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Showing 35 results for Ai
Human cloning technology by looking at the Sadraian anthropology
Laila Nikooienejad, Shamsollah Seraj,
Volume 8, Issue 4 (11-2015)
Abstract

Human cloning is among the newest and most advanced technologies in the field of medical sciences and genetics, and has been a popular topic of discussion throughout the 21st century. The success of scientists in the use of this technology on animals has caused great concern for outstanding thinkers of various fields.

Some issues that necessitate research on this subject include: physical injuries caused by manipulation of ovaries, the cell nucleus, and the embryo the possibility of mental and emotional damage, and premature aging potential threats to human will and discretion a violation of human dignity and conflicts with religions and world-views.

A philosophical outlook on these issues can guide the researcher from the surface to the root of the problem and redirect such concerns, and at the same time shed light on the existing disputes between scholars of natural sciences and humanities regarding the cloning technology. This will be especially true if such an outlook is based on a tradition as rich as the Iranian Islamic philosophy. The present article uses analytical library research to investigate the anthropological teachings of Sadraian philosophy from the ontological and epistemological point of view. The article then proceeds to examine the outcomes and consequences of the cloning technology according to this doctrine.

It seems that the anthropological principles embedded in or hidden behind therapeutic or reproductive cloning technology are not in conflict with Sadraian anthropology.


An ethical approach to providing medical, supportive and palliative services for infants with chronic renal failure and their families
Malihe Kadivar, Mansure Madani, Marjan Mardani Hamooleh, Nazafarin Ghasemzadeh,
Volume 8, Issue 5 (2-2016)
Abstract

Chronic renal failure in infants is a life-threatening condition that can also severely affect their families. Patients and their families are under great physical, mental and social pressure, and therefore require medical, palliative and supportive care. Moreover, ethics has an important role in care for these infants and their families. The purpose of this study was to identify an ethical approach to providing medical, supportive and palliative services for infants with chronic renal failure and their families. The study was based on a case report in the Medical Ethics Grand Rounds of the Children's Medical Center in Tehran, Iran. The case pertained to a male newborn infant with diagnosis of renal failure. Assessments indicated severe bilateral hydronephrosis and multicystic dysplastic kidneys accompanied by high creatinine levels. The patient underwent surgery but further evaluations revealed a low glomerular filtration rate accompanied by elevated blood pressure. The physicians suggested insertion of a catheter for CAPD (continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) after the initial peritoneal dialysis until a kidney transplant was performed. The proposal, however, was rejected by the parents and the patient was discharged by their consent. A few weeks later, the infant expired at home. It seems that health professionals need effective ethical strategies to offer medical, supportive and palliative services for infants with chronic renal failure and their families


Conflict of Interest in Dentistry
Mojtaba Parsa, Azam Khorshidian,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
The emergence of different types of economic relations and the desire of professionals to earn more income has led to new challenges such as conflicts of interest in the dental profession. The community expects dentists to prioritize the health and the interests of their patients in their professional activities. In this regard, one of the most important dilemmas is the confrontation between the professional duties of dentists and their profit. Business goals being preferred rather than providing specialized knowledge services by dentist is a major concern, which can lead to patients’ distrust. Fee splitting, Self-referral, receiving gifts from the patient and industrial companies are among the most significant type of conflicts of interest in the profession, which are discussed in this article in the form of four clinical cases.

Right to Choose between Life- Sustaining Treatments and Palliative Care in the Shi'ite Jurisprudential Perspective
Saeid Rahaie, Fatemeh Heidari,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
Patients with advanced, progressive, non-curable, or hardly cured illnesses, found themselves in a situation where therapeutic measures have no effect in improving their condition and health status and they are gradually pushed toward death. Care provided to the patient, during this period, is known as end-of-life care which include life-sustaining treatments and palliative care. Life- sustaining treatments are such that give patient the chance for living longer but inflict lots of suffering upon the patient. While in palliative care, the patient probably survives for a shorter period, but suffers less. The question is whether the patient can choose between the two methods? Considering the Jurisprudential rule of “the necessity to safeguard human life”, most of the Muslim Jurists believe that the patient cannot rule out the first method (i.e. life- sustaining treatment). This study first examines the evidence of the rule, and explained the viewpoints of the Muslim Jurists about choosing between these caring methods, and proves that, despite accepting the rule, it is limited by the rules of “no hardship“ (la haraj) and “prohibition of detriment”(la zarar) and moreover the rule of “the domination”(saltanat). However, it can be said that, regarding the evidence of rule “the necessity to safeguard human life”, patients who are at this stage are excluded from the subject matter of this rule.

