Showing 272 results for Ethics
Nabi Omidi, Heshmatolaah Asgari, Mohammad Reza Omidi,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (10-2016)
Abstract
Ethics is elemental in all lines of work, but more so in the nursing profession, since the ethical and responsible conduct of nurses can have an important role in promoting patient recovery. As members of a large group in the field of medical science, nurses need to be equipped with sound professional ethics in their interactions with others.
The present study was a descriptive survey of the relationship between professional ethics and the efficiency of nurses. Study population consisted of the nurses employed in Imam Hospital and Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam. Sample size was determined at 134 using the Cochran formula, and 126 completed the professional ethics and efficiency questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts, and its reliability was established by Cronbach's alpha test. Subsequently, the main hypothesis and the eight sub-hypotheses were examined.
The subjects consisted of 89 males and 37 females, of which 50 percent were aged between 20 and 35, 42% between 36 and 50, and 6% between 51 and 60 years. In terms of education level, 7 subjects had high school diplomas, 18 associate degrees, 42 were undergraduate and 59 graduate students and higher. The findings showed a significant correlation (0.002) between professional ethics and the efficiency of nurses. Results of the Pearson’s correlation test confirmed the relationship between accountability, honesty, fairness, loyalty, respect for others, and the efficiency of the nurses employed in Imam and Mostafa Khomeini Hospitals, Ilam. No significant correlation was found, however, between the components of superiority and sympathy in nurses and their efficiency.
Considering the relationship between professional ethics and the efficiency of the nurses in these two hospitals, it is recommended to improve their performance through continuous training and promotion of nursing ethics.
Behzad Joodaki, Mohsen Sadeghi, Keivan Ghani, Mohamad Mirzaie,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (10-2016)
Abstract
Physician-assisted suicide is an important, challenging issue in medical ethics, which the right to die is a central point in this issue. Physician-assisted suicide is offered to end intolerable pain and suffering. Although, it is a legal practice in some countries, still it is a challenging and controversial practice in ethical and legal perspectives. It has been argued that based on the principles of medical ethics, physicians should respect patient’s decision, however many ethicists and jurists believe that Physician-assisted suicide is unethical. It should be noted that the main reason for proponents and opponents is based on their interpretation about human dignity. This controversy can be resolved by reference to religious interpretation of human dignity in which asserts that Physician-assisted suicide is against human dignity and respect for human life.
Haleh Habibi, Mehrandokht Nekavand, Seyed Mohammad Akrami,
Volume 9, Issue 5 (1-2017)
Abstract
Errors in health care services may cause irreversible harm in some cases. Medical errors are a threat to the welfare and health of the patient and their family and should be prevented. The majority of medical errors have little impact on human health, but some of them cause huge losses. This report describes a case of laboratory error in amniocentesis during pregnancy in which uncertain test result caused anxiety and lots of concern for the family. Inappropriate approach to medical error causes more errors to happen. Studies have shown that appropriate reporting and shift from traditional to systematic approach are important factors in reducing the frequency of medical errors.
Somayeh Mohammady, Fariba Borhani, Mostafa Roshanzadeh,
Volume 9, Issue 5 (1-2017)
Abstract
Nursing is an ethical profession and nurses are responsible for patient care. In providing healthcare services, patient right is an important issue to consider. However, not only the awareness the patient right is important but also moral sensitivity to ethical decision-making is crucial. This study aimed to determine the relationship between moral sensibility and attitude towards patients' rights. A descriptive-analytic study was used and 194 nurses working in intensive care units in hospitals affiliated to medical university of South Khorasan province were selected by convenience sampling method. The data collected through a questionnaire consisting of three parts: 1) demographics 2) the moral sensitivity questionnaire (Korean version), and 3) a questionnaire survey of nurses' attitudes towards the patients’ rights. Data collected by the software SPSS version 16, and were analyzed descriptive and analytical statistical tests.
The results showed that there is a significant direct relationship between average moral sensibility and nurses' attitudes towards patients’ rights (r= 0.6, P=0.03). The average nurse's ethical sensitivity has been reported 3.05±0.68 0f the total score (0-4). The average attitude towards the patients’ rights was 4 ± 0.8 of the total score (1-5). The relationship between moral sensitivity whit the years of service and age of the participants was significant (P<0.05). There was also a significant relationship between the attitudes of nurses towards patients' rights with gender and years of service (P<0.05). In conclusion it is necessary to provide more moral education to increase nurse’s moral sensitivity towards patients’ rights. It should be noted that due to the fact that moral sensitivity and attitude towards patients' rights increases with the number of years of service the article suggests that considering more experienced nurses in the teams would result a more morally sensitive care for the patients.
