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Changes in creation and germ cell engineering: ethical analysis
Fatemeh Torof,
Volume 5, Issue 7 (2-2013)
Abstract

Human germ cell engineering is a modern technology researched with the aim of studying perennial hereditary mutations in herbaceous, animal and human generations. It has led to abundant arguments and discords among ethics and law experts. Possible changes in the human genome that are identified - according to deceleration of human genome and human rights - as the heritage of humanity and the fundamental unity of all members of the human family lead to questions about the relations between this technology and the normal process of creation. At first glance it seems that human germ cell engineering may lead to innovations in the ordinary institution of creation and the old customs of reproduction. Pursuing the contrasting viewpoints on human germ cell engineering, we can observe an essential and material concern about "changing God's creation" or "interference in the will of God"."Changing God's creation" is a current term in Islamic juridical and moral literature. It performs the main role in the legal destiny of genetically engineered creations so the assertion of this phrase about a being can lead to its natural prohibition. The majority of Moslem interpreters maintain that creation bears upon man's Godly disposition, which is unchangeable. In this research, adopting a dominant approach, the author thinks that the process of human germ cell engineering is not exclusively a sample for the term "changing God's creation". In this article we will try to analyze the potentials of the subject of change in genetic engineering of the human germ cell while taking into consideration the holy religion of Islam.


Ethical and legal nature of the human embryo regarding human germ line gene engineering
Fatemeh Torof,
Volume 6, Issue 2 (5-2013)
Abstract

 Practically, scientific foundations illustrate that the embryo plays a main role in the related technical scenarios. Considering this fact, if technical researches orientated to human subjects, essential legal and juridical arguments will be generated. This article aims to offer a new analysis about moral and juridical nature of human embryo and the associated parental relationships. Adopting this idea that the embryo before 4th month has no human dignity, the author attempted to present a parental relationship based on ownership and material value. Although the author believes that this idea is built on the legal foundations, it primarily seems that the adopted idea will be faced to moral challenges. From the stand point of this article the concept of the material value of the embryo absolutely refers to an intrinsic value and it doesn’t necessarily relate to financial treats. On the other hand, according to the main pure content of the Islamic juridical rule of Taslit, it illustrates that the right of ownership has been limited by different restrictions .