Compliance with the Code of Nursing Ethics to Deal HIV/AIDS Patients among Nurses Work in Internal and Surgical Wards of On of the Hospitals in Shiraz in 2015
Hossein Mahmoodian, Haseli Sara,
Volume 11, Issue 0 (3-2018)
Abstract
Ethical approach is one of the most important features of medical staffs expected to be used. One of the most important diseases that have been allocated to high moral challenges is HIV/AIDS. Nurses should provide standard care to these patients in their professional careers. In this descriptive study, 136 nurses working in the internal and surgical wards of one of the hospitals in Shiraz were selected through a cross-sectional questionnaire in 2015.Frequency of compliance with ethical values of nurses toward HIV/AIDS patients within various aspects showed that in total 40.4% of nurses in the observance of moral values has unsatisfactory performance, 33.1% relatively good performance and 26.5% has optimal performance. (P-value: 0.018)The mean score of different dimensions to separate parts of questionnaire showed no significant difference in dealing with AIDS patients among nurses according to different ages, sex and working years. The mean score of the separation of education in the respect of client/patient and keep his human dignity significantly differ between Diploma, B.S and M.S. Findings showed poor compliance with ethical code among nurses toward HIV/AIDS patients. Due to importance of ethical approach towards patients especially this vulnerable group of patients, regular educational program in relation to AIDS patients, in order to improve the quality of services, is recommended.

The Relationship of Perceived Intimacy from the Main Family and Work-Family Conflict with Empathy and Addiction to Work in Medical Staff
Shahriar Dargahi, Behrouz Barati Moghadam, Soliman Ahmadboukani, Nader Ayadi,
Volume 12, Issue 0 (3-2019)
Abstract
According to the important role of family factors in people quality of work and the importance of correct emotional relationship of medical staff in patients' satisfaction and spirits, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between perceived intimacy from the main family and work-family conflict with empathy and addiction to work in the medical staff. This study was a description of correlation type. The statistical population of this study included all the medical staff of medical centers in Bojnourd city in the 2018-19 year. Among them 250 person were selected by available sampling method. For data collection we used main family health Questionnaire, work-family conflict questionnaire, Lamonica empathy scale, and work addiction questionnaire. To analyze the data of this study, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software (version 25) was used. The results of Pearson correlation showed that perceived intimacy from the main family had a positive and significant correlation with empathy and negative correlation with addiction to work. Also, the results indicated that there is a significant correlation between work-family conflicts with empathy, but there was not a significant correlation between work-family conflicts and addiction to work. The results of the present study indicate the role of family system and its internal conflicts on empathy with patients and work addiction in hospital staff, which emphasizes the need to pay more attention to the improvement of quality of family life of health care staff.

Health as Human Right; Legal Narrative of “Governance For Health” Logic
Valiallah Vahdaninia, Mir Sajad Said Mosavi, Mohammad Amin Vahdaninia, Abbas Vosoogh Moghaddam,
Volume 13, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
The "Legal language" has provided a strong supportive argument for right to health advocacy. In such a way that, human rights rules has been established as the most important globalized political value at the heart of the theory and practice of public health discourse. Its power of enforceability guaranties fair distribution of health resources in each country. At the same time, the right to health, the “Right-claim” which has been identified by international and national documents  requires preconditions that will not come true without the proper cultural, social, economic, and political infrastructures, in general the factors shaping the "context of people's lives”. In other words, a legal reasoning for right to health can be followed by an argument for the right to health determinants. Therefore, by adopting an epistemological approach, this paper presents a legal narrative of “governance for health”. This paper creates a new perspective on the "right to health" debates. Additionally, it provides powerful arguments that health policy should be based on a perception of factors with major impacts on the people health and what have being described as "health hazard", "health protector", and "health promoter". However, this claim for right to health as an "individual enforceable right" is criticized, and there may be theoretical and practical obstacles to the full realization of this human right.

Spanish Influenza in Mashhad from 1918 to 1920
Seyyed Alireza Golshani, Gholamreza Azari Khakestar,
Volume 14, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Abstract
Spanish flu was one of the harshest historical pandemics in the northeastern Iran, which killed many local people. Its first outbreak in Mashhad dates back to August 3 and 4, 1918. This disease continued until 1920 in successive waves. The death toll of this disease in Mashhad (with a population of 100,000 people at the time) was possibly as high as 3,500. Moreover, this disease caused outbreak of other diseases. In fact, it killed five percent of this city’s population and resulted in huge deaths in this city. This paper takes the importance of Mashhad’s medical history into consideration and at the same time investigates the outstanding role of Spanish influenza, World War I, and the presence of Russians who were the main cause of this outbreak in Mashhad, and the reaction of Iranian and foreign physicians to this disease and the medicine they prescribed, as well as the significant role of British in fake Persian Famine, opium addiction, and food poverty.

HIV/AIDS Diagnosis and the Importance of Counseling and Confidentiality: A Case Report
Nahid Khademi, Fariba Asghari,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Confidentiality in AIDS patients is one of the necessities of medical ethics, which has attracted the attention of policymakers in the health field in the last few decades because, on the one hand, it increases the trust between patients and doctors. On the other hand, it encourages them to adhere to treatment and do necessary care to patients in order to prevent the transmission of the disease to others. However, it may lead to a breach of benevolence and others’ right to health and cause problems in providing health care.  Here we discuss a practical solution for this problem through a clinical case presentation.
A Critique on Increasing the Numbers of Medical Sciences Trainees
Roghayeh Gandomkar,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
One of the duties of the government is to train and provide the expert workforce to provide quality health services to society. During the last four decades, the Ministry of Health and Medical Education has prioritized one of the policies to increase the number of medical science students or to improve the quality of education based on the needs of society. Following the approval and initiation of the policy to expand the number of medical sciences students and considering its proponents and opponents, in this article, various aspects of increasing students include the supply of workforce in response to the demands of society and the challenges of ensuring the quality of education has been discussed. Previous studies show this is a multifaceted issue that requires comprehensive mixed-method studies taking into account all the influencing factors such as the high tendency of health workers to immigrate, low retention in less privileged areas, economic problems and other factors. In addition, expanding the numbers requires infrastructure, concise planning to provide high-quality education, and monitoring of the educational system and learners in terms of achieving the desired competencies. In case of not paying attention to ensuring the quality of education in all three dimensions of input, process and output, the increase of numbers will ultimately be counterproductive and will lead to jeopardizing the safety and health of patients.

Credibility and Ethical Principles in Allameh Tabatabai’s Perspective: Foundations for Recognizing and Determining Values
Hossein Fasihi, Seyed Ahmad Fazeli,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
This study analyzed the credibility perceptions from the perspective of Allameh Tabatabai, one of the prominent Iranian philosophers in the field of philosophy of ethics. Tabatabai emphasizes the significance of credibility based on fundamental values such as truth and justice, arguing that credibility should be rooted in these values. He also pays attention to the analysis of credibility perceptions and underscores their importance in human behaviors and decision-making. The study further delved into how individuals’ credibility perceptions are formed and highlighted the significance of grounding these perceptions on rational arguments, as well as religious and mystical experiences. Credibility perceptions play a crucial role in shaping ethical values and principles and have a direct impact on human ethical behaviors. Moreover, Tabatabai emphasizes the importance of willpower, faith, and piety in shaping human ethical behaviors, explaining that, for individuals to achieve their goals, they must possess knowledge and awareness and make decisions to perform actions based on precise knowledge. These credibility perceptions not only play a vital role in human interaction with the material world but also contribute to the formation of their ethical cognition. Finally, the study demonstrated that analyzing credibility perceptions and focusing on ethical principles and values can contribute to the establishment of suitable ethical environments required for the formation of ethical behaviors. In other words, this study considered credibility perceptions as a solution to addressing ethical challenges in societies and cultures

Exploring Advance Directives and End-of-Life Preferences in Heart Failure Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Aydin Feyzi, Amirali Soheili, Samira Chaibakhsh, Fidan Shabani, Shiva Khaleghparast,
Volume 17, Issue 0 (12-2024)
Abstract
Advance directives (ADs) are legal instruments that enable individuals to express their healthcare preferences in anticipation of a future loss of decision-making capacity. These directives are particularly important in the context of chronic conditions such as heart failure (HF), a disease marked by progressive functional decline and unpredictable medical crises. ADs help safeguard patient autonomy by ensuring that care aligns with personal values and preferences, especially at the end of life. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines to examine the preferences of patients with heart failure regarding life-sustaining treatments and end-of-life decision-making. A comprehensive literature search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, covering publications up to March 2024. Search terms included "advance directive," "advance care planning," "heart failure," and "end-of-life decision-making." Studies were included if they were original, peer-reviewed, full-text articles focusing on HF patients aged 18 and older. Non-peer-reviewed works and inaccessible full texts were excluded. A total of 25 eligible studies were identified and appraised using the NIH quality assessment tool. Extracted data included demographic characteristics, preferences for treatment, surrogate decision-making, and educational interventions. Findings from the reviewed literature reveal consistently low levels of awareness and completion of ADs among HF patients. Completion rates varied significantly across studies, reflecting potential cultural and systemic influences. Preferences for surrogate decision-makers overwhelmingly favored family members over healthcare professionals. A notable finding from Jawahri et al. (2016) indicated that patients who received video-based education were significantly less inclined to choose cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or mechanical ventilation compared to those receiving only verbal information. Additional qualitative insights, such as those from Formiga et al. (2004), showed that patients prioritized maintaining dignity, independence, and meaningful relationships over merely extending life. These patterns highlight the necessity of aligning care with patients’ broader goals and values. Across the 25 studies included, a total of 4,091 heart failure patients were analyzed, with a mean age of 68.22 years. Meta-analytic findings demonstrated diverse preferences regarding life-sustaining interventions: approximately 53.73% of patients favored such treatments, while 45.37% declined CPR. These statistics underscore a substantial variability in end-of-life preferences, further reinforcing the need for individualized care planning. In conclusion, patients with heart failure display heterogeneous preferences concerning end-of-life care, shaped by cultural context, personal values, and the type of information provided. Despite the established importance of ADs, significant deficits in awareness, understanding, and documentation persist. These findings point to a critical need for tailored educational interventions, improved provider-patient communication, and culturally sensitive approaches to advance care planning. Future research should focus on designing and integrating standardized AD facilitation tools into routine clinical practice to support truly patient-centered care.

Survey of COPE, ICMJE, CIOMS, and WAME Statements/Opinions on the Use of AI in Scientific Publications
Abdolhassan Kazemi,
Volume 17, Issue 0 (12-2024)
Abstract
Journals have begun publishing articles in which chatbots, such as Bard, Bing, and ChatGPT, have been utilized, with some even listing chatbots as co-authors. The legal status of authorship varies by country, but under most jurisdictions, an author must be a legal person. Chatbots do not meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) authorship criteria, particularly requirements such as giving “final approval of the version to be published” and being “accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.” No AI tool can “understand” a conflict-of-interest statement or sign it, nor do chatbots have independent affiliations apart from their developers. Since authors submitting a manuscript must ensure that all listed authors meet the required criteria, chatbots cannot be considered authors. Authors should disclose the use of chatbots and provide detailed information about how they were employed. The extent and type of chatbot usage in journal publications should be clearly indicated, in line with the ICMJE recommendation to acknowledge writing assistance and detail the study's methods and results. When chatbots or AI tools are used to draft new text, authors must note such use in the acknowledgments. All prompts employed to generate text, convert text into tables or illustrations, or draft figures should be specified. If an AI tool was used for analytical work, reporting results (e.g., generating tables or figures), or writing computer codes, this should be explicitly stated in the paper’s Abstract and Methods sections. For transparency and reproducibility, authors should include the complete prompt used to generate results, the query’s time and date, and details of the AI tool, including its version. Authors remain fully responsible for material generated by a chatbot, including its accuracy and the absence of plagiarism. They must also ensure appropriate attribution of all sources, including original sources for content produced by the chatbot. Authors must confirm that the work reflects their data and ideas and is free from plagiarism, fabrication, or falsification. Otherwise, submitting such material for publication constitutes scientific misconduct. Proper attribution of quoted material, with full citations, is essential, and cited sources must align with the chatbot’s claims. Since chatbots may omit sources opposing the viewpoints in their output, it is the author’s responsibility to identify, review, and include such counterviews in their articles. (It is worth noting that biases are not exclusive to AI; human authors are also subject to them.) Editors and peer reviewers should disclose any use of chatbots in manuscript evaluation or correspondence. If they employ chatbots in communications with authors or colleagues, they must clarify how the chatbot was used. Editors and reviewers are responsible for any content and citations generated by chatbots. They should also be mindful that chatbots may retain the prompts and manuscript content provided to them, which could breach the confidentiality of submitted manuscripts. Authors must specify the chatbot used and the exact prompts (query statements) employed. They should detail steps taken to mitigate the risks of plagiarism, provide balanced perspectives, and ensure the accuracy of all references. Editors require effective tools to detect content generated or modified by AI. These tools should be universally accessible, regardless of financial constraints, to uphold scientific integrity and minimize the risk of misinformation that could adversely affect public health. Many medical journal editors currently rely on manuscript evaluation approaches that are not designed to address AI-related challenges, such as manipulated or plagiarized text, fabricated images, and papermill-generated documents. This puts them at a disadvantage when distinguishing legitimate from fabricated content, and the emergence of chatbots exacerbates these challenges. Access to advanced tools that enable efficient and accurate content evaluation is particularly vital for editors of medical journals, where misinformation can have severe consequences, including harm to patients.
 

The Necessity of Social Solidarity and Sustainability Principles in Health System Programs
Mehran Seif-Farshad,
Volume 17, Issue 0 (12-2024)
Abstract
Health care services, in addition to being recognized as fundamental rights in various global human rights declarations, play a crucial role in advancing the development of human societies. The four principles of biomedical ethics introduced by Beauchamp and Childress—autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice—are pivotal for ethical analysis and decision-making. However, certain other dimensions, which may not be explicitly addressed within these principles, are essential for policymaking at both macro and micro levels in health care. Two such important principles are social solidarity and sustainability, both of which hold a prominent position in health systems planning. The principle of social solidarity refers to the ways in which unity, cohesion, and collaboration are fostered within a community. A socially cohesive society embraces cultural diversity, respects human rights and the rule of law, and demonstrates a shared commitment to social order and collective responsibility. Social solidarity can significantly reduce health risks by creating a strong societal framework where cooperative efforts foster conditions for well-being, minimizing disability and disease. On the other hand, a health care system is fundamentally responsible for establishing and maintaining a sustainable and high-quality care environment. Sustainability in health services is achieved when ethical obligations—such as maximizing possible benefits, balancing risks against benefits, ensuring fairness (including for future generations), and respecting public rights—are prioritized. Continuity of health care ensures better coordination and improved delivery of services. Disruptions in health policies or intermittent provision of health services can severely undermine public trust. A conceptual understanding of sustainability and continuity in public health ethics is crucial, as these principles ensure that health policies, programs, and services enable access to the highest attainable standard of health, free from economic, social, or political instability. However, sustainability should not imply stagnation; services must remain responsive to the evolving needs of populations and societies. Ignoring these two principles in health policymaking and program design can seriously erode public trust and ultimately harm individual and Health system planning, should be changed to Health care programs.

Defensive Medicine: A Serious Threat to Iran's Healthcare System
Ehsan Shamsi Gooshki,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Defensive medicine refers to actions taken by doctors and other medical professionals to protect themselves against potential threats and risks, particularly to prevent patient complaints or convictions in court, which is carried out in various forms including positive and negative defensive medicine. Since the primary motivation behind such actions, often viewed as morally unjustified, is to avoid legal proceedings and lawsuits, court rulings against doctors can intensify these behaviors. Reports of criminal sentences against some doctors in Iran and reactions from professional associations highlight the significance of this issue. This study examined the effects of such sentences on the healthcare system by referring to available documents and data on the widespread prevalence of defensive medicine in Iran, offering some suggestions for managing the issue. The objective of the study was to emphasize the importance of acknowledging the defensive motivations of doctors in healthcare and its influential factors, particularly the fear of criminal convictions, which can increase defensive behaviors among doctors and amplify their negative impacts on the healthcare system.

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