Shahrzad Ghiyasvandian, Afagh Sedighiyani, Anooshirvan Kazemnejad, Iraj Iranshahi,
Volume 9, Issue 6 (3-2017)
Abstract
One of the major challenges in healthcare system is to train staff with strong commitment to the organizational mission. The key variables that have a significant impact on the performance of the organization is communication satisfaction. In fact, organizational communication has influential affect on different aspects of the organization including, professional commitment. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between communication satisfaction and organizational commitment among nurses.
In a descriptive-correlation study, 300 nursing staff in hospitals from Tehran University of Medical Sciences were selected through random cluster sampling in 2015. Data were collected by organizational communication “Downs and Hazen” and organizational commitment of “Allen and Meyer” questionnaires. Data were analyzed using chi square test and SPSS 16 software.
In Result, 7.2% of nurses were satisfied with their organizational communication and 1.7% of nurses had organizational commitment. There was a significant correlation between organizational communication satisfaction and organizational commitment (p<0.001). The mean and standard deviation of organizational communication Satisfaction (91.396 ±2.39) and for Organizational Commitment respectively (47.488±9.33) was. also there was a significant correlation between organizational commitment and age, education and shift, but it was not correlated with sex, marriage status and organizational post. Likewise, communication satisfaction had significant correlation with job position and job experience, but hadn’t significant correlation with other demographic variables. Also, the regression model showed that with one point increase of organizational communication satisfaction are added. /189 to the score of organizational commitment.
In conclusion, considering the existence of significant positive relationship and also linear regression result, satisfaction of organizational communication is as predictive variable for organizational commitment. Therefore it seems that the optimization of organizational communication managers and officials could increase the commitment of nurses in hospitals and to increase their effectiveness.
Shamsa Ahmadian, Jamileh Mokhtari,
Volume 9, Issue 6 (3-2017)
Abstract
Nursing role development was created to response to the challenge of balancing supply and demand in healthcare system. The aim of this study is to examine the evolution in nursing role development and subsequent experience in dealing with the challenges in the world. In this study, electronic resources were searched till to 2015 by English keywords contain 'Role development' and 'Nursing role' in combination and individually. Data were extracted from articles that were more relevant. This study found two approaches regarding nursing role development. First, the role extension that relates to progressing in the field of medicine and the traditional functions of physicians, and the role expansion that implies any enlargement of the nurse's role within the boundaries of nursing education, theory and practice. In many countries that seek to expansion/extension of the nurses’ role. However, despite the shortage that exist in nursing and also because of the increased workload of nurses, caused employment of workers with lower skills and in result multiple significantly challenges have been experienced. In our country, nursing role development has not considerable progress. The current situation does not provide enough infrastructures such as the licensing professional qualification and data-based decision-making from monitoring the effect of changes on the quality of care. Therefore, decision-making about the implementation of any changes in the nursing profession and its role development, must be accomplished very prudential with regard to all aspects of the professional Ethics.
Mohammad Mohammadi, Mohammad Shamsoddin Dayani Tilaki, Professor Bagher Larijani,
Volume 9, Issue 6 (3-2017)
Abstract
Privacy and confidentiality are the inalienable rights of every human being to preserve his dignity. This issue should be considered in all levels of medical interventions. In the healthcare system, based on respect for privacy and confidentiality, patients decides what information to provide to their physicians. However, if a patient does not provide necessary information to his physician this may impact the diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to evaluate patients’ attitude regarding privacy and confidentiality in healthcare delivery. The result helps policy makers to establish appropriate relations between healthcare providers and patients by realizing its strengths and weaknesses.
This cross-sectional study was carried out on 200 patients, selected in a systematically random way, in Imam Khomeini and Shariati hospitals in Tehran the capital of Iran in 2010. The data were collected directly from patients by trained interviewers based on a questionnaire survey. In order to analyze the data based on the scores of the attitude, patients’ attitudes were classified into three groups of negative, slightly positive, and positive and were evaluated by using various statistical tests.
In result, 56.5% (113) of participants were females and 43.5% (87) were male. In this study, it was found 71 (35.5%) patients were “strongly agree” that male physician can examine female patients and 99 (49.5%) patients were “agree”. Fifty three patients were “strongly agree” that physician may consult with his assistant through training (without the patient's permission) and 103 patients were “agree”. Participants’ attitude about disclosing the patient’s information if a he has threaten self-harm or harm to another person was as follow, 45 (22.5%) patients were “strongly agree”, 82 (41.0%) patients were “agree” and 56 (28.0%) patients had “no comment”. In this study, in general 36 (18.0%) patients had “negative”, 162 (81.0%) patients “slightly positive”, and 2 (1.0%) patients had “positive attitude” towards privacy and confidentiality in healthcare settings.
In conclusion, the study population possessed a moderate attitude towards privacy and confidentiality. These results show that in addition to performing further studies, patients’ attitude towards privacy and confidentiality should be adequately improved.
Mojtaba Parsa, Bagher Larijani, Kiarash Aramesh, Saharnaz Nedjat, Akbar Fotouhi, Mir Saeid Yekaninejad, Nedjatollah Ebrahimian,
Volume 9, Issue 6 (3-2017)
Abstract
Informal payments in clinics raise ethical concerns in healthcare delivery. This cross-sectional questioner survey aims to evaluate the prevalence and related factors of informal payment in healthcare system in Iran.
The study was carried out in 2013, prior to the implementation of the government' Health System Reform among physicians with different specialties. The questionnaire were distributed among the participants during the congresses and continuing medical education programs.
In results; of the total specialist physicians, 276 returned the questionnaires. The response rate was 81.17%. and out of 276 returned questionnaires 257 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of informal payments, among the physicians who were susceptible to receiving informal payments, was relatively high (63.8%). The physicians who practiced in the private sector, as well as physicians who practiced in Tehran and those who had a positive attitude towards the informal payments, received more informal payments. From the viewpoint of the respondents, the main cause of informal payments was unrealistic/unfair tariffs and the main consequence of informal payments was the rising costs of patient care.
This study showed that, unfortunately, more than half of the participants did not believe or did not decisively consider informal payments as unethical. This confirms the importance of physicians’ education about the unethical practice of informal payments. However, compare to private sectors, more supervision in public sector may be the main cause of less prevalence of informal payments in public hospitals.
In conclusion: Developing ethical guidelines to prevent informal payments as well as more realistic and fair tariffs would help to decrease the incidence of informal payments.
Mahmoud Motavassel Arani, Mohammad Hassan Alamolhoda, Nikzad Easazade, Gholamreza Noormohammadi,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
Modern medical ethics, in particular the principle of Non-Maleficent, advises the medical staff to avoid any harm to the patient. Islamic jurists, using religious texts and sources, have introduced rules that are applicable in many areas of life. Among these rules, is the rule Non-Harm, that in this article to review this rule and its applications in medicine. In addition to discussions of the documents, a better understanding of the words "Darar" and "Dirar" and deny or forbid the word "La" at the beginning of the base document, is one of the major issues and disputes. Organ transplants, family planning and birth control, responsibility to protect the health, need to see a doctor for treatment, civil responsibility for doctors in the treatment, responsibility for custodians of society for the control of AIDS, are the problems affecting today's health systems that the rule of No Harm is flowing in them.
Mojtaba Parsa, Azam Khorshidian,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
The emergence of different types of economic relations and the desire of professionals to earn more income has led to new challenges such as conflicts of interest in the dental profession. The community expects dentists to prioritize the health and the interests of their patients in their professional activities. In this regard, one of the most important dilemmas is the confrontation between the professional duties of dentists and their profit. Business goals being preferred rather than providing specialized knowledge services by dentist is a major concern, which can lead to patients’ distrust. Fee splitting, Self-referral, receiving gifts from the patient and industrial companies are among the most significant type of conflicts of interest in the profession, which are discussed in this article in the form of four clinical cases.
Asghar Salimi Naveh, Reza Salimi, Nikzad Iesa Zadeh, Fatemeh Salimi, Maryam Poor Rezagholi,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
Professional ethics is a part of the ethics of the individual component of each discipline. Whether it is in the field of medicine from the viewpoint of the Qur'an and the traditions, or how this context is discussed, is the focus of this article. With reference to the most important principles of the principles governing the medical education system, we are going to explain these principles. The applied method is descriptive and with a Quranic-narrative approach. In addition to reviewing some verses of the Qur'an, the most important issues were considered as the principles of professional ethics, especially in relation to the medical profession. However, there are also other research projects that can be done. Consideration of the articles and resources that are relevant to this discussion has been considered for further research. In order to investigate the ethical principles governing the relations between students and students in the field of medicine, first, with an interpretive look at each verse, the ethical propositions of the constituent and the contents and orientations of each verse were extracted and then the lead role was included. Also, the concepts, orientations, and leadership role of each verse were extracted. The most important things to note are: 1- Extracting ethical verses based on the study of contemporary interpretations, 2- Extracting the concepts and moral themes expressed in the interpretations, 3- Finding the connection between ethical concepts, 4-Addressing the leadership role of each of the ethical concepts, 5-Categorization of common subjects and subjects of verses.