Development and psychometric properties of Inherent Dignity Questionnaire in heart failure patients
Hossein Bagheri, Faride Yaghmaei, Tahere Ashktorab, Farid Zayeri,
Volume 6, Issue 6 (2-2014)
Abstract
Respect for the inherent dignity of human beings means respecting their basic rights in different environments, and this has an important role in studies and discussions about health care. This study was conducted on the development and psychometric properties of the Inherent Dignity Questionnaire (IDQ) in heart failure patients. The present study is a methodological research for designing a questionnaire. First, 22 patients with class II to IV heart failure were chosen by purposive sampling from patients of Hazrate Rasoule Akram, Imam Hossein and Shariati hospitals of Tehran, and semi-structured interviews were conducted on ethical issues until data saturation was achieved. A qualitative content analysis was carried out to analyze the interviews. Then, based on the findings obtained from the interviews, literature, and the designed questionnaires about inherent dignity, 39 items associated with inherent dignity in heart failure patients were developed. The face validity of the questionnaire was determined. To measure the content validity of the questionnaire, opinions of 12 experts were used considering Content Validity Index (CVI), Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Lawshe table. To assess construct validity of the IDQ, exploratory factor analysis and to determine the reliability of the questionnaire, internal consistency with Chronbach’s alpha coefficient and split-half method were used on 130 patients with heart failure. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 19.Through face validity and content validity analysis, 4 out of the 39 primary items were removed, leaving 35 items. Through exploratory factor analysis, 11 items with factor loading less than 0.5 were removed and the IDQ was created with 24 items and three factors (9 items on the first factor, 8 items on the second factor and 7 items on third factor). These factors were: "inherent dignity in family", "inherent dignity in the community" and "inherent dignity in health care environments". Reliability of the Social Dignity Questionnaire (SDQ) was calculated to be 0.94 by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and 0.96 by using split-half method.Results of this study showed that the IDQ is adequately valid and reliable. Therefore, using this questionnaire can be beneficial to planning support for patients and improving their treatment and care and doing further research related to dignity in different patients.
Nurses’ lived experiences of preservation of patients’ dignity
Arpi Manookian, Mohammad Ali Cheraghi, Alireza Nikbakht Nasrabadi, Hamid Peiravi, Mahboubeh Shali,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (5-2014)
Abstract
Considering and preserving patients’ human dignity is one of the most essential moral obligations in the medical and nursing professions. Indeed, respecting patients’ human dignity is the essence of nursing care which is frequently emphasized by national and international nursing standards.This study was conducted based on the qualitative approach, using an interpretive phenomenological method, which aimed to explore the meaning of patients’ dignity preservation based on nurses’ lived experiences. Using purposeful sampling method, a sample of 12 participants was chosen and the data were collected through 16 individual, in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The transcribed interviews were analyzed based on the hermeneutic approach using the analysis method proposed by Diekelmann, Allen and Tanner (1989). The mentioned interviews continued until no new meanings emerged and until the researchers were satisfied with the depth of their understanding. Through fusion of the horizons of the participants’ lived experiences and the researchers’ pre-understandings, the extracted meanings of patients’ dignity preservation emerged as: “respecting the equal human essence”, “providing professional patient-centered care” and “respecting the rights of patients’ companions”.The findings revealed that it is essential to respect the patients’ and also their companions’ rights and recognize the humanness and individuality of each patient for preserving and promoting patients’ dignity and providing more dignified care at the bedside.
Human dignity: contraction or abstraction?
Seyed Abdolsaleh Jafarey, Behin Araminia, Ahmad Fayaz-Bakhsh,
Volume 7, Issue 5 (1-2015)
Abstract
The nature of human dignity is among the most basic queries about the essence of humanity, and research in this area can produce results that may be applied to various health related topics. There is a need for defining comprehensive criteria for the bio-human in order to protect human rights and other values that are attributable to human biology.The present paper first attempts to determine whether abstraction is the base of human dignity, as opposed to contraction. The authors argue that the former may not be the case, as dignity is value-based and therefore implicates moral orders. Such issues cannot be abstracted from external existence, so one can assume contraction to be the base of human dignity. In that case, contraction requires a contractor or an origin for contraction. Self-contracted values are invalid and worthless, and by the same token, external existences are incapable of dignity. Therefore, a stable contractor is required to justify stability and the native essence of contracted dignity, and only God can be that stable, conscious, senior contractor.Among the criteria for dignity, the authors focus on those essential characteristics that differentiate humans from other organisms, and argue that these could be considered as the basis for dignity.
Human commodification and ownership claims in biotechnology
Abdolhassan Kazemi, Soraya Mahmoud,
Volume 7, Issue 5 (1-2015)
Abstract
Genes are considered as “green gold” in this era of biotechnology. Currently, multinational companies and governments search continents to find this valuable asset in the hope to discover people with unique genetic characteristics that can be converted into capital and marketed in the future. Modern economy provides the framework to analyze any new technology from the advantage perspective and has vastly transformed the concept of capital and market thus, humans or any organism with specific genetic characteristics can be converted to capital and offered in profitable markets. Patenting and ownership of genetic resources without consideration for principles of inherent human rights will impact the society and result in a violation of these rights, especially those of vulnerable individuals and groups. In spite of the numerous benefits of biotechnology for individuals and the society, the risks to human dignity, equality, health, autonomy and research, as well as the possibility of information abuse should not be ignored, especially considering the alliance between technology and economy. Biotechnology can make claims to ownership of human life and desired genetic traits, and this is a problem caused by the biotechnology revolution in developing countries and consequently, indigenous peoples of these countries have shown different reactions to such issues. This article will discuss “human commodification”, which is a serious concern in the field of biotechnology in our world today
Human dignity: Criterion
Seyed Abdolsaleh Jafarey, Behin Araminia, Ahmad Fayaz-Bakhsh,
Volume 7, Issue 6 (3-2015)
Abstract
The criteria for human dignity are among the most important topics associated with the concept. Some related questions are what makes man worthy of dignity, and what properties make him more dignified than other creatures? Although biological classifications of species should be considered in humanities, research on dignity must focus on differences that are fundamental and separate humans from all other species. Morphological, genetic and communal differences cannot be the criteria for dignity, and behaviors are subject to individual outlooks. This manner of reasoning guided scholars to categorize humans on the basis of wisdom, but the author of the present article believes that wisdom cannot be the criterion for dignity. There is a degree of intelligence and wisdom in other creatures that is not sufficient to make a fundamental differentiating factor. Like other faculties, wisdom may be regarded as an instrument for a better life. The authors believes that the “authority” to choose (that is, free will) is the essential difference between humans and other creatures because the latter are driven only by their structures or needs. This authority enables people to choose between good and bad or desirable and undesirable, and shapes most human values. Consequently, this authority creates the basis for dignity and any given type of choice passes its value on to the chooser.
The effect of personal and organizational factors on nurses’ knowledge oriented generosity: a research in Beheshti Hospital of Yasouj
Habibollah Ranaei Kordshouli, Mousa Izadi, Ahmad Allahyari Bouzanjani,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (7-2015)
Abstract

This study aims to investigate the effect of personal and organizational factors on nurses’ generosity in knowledge sharing. For this purpose, a questionnaire was used to gather the required data from the nurses in Beheshti Hospital of Yasouj. The data were then analyzed using descriptive tests (SPSS Software) as well as structural equation modeling (Smart PLS Software). The following factors were found to influence nurses’ generosity in knowledge sharing respectively: organizational culture (&beta: 0.25 T: 5.02), supervisory (&beta: 0.10 T: 4.63), and human resources management (&beta: 0.05 T: 4.36). Some personal factors affecting nurses’ generosity in sharing knowledge included: willingness to help others (&beta: 0.32 T: 4.18) and trust in colleagues (&beta: 0.16 T: 3.02), respectively, but the effect of nurses’ perceived self-efficacy on their generosity in knowledge sharing was not significant (&beta: 0.08 T: 0.54). It can therefore be concluded that both personal and organizational factors are effective on nurses’ generosity in sharing knowledge, although the former appears to have a greater influence.


Human cloning technology by looking at the Sadraian anthropology
Laila Nikooienejad, Shamsollah Seraj,
Volume 8, Issue 4 (11-2015)
Abstract

Human cloning is among the newest and most advanced technologies in the field of medical sciences and genetics, and has been a popular topic of discussion throughout the 21st century. The success of scientists in the use of this technology on animals has caused great concern for outstanding thinkers of various fields.

Some issues that necessitate research on this subject include: physical injuries caused by manipulation of ovaries, the cell nucleus, and the embryo the possibility of mental and emotional damage, and premature aging potential threats to human will and discretion a violation of human dignity and conflicts with religions and world-views.

A philosophical outlook on these issues can guide the researcher from the surface to the root of the problem and redirect such concerns, and at the same time shed light on the existing disputes between scholars of natural sciences and humanities regarding the cloning technology. This will be especially true if such an outlook is based on a tradition as rich as the Iranian Islamic philosophy. The present article uses analytical library research to investigate the anthropological teachings of Sadraian philosophy from the ontological and epistemological point of view. The article then proceeds to examine the outcomes and consequences of the cloning technology according to this doctrine.

It seems that the anthropological principles embedded in or hidden behind therapeutic or reproductive cloning technology are not in conflict with Sadraian anthropology.


Right to Choose between Life- Sustaining Treatments and Palliative Care in the Shi'ite Jurisprudential Perspective
Saeid Rahaie, Fatemeh Heidari,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
Patients with advanced, progressive, non-curable, or hardly cured illnesses, found themselves in a situation where therapeutic measures have no effect in improving their condition and health status and they are gradually pushed toward death. Care provided to the patient, during this period, is known as end-of-life care which include life-sustaining treatments and palliative care. Life- sustaining treatments are such that give patient the chance for living longer but inflict lots of suffering upon the patient. While in palliative care, the patient probably survives for a shorter period, but suffers less. The question is whether the patient can choose between the two methods? Considering the Jurisprudential rule of “the necessity to safeguard human life”, most of the Muslim Jurists believe that the patient cannot rule out the first method (i.e. life- sustaining treatment). This study first examines the evidence of the rule, and explained the viewpoints of the Muslim Jurists about choosing between these caring methods, and proves that, despite accepting the rule, it is limited by the rules of “no hardship“ (la haraj) and “prohibition of detriment”(la zarar) and moreover the rule of “the domination”(saltanat). However, it can be said that, regarding the evidence of rule “the necessity to safeguard human life”, patients who are at this stage are excluded from the subject matter of this rule.

Rethinking Article 495 of the Islamic Penal Code (the Liability of Physician) Based on the Emerging “Quality of Law” Principle
Hassanali Moazenzadegan, Hamed Rahdarpour,
Volume 11, Issue 0 (3-2018)
Abstract
Since 1984, criminal law more than any other period has been specified under the framework of human rights and consequently limited based on its principal. It was followed by the emergence of a new approach called “quality of law principle”. In criminal law, which was presented by European Court of Human Rights for the first time then in the content of verdicts issued by this international judicial institute and reconsideration of criminal law legality principle, it has developed and become more consistent with social justice and manners. According to this principle, the qualitative law is a law which is consistent with quality elements of law based on human rights and moral principles. It is interesting to note that lack of each requirement voids the related law and according to Court’s case law, the existence of such law would not be different from lack of law. In present paper, through the investigation of physician liability and focus on article 495 of Islamic Penal Code as the key to legislation in this regard, and given the requirements of quality of law principle, it has been concluded that the above mentioned provision and all other articles related to this context are not consistent with elements of “the Quality of Law”, thus with failure to meet the minimum criteria of justice, social morality and human rights, the law fails to have the required quality and consequently, it is recommended to legislate based on the criteria of Quality of Law.

Examining the Implications of Biomedical and Humanistic Philosophy on Medical Education
Zahra Asgari, Mohammad Hosein Heidari , Ramezan Barkhordari, Behnoosh Esteki,
Volume 11, Issue 0 (3-2018)
Abstract
Medical Philosophy is essential part of medical ethics and history. I has long history and owes its current status to developments resulted by historical, philosophical, social, and cultural experiences. The most important reflection of its revolution is its influence on the goals and missions of higher education in different time periods. In this study, two of the most important philosophical perspectives towards the medical education are compared with the aim of investigating possibilities and limits of each perspective in general education, specialized education, and treatment. The descriptive-analytical method is used for this comparison. These two perspectives are: 1) biomedical philosophy, which is based solely on human biological mechanisms, and 2) humanistic philosophy, which is based on the integrity of the human being. The results of this study show that medical education from the perspective of the biomedical philosophy focuses on specialized education, and treatment from this perspective is performed in the form of a patriarchal relationship. Whereas, from the humanistic perspective, general education is based on the integrity of the human being (including biological, psychological, and ontological) together with the specialized education. Treatment in this approach is achieved through a collaborative relationship between the physician and the patient.

 

A Review of the Basis of Fetal Dignity in Some Contemporary Medical Ethics Theories
Jannat Mashayekhi, Zeinab Derakhshan, Alireza Parsapoor,
Volume 12, Issue 0 (3-2019)
Abstract
The human moral or, in other words, his human dignity has long been the subject of discussions among various thinkers. Almost all theories that have addressed this issue are in principle the dignity of man and the supremacy of his position in relation to all beings, but what makes a different perspective on this topic is the criterion of this dignity and excellence. Making essential decisions for the fetus, including preserving the fetus or abortion, is one of the main applications of the principle of human dignity and is directly is influenced by its human and ethical status. Two groups of theories have focused on the issue of the dignity of the fetus: secular theories and theories based on religions and schools. The secular ideas, have some attractions that human intuition accepts them to some extent, but none is free of criticism, and the critique of each theory is all remarkableness and worthwhile. Hence, this article, while it is reviewing some of the secular views and the views of religions and schools on the status of the embryo and addressing some criticisms of them, provides the dominant human-being theory of fetus based on Shi'a thought and introduces the valuable position of man from fetal times. Finding the root of human dignity by relying on human thought and without resorting to revelation inspiration is faced to serious challenges. Human embryos, due to the ability to become human, have been at the beginning of being a valuable place that increases the value of fetal age when it increases its age so that it is not worthy of human dignity with God's soul. But because its granting by the Lord on the basis of the religious teaching perception, the egg cell should not only be eliminated, but also should be taken care of and protected due to its potential to become human

Human Cloning and Ethical Principles for Research Involving Human Subjects
Ali Mohammadi ,
Volume 12, Issue 0 (3-2019)
Abstract
Scientific research as well as a lot of social and individual effects for human beings has caused many moral problems. The prospect of children building through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) or human cloning has caused widespread moral concerns around the world. Accordingly, various reports and regulations have been published at the national and international levels that address the ethical principles for research involving human subjects. In this regard, the Belmont report is of particular importance, in which three fundamental principles of human research have been taken into consideration. These three principles are: the principle of "Respect for Persons", the principle of "Beneficence" and the principle of "justice". In the field of this new biotechnology, namely, human cloning with respect to the use of human subjects in it and according to the ethical principles for research involving human subjects, there are three types of discussion: problems of Safety; a particular problem in the field of business Satisfaction and the problem of the exploitation of women. Considering that about 90% of cloning efforts in animals have been encountered with many problems such as abortion, early death, the development of certain diseases and physical defects, etc., it is not wise to use it in humans and it causes certain and unpredictable problems in cloned people.
 

Two Verses of Dignity; the Study of Verses of Caliphate and Trust with the Criterion of Human Digninty
Seyed Abdosaleh Jafari , Seyed Abolhasan Navab, Bagher Talebi Darabi, Behin Arami Nia,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
“Koran” had affirmed “Human Dignity” but in other verse, it had mentioned “Caliphate/Substitution” and “Deposit” about human in comparison with other creatures that they had difficult and covered interpretations. “The choice of good and evil” as Human Dignity criterion, makes it easy and transparent.
“Deposit” verse says Human accepts Deposit and others refuse it because of 2 adjectives: “Zaloom” and “Jahool” from roots of oppression and ignorance. Interpretations are different in meaning this adjective and their relation to deposit. If deposit is choosing, it can make oppression and justice and knowledge and ignorance. Then “FAOOL” structure in Arabic can show potency of action/adjective. Thus, they mean potent for oppression and ignorance like justice and knowledge. It means choosing potency, not actual ugliness.
In “Caliphate” verse, angels say to God that Human creation tend to corruption and killing. God hadn’t refused it but had referred to an upper knowledge. If Caliphate is good choosing too along justice and knowledge, angels had seen properly contemporaneous ignorance and oppression and corruption and killing but they couldn’t recognize the difference between good free discretion and their algebraic goodness that is caliphate and moral similarity and free worship of God with Lordship essence.

Challenges of Human Resource Allocation in the Health System
Kourosh Delpasand,
Volume 17, Issue 0 (12-2024)
Abstract
All health systems face the dual challenge of resource shortages, which prevent them from providing all the services needed by society, while also striving to enhance justice in access to health services and care. The prioritization and allocation of resources are critical issues in the health sector, and ensuring fairness in these processes requires consideration of various criteria. This study aims to examine the methods of allocating human resources in the health sector and explain the challenges associated with allocating skilled human resources in the country. This qualitative study involved faculty members and individuals with a history of responsibility in the university. Data collection was conducted through interviews, which were arranged based on mutual agreement with participants. Interviews continued until saturation was reached, meaning they concluded when participants had no further information to provide and the interviewer had no additional questions aligned with the research objectives. The findings were categorized as follows:
  • Prioritization Issues: The prioritization of resources is often directed towards newly established departments and hospitals, and personnel are allocated to new branches to launch new fields. The definition of processes important to the Ministry of Health is based on specific provincial conditions, which may not be included in standard lists. Prioritization should, therefore, be determined based on relevant indicators and the performance of personnel.
  • Organizational Challenges: Organizational charts are outdated, and organizational structures are often unresponsive. Recruitment is based on obsolete charts, and there are discrepancies between created positions and the personnel recruited to fill them. Political influences, such as deception and hypocrisy, also complicate the allocation process.
Population Considerations: The floating population of each province must be considered in resource allocation. The periodic involvement of some individuals as companions and contract personnel in advisory roles alongside university presidents poses challenges. A gradual approach with well-defined management and realistic goals should be implemented over a five-year period.
  • Management and Decision-Making: Human resource managers in universities lack decision-making authority. A national team of managers, specialists, and experts should be formed to address human resources needs. Human resources should be identified based on the estimated needs of existing fields. It is also essential to establish efficiency measurement frameworks grounded in relationships, but the Ministry of Health lacks specific notifications regarding these matters. Efficiency should be measured based on personnel performance and appropriately defined indicators.
  • Emerging Challenges: The migration of specialists in various fields, combined with reluctance among doctors to pursue specialist-level studies in areas such as emergency medicine and pediatrics, further exacerbates human resource allocation challenges. Adding specialist experts and evaluating personnel before hiring are essential measures to address this issue. Additionally, consideration should be given to restructuring the Ministry of Health by dividing it into separate sub-units with distinct financial and management mechanisms.
This study identifies and extracts the criteria used for prioritizing and allocating resources within the health system. According to experts and policymakers in health and medical organizations, additional criteria should be considered beyond traditional metrics when prioritizing and allocating human resources.

A Critical Review of the Ethical Aspects of the Electronic Health Record System (SPAS in Iran)
Shiva Khaleghparast, Saied Bagheri Faradanbeh, Samaneh Karimian, Fahimeh Khosrobeigi Bozchaloei, Seyed Ebrahim Hoseini Zargaz, Ehsan Shamsi Gooshki,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
The electronic health record system (SPAS in Iran) records information related to the health of individuals in an electronic format. It is the center for collecting health information and data on outpatients and inpatients. This system records information such as the patient's full name, marital status, gender, date of admission, level of education, occupation, type of admission, and other relevant medical data. The core values and ethical requirements of SPAS include safeguarding citizens' rights, respecting individuals, observing justice and fairness, transparency, encouraging participation, and accountability. In this study, the ethical aspects of SPAS were evaluated using the model proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for ethical evaluation. This model emphasizes fundamental ethical principles such as human well-being and health, respecting individuals and communities, justice, and fairness. Concerning human well-being and health, SPAS can prevent unnecessary and redundant interventions and provide physicians with quick access to an accurate patient history. Furthermore, the system ensures the confidentiality of information, which is essential to respect individuals and communities. Regarding justice and fairness, the system can improve access to health services for disadvantaged and remote areas. Moreover, SPAS adheres to procedural ethical principles such as solidarity, transparency, participation, and accountability. Therefore, by critically examining the ethical dimensions of the electronic health record system (SPAS), the findings of the present study provide valuable insights for policymakers, health professionals, and regulatory organizations to ensure the ethical and efficient performance of electronic health record systems in Iran.

New Ethical Principles in the Dissection Hall: A Brief Overview of the History of Ethical Developments
Nehleh Zarei-Fard, Sedigheh Ebrahimi,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Medical science and ethics form an integral part of medical curricula. Cadaver dissection is the preferred educational tool in the early stages of medical education which provides a suitable opportunity to sow the seeds of medical ethics in the minds of future physicians. This review study aimed to investigate unethical events in the history of dissection and subsequent ethical evolutions in human dissection to highlight the need to uphold the ethical values related to donor bodies in the dissection hall. To find and evaluate related documents, the articles published from 2005 to 2023 were searched in Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Research Gate databases using relevant keywords. The results indicated that in the past, cadaver dissection was performed on the bodies of executed criminals or through illegal methods, and until the early 1960s, the ethical principle of respect for autonomy was overlooked. However, from the 20th century onwards, the use of donated bodies with informed consent became prominent, allowing universities in the 21st century to utilize this resource for education, thereby providing an acceptable solution to fill the ethical gaps in dissection. Clarifying the ethical standards associated with the use of donated bodies is essential for medical students. The human body represents a valuable scientific resource that warrants respectful treatment following established ethical guidelines and laws. Adhering to the highest ethical standards within educational institutions is necessary to ensure donors feel confident in their decisions.

A Critical Analysis of the 2024 Revision of the Declaration of Helsinki: Effective Revisions and Adaptive Requirements in the Research Ethics System Involving Human Participants
Soudabeh Mehdizadeh, Ehsan Shamsi Gooshki,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2025)
Abstract
The Declaration of Helsinki, as a fundamental document of ethics in medical research involving human participants, has been periodically revised since its adoption in accordance with theoretical and scientific advancements, emerging ethical issues in research, and the experiences gained over time. In the latest revision completed in 2024, significant changes and amendments have been made. This study examined the changes and revisions made in the latest version of the declaration in comparison to its previous version from 2013. Fundamental revisions in the recent update include a requirement for adherence to ethical principles in research not only by physicians but also by other researchers, the replacement of “subject” with “participant,” and the emphasis on the voluntary nature of informed consent. Attention to environmental sustainability, precise design to prevent research waste, and a focus on scientific integrity are among the other amendments in the new revision of this declaration. Other modifications and revisions made in the recent edition include the promotion of individual and public health as the ultimate purpose of research, the provision of sufficient resources for research ethics committees and strengthening their independence, the importance of local ethical review, consideration of the preferences and values of participants who are unable to provide voluntary and informed consent, and the necessity of adhering to the ethical principles of the declaration during public health crises and emergencies. Given the changes made, it is recommended that the national ethical guidelines for medical research involving human participants in Iran be revised based on the 2024 revisions.

Comparing the Effectiveness of Professional Ethics Education Via Mobile Application and Webinar on Maintaining Patient Dignity from the Perspective of Nursing Students
Mohsen Shahriari, Maryam Sadat Hashemi, Arash Najimi, Mohammad Zare Reshkoieh,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2025)
Abstract
The fundamental nature of nursing care lies in maintaining patients’ human dignity. Protecting the dignity and high value of humanity is the focus of the nursing profession. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of mobile application-based and webinar-based professional ethics education on maintaining patient dignity among nursing students. This was a quasi-experimental study with a two-group pretest-posttest design involving 90 undergraduate nursing students. One group received professional ethics education via webinars, while the other received training through a mobile application-based program. Data were collected using a demographic information form and a questionnaire assessing nursing students’ views on maintaining patient dignity. The findings showed that before training, the mean total scores for human dignity were 99.96 ± 17.43 in the webinar group and 99.59 ± 16.28 in the mobile application group, with no statistically significant difference (p=0.62). After training, the mean human dignity score was significantly higher in the mobile application group (111.15±14.69) than in the webinar group (104.34 ± 15.38), and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.02). The findings indicated that professional ethics education delivered via a mobile application was associated with a greater improvement in nursing students’ views on patient dignity compared to webinar-based education. Mobile-based education offers a self-directed, flexible learning method, enabling students to have continuous access to educational content without time or place restrictions. It is recommended that medical universities in Iran consider developing and integrating educational applications into their curricula.

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