using descriptive-analytical method and relying on library resources; second, the data in the most important areas related to environmental health was classified; and then, a conclusion was reached.
Mohammad Mirzaei, Behzad Joudaki, Zahra Bazouband, Ehsan Shariati Fard,
Volume 14, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Abstract
The emerging and pervasive disease of COVID 19 (coronavirus disease), which has gone from an epidemic to a global pandemic, has created many challenges for the international community. Since this disease has certain characteristics such as the unknown and complexity of its origin, high extent and speed of its spread and transmission, high mutability, lack of definitive treatment so far for it, existence of incubation period and latency of the disease and many other features, it requires a comprehensive study and development of a comprehensive plan in all dimensions to be controlled and managed. Due to the high rate of transmission of this disease and lack of care by carriers and patients, COVID-19 has increased exponentially, and on the other hand, the long duration of the disease has caused people to neglect following health protocols, which itself causes other people to get sick. And while imposing a legal and moral burden in non-compliance with the rights of society, it threatens people’s security, physical and mental health. On the other hand, one of the goals of the jurisprudential rules and customary laws is to protect the life and health of individuals. The requirements and guarantees of the supervision of care and prevention against COVID-19 and the responsibility imposed on people who do not comply with health protocols will be the subject of this article. Accordingly, people who do not consider the minimum health standards against this virus have a responsibility if they are carriers, and if negligence or fault and attribution of harm or damage to other people is confirmed, they should be able to compensate the damage while being punished. There will also punishments if people are aware of being a carrier.
Saeedeh Saeedi Tehrani, Fatemeh Bahmani, Mina Forouzandeh, Akram Hashemi,
Volume 14, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Abstract
From the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers aspired to produce an effective vaccine with appropriate efficacy and low side effects to mitigate the pandemic. It seems that vaccination is the only mean to save the world from this pandemic. In this article, we will review the ethical challenges of mass vaccination (focusing on the vaccine distribution and uptake), referring to the main principles of bioethics. Safe and standard manufacturing and passing scientific and ethical stages, as well as evaluation of efficacy and safety monitoring, are the main considerations in the production of vaccines. Justice requires that vulnerable and high-risk individuals be vaccinated sooner. Public vaccination must therefore be ethically prioritized. Individuals may for some reason resist vaccination. For example due to, the confusion caused by mass media information, public’s distrust of the medical profession, the proposed relationship between vaccination and development of certain diseases, and finally low death rate due to covid 19 in some groups, especially young and healthy individuals. However, as the disease is highly contagious and if it spreads, the death rate and hospitalization due to the disease rises sharply, and the consequences of the disease mainly affect vulnerable people, in moral decision-making, the benefits and harms of the vaccine for each person should be considered against the benefits for and harms to the society. In addition, to respect the individuals’ autonomy, cultural modalities and persuasive programs shall be considered. This article is aimed to address the ethical issues of the COVID-19 vaccine rollout while proposing practical solutions to handle them.
Hosein Fasihi, Seyyed Mohammad Hoseini Souraki,
Volume 14, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Abstract
It is clear that technologies related to medicine and genetics, especially genetic engineering and eugenics, have grown significantly in recent decades. These advances have led to prevention of abnormalities and treatment of diseases. However, it seems the use of genetic engineering and eugenics and the possibility of irresponsible and profitable use of these technologies it's worrying. Hence, some moral philosophers say that to use eugenics’ methods it is morally wrong. Because the result of eugenics is injustice. In this study, while referring to the meaning and types of eugenics and related ethical issues, moral considerations to eugenics are explained and analyzed with emphasis and focus on the violation of justice and with analysis and explanation, it becomes clear that with some wise decisions, injustice caused to eugenic can be prevented or reduced.
Soleyman Heidari , Banafshe Zarrabie,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
One of the infectious diseases that was widespread in Fars province during the first Pahlavi era (1925-1941) was smallpox. This disease spread in the early days of the Pahlavi dynasty in the cities of Fars province and its epidemic reached its peak in 1318 AD. Important measures were taken to control the disease, including smallpox inoculation. The smallpox inoculators tried to control the disease by creating fixed and mobile posts and by injecting the patient with smallpox fluid or animal smallpox fluid. Despite the efforts of local authorities in the field of smallpox, there were several obstacles and problems to reduce and eradicate the disease. This study intends to study the prevalence of smallpox in Fars and the trend of smallpox to deal with it in the first Pahlavi period by relying on unpublished documents in the Documents Organization and the National Library of Iran as well as the archives of local newspapers and using a descriptive-analytical method. Findings showed that despite the widespread epidemic of smallpox in Fars in the first Pahlavi period and the high mortality rate, the trend of smallpox inoculation progressed well and the government succeeded in using existing facilities and common methods to help control the disease in the regions of Fars.
Zeinab Karimi, Shokrallah Khakrand, Massoumeh Dehghan,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
The spread of epidemic diseases has always been one of the important issues in the scope of Islamic civilization The history of the plague epidemic dates back to ancient times So that the outbreak of the plague known as Justinian Plague in the late ancient period and its transfer to the Islamic period Muslims in the conquered lands Facing new issues Therefore, plague is one of the deadliest infectious diseases In the geographical scope Islamic civilization has been that in the early Islamic centuries It has caused damage to the social, economic and even intellectual and cultural structure of the Islamic society The land of sham has been one of the most plague-prone regions of Islamic civilization that repeatedly and consecutively And it happened with many injuries. This research aims to investigate the plague in the Sham region during the Umayyad period (661-749AD) Also, examine the reasons for its occurrence and the beliefs surrounding the plague in this region. The investigations of this research show The geographical location of the sham, its Mediterranean climate, and the location of the sham on the trade routes And the resulting changes It has been influential in the occurrence and spread of the plagueThe occurrence of the plague has also had important and interesting effects on the world view of Muslims. So that the plague was not considered an epidemic but as a result of divine mercy or divine punishment.
Aliyeh Jahanian, Amir Aghayali, Jamal Rezaei Orimi,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Quarantine has a long history in Iran. The spread of epidemic diseases led to the creation of quarantine establishments in Iran. During the Qajar period, quarantine was taken into consideration, and at the end of the 19th century, quarantine establishments were developed in the borders of Iran. Accordingly, in recent years, much research has been conducted on quarantine. The present study aimed to introduce and criticize the paper entitled, “Quarantines of Iran in the End of Ghajar and the Beginning of Pahlavi Era” by Kasiri and Dehghannejad. This analytical-critical study was conducted using library resources to introduce and evaluate the aforementioned paper. The text of the article is coherent and integrated and indicates the authors’ efforts to identify the problems and obstacles to implementing quarantine in Iran. Concerning the structure of the article, there are instances of inappropriate referencing, writing errors, and ambiguity in the scope and limits. Moreover, the failure to mention the effects of World War I on the severity of communicable diseases and quarantine and the vagueness of the prevalence of infectious diseases can be among the criticisms of the content and methodology. Although the abovementioned paper could present a new approach to the history of Quarantine in Iran in the Qajar and Pahlavi eras for the scholars of the history of medicine, it suffers from several structural, content, and methodological flaws. Therefore, given the importance of criticism in scientific studies and according to the analysis of this paper, the results could help enhance the quality of studies and scientific productions in this field.
Ali Hasan Rahmani, Ms Elahe Banafshe, Atefe Kamrani, Ms Azam Moridi, Ms Zohreh Yeganeh,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
A professional and educated midwifery workforce is essential to provide high-quality maternal and newborn care. Midwives’ awareness and knowledge of professional rules and regulations would be necessary for correct practice. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate midwives’ awareness and knowledge of the professional rules and regulations in Iran. In this systematic review study, the PICO guidelines were used to find the relevant articles through searching MeSH terms in Irandoc, SID, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane, Magiran, and PubMed databases up to September 7, 2023. The JBI checklist was used to assess the quality of the articles. This systematic review investigated 14 cross-sectional studies with a total of 2161 participants. The results demonstrated that midwives in Iran do not have a satisfactory level of awareness and knowledge about the professional rules and regulations. Based on the results, much more focus is required to enhance the awareness and knowledge of midwives about the professional rules and regulations. The results of this study can be used for developing educational programs on midwifery professional rules and regulations as a necessity for providing high-quality maternal and newborn care
Fatemeh Bahmani, Mahshad Noroozi, Narjes Kolahchi, Mostafa Ghanei,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Emerging biotechnologies contribute significantly to societal well-being by influencing social, economic, and health fields. Attitudes toward biotechnologies differ, in various situations and over time, based on new understanding and evidence. One issue always emphasized in the ethical evaluation of emerging technologies is their dangerous and problematic aspects for human life and well-being. Simultaneously, ethical assumptions can influence ethical decision-making toward employing these technologies, including liberty, technological optimism, determinism, the lifecycle, power, the form of life, technology neutrality, ambiguity, uncertainty, dual-use transformative potential, and the challenges that will be raised by them. For the ethical assessment of emerging technology, six principal methodologies are employed. The "principles-based approach" focuses on obtaining the intended goals rather than determining specific requirements, laws, standards, and obligations and avoids checklist design. The ethical principles raised by the principles-based approach are presented in this article, including risk-cost-benefit, adherence to individual rights, sustainability, naturalness, precautionary, trajectory, responsible stewardship, public beneficence, justice and fairness, democratic deliberation, and intellectual freedom.Finally, by presenting a conceptual model in applying the principles above in forming biotechnologies, eighteen operational recommendations are presented to facilitate the ethical evaluation and monitoring of emerging biotechnologies in the policy-making process in Iran.
Mojtaba Parsa,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Physician self-referral is the referral of a patient to a medical facility in which the referring physician has a financial interest. This can take two forms: internal referrals within the same office and external referrals, often involving joint ventures. Many claims, positive or negative, have been made regarding self-referral. Proponents claim that self referral causes, reduction of costs by fostering a competitive environment, encourage investment in health facilities particularly in underserved areas, financial benefits for both the doctor and the patient via cost reduction, and inhance the quality and accessibility of health services. Conversly, opponents, citing multiple studies, argue that self- referral may result in excessive and unnecessary utilization of healthcare services, leading to increased healthcare costs, low quality of services provided, and jeopardise patient safety. In certain countries, such as the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran, ethical codes address self-referral. These guidelines either deem it unethical or require disclosure, accompnied by regulations to govern this practice.
Hakimeh Mostafavi, Efat Mohamadi, Amirhossein Takian, Pr Alireza Olyaeemanesh,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Health inequalities in different populations continue to be the main challenge of health systems; Therefore, it is necessary to address health equity in the developed policies. The study aims to review the studies related to tools and models for assessing the impact of policies on equity in health. This study was conducted as a systematic review to identify the tools and models of assessing the impact of policies on equity in health and the process of assessing health outcomes from 2005 to 09/30/2022 in English and Farsi. National and international databases such as Scopus, PubMed/Medline, and Google Scholar were searched. First, 16901 studies were obtained. After the initial screening, 243 articles entered the abstract review phase. Then, 99 studies entered the phase of studying the text. Finally, 53 studies entered the final phase of analysis. Screening steps, identification of decision-making assessment scope, evaluation, and follow-up were the four dominant steps in most of the developed tools. The study showed that to choose the appropriate tool to assess the impact of policies on equity in health, it is necessary to pay attention to various factors such as assessment time, policy level, available resources, and the population affected by the desired policy.
Nehleh Zarei-Fard, Sedigheh Ebrahimi,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Medical science and ethics form an integral part of medical curricula. Cadaver dissection is the preferred educational tool in the early stages of medical education which provides a suitable opportunity to sow the seeds of medical ethics in the minds of future physicians. This review study aimed to investigate unethical events in the history of dissection and subsequent ethical evolutions in human dissection to highlight the need to uphold the ethical values related to donor bodies in the dissection hall. To find and evaluate related documents, the articles published from 2005 to 2023 were searched in Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Research Gate databases using relevant keywords. The results indicated that in the past, cadaver dissection was performed on the bodies of executed criminals or through illegal methods, and until the early 1960s, the ethical principle of respect for autonomy was overlooked. However, from the 20th century onwards, the use of donated bodies with informed consent became prominent, allowing universities in the 21st century to utilize this resource for education, thereby providing an acceptable solution to fill the ethical gaps in dissection. Clarifying the ethical standards associated with the use of donated bodies is essential for medical students. The human body represents a valuable scientific resource that warrants respectful treatment following established ethical guidelines and laws. Adhering to the highest ethical standards within educational institutions is necessary to ensure donors feel confident in their decisions.
Samira Orujlu, Arezoo Ghavi, Leila Valizadeh, Vahid Zamanzadeh, Sadat Seyed Bagher Maddah, Parvaneh Aghajari,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2025)
Abstract
Improving the quality of nursing services and enhancing ethical decision-making in clinical settings require greater attention to professional ethics. This study aimed to review and synthesize existing research on professional ethics in nursing in Iran, to organize, plan, and establish knowledge- and evidence-based decision-making, and also provide strategies for ethics-centered nursing in Iran. Iranian studies on ethics were reviewed without time limitations until June 22, 2023. Database search was conducted using keywords including "Nurse", "Nursing", "Ethics", "Professional ethics", "Nursing Care", "Codes of Ethics", "Patient Rights", "Conscience", and "Iran", as well as their Persian equivalents, combined with "AND" or "OR" operators. The included studies were analyzed utilizing the five-stage integrative review method proposed by Whittemore and Knafl. A total of 103 Persian and 59 English articles were reviewed. The results were organized into two main categories: achievements of professional ethics (encompassing knowledge, attitudes, and professional performance of nurses; nurses’ experiences with ethical care; positive outcomes of professional nursing ethics education; and the convergence of spiritual health with adherence to professional ethics and the need for an Islamic approach) and factors influencing ethical performance (including facilitators of ethical performance and barriers to adherence to professional ethics). Based on the findings, it is recommended that nursing care protocols and standards be developed, and various educational programs be conducted, including those on ethical care in emergencies and disasters, emotional and spiritual intelligence, training for clinical nursing managers, and the application of creative strategies for teaching clinical professional ethics.
Zahra Khalilzadeh-Farsangi, Samaneh Fallah-Karimi,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2025)
Abstract
With increasing life expectancy and a growing elderly population worldwide, elder care has become a major priority for health systems. These care services are accompanied by numerous ethical challenges, and neglecting them can negatively affect the dignity, rights, and quality of life of older adults. This study aimed to address the question: “What ethical challenges are faced in elder care?” Accordingly, a systematic review was conducted guided by PRISMA guidelines. To identify relevant studies, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, and Google Scholar were searched for the period 2013–2025, using the keywords “Ethical Challenges”, “Elderly Care”, “Nursing”, and their Persian equivalents. Inclusion criteria were original articles (qualitative, quantitative, experimental, or quasi-experimental) with a direct focus on ethical challenges in elder care, written in Persian or English, and with full-text availability. Exclusion criteria included letters to the editor and conference abstracts. The quality of the studies was assessed using the appraisal tool proposed by Gifford. In total, 31 eligible articles were included in the final analysis. The results indicated that ethical challenges in elder care can be classified into four main categories, including autonomy, justice, beneficence, and non-maleficence. Subthemes included privacy preservation, shared decision-making, end-of-life care, equitable resource allocation, and the prevention of physical and psychological harm. The findings underscored the necessity of strengthening ethics education and informing policymaking in elder care.