Ghasem Ahmadi, Ali Elhami, Reza Baghizadeh, Hossein Moradi, Mahmoud Motaharinia,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
Bioethics is an interdisciplinary course which includes public health. The public health is a general concept dealing with ethical, spiritual, cognitive, and physical issues. Ethical health is part of bioethics. This paper analyses the discourse between feminism and Islam regarding the influence of gender on ethics. Considering influence or lack of effect of gender on ethics is the most important difference in Islam and feminism. The essence of the difference is in ontology and epistemology principle of both views. Islam considers God as decisive ethic and ethical behaviours while feminism considers human as ethic decisive. In Islam, gender does not play role in origin of humanity and does not cause perfection or imperfection and strength or weak of being human. However, gender influences ethic and ethical behaviours and causes difference in ethical behaviours between man and woman. But, .in feminism view, gender does not affect not only humanity origin but also ethical issues and behaviours. feminism granting ethical similarity between men and women overlooks ethic-gender roles leading to creation of a system that makes man and woman responsible for and tends to Bigender by proposing gender similarity between men and women ; this attitude has unethical outcomes and affects ethical health. This paper aimed to explain Islamic view (Quran and traditions) and outcomes of feminism view about gender effect on ethic along with investigating different sects of feminism.
Sedigheh Ebrahimi , Nasrin Alinejad,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
Today, due to the highlighted the importance of respect for the human dignity, and increasing awareness of patients, traditional methods of ethics training cannot meet the educational needs. In this cross-sectional study, the effect of medical ethics workshops on knowledge and attitudes of 40 fourth years medical students was studied. A pre-post questionnaire on the measurement of the importance of the medical ethics components, the self-assessment of ethical knowledge, behavior and professional ethics was presented. There was a significant difference between the mean score of the importance of the medical ethics components (questionnaire number 1) before and after the workshop (p = 0.002); but in the case of self-assessment of moral behavior (P = 0.64) and self-assessment of professional ethics compliance (p = 0.48), there was no significant difference between the mean score of students before and after the workshop. The analysis of log-books indicated that students understand, topics of confidentiality, informed consent, and breaking bad news; but issues such as empathy, respect for the patient's emotional state, interaction with a patient suffering from AIDS, informing the patient about the disease and the course of the treatment, accepting a mistake from the doctor, and apologizing to the patient were inadequately addressed by the students. Ethics training is not sufficient just at the beginning of the clinical course; it must also be trained actively in the hospital and on the patient's bedside.
Rasool Esmalipour, Mojtaba Parsa,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
The conflict of interest is a situation in which professional judgment and performance in the primary interest and obligation tend to be unduly influenced by a secondary interest. Pharmacy is one of the main rings in the process of providing healthcare services. In this process conflict of interest may occur frequentlywhich occasionally has influence on the professional and moral duties of pharmacists that as a result may put the interst of the patients at risk. Taking care of patients is the first duty of pharmacist and they always must make evry effort to avoid any situations that puts the interests of the patientincluding their health, financial or non-financialposition at risk. The pharmacist must be aware of conflict of interest that exist in the drugstore as well as its effects on their professional and moral responsibilities. They also need to be able to manage them through scientific policy and logical skills. These issues and challenges may happen in terms of the relationship between the pharmacist and patients, other people or organizations, such as the relationship between doctors and pharmacists, pharmacists and pharmaceutical or non pharmaceutical companies, irrational relationship between pharmacists and patients. Although various guidelines for managing conflict of interest have been developed, there is a lack of policy on how to manage conflict of interest in pharmacy. In this study, the situations of conflict of interest and how it affects the professional relations of pharmacist with others was considered and this result was achived that the pharmacy have to be asuitable and appropriate place to give services for patients and the first priority of pharmacists must be the patients’ treatment benefits and interest
Amir Ahmad Shojaei ,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
Medical ethics in a reductive look can be handed to physician’s ethics and then call a physician who adheres to medical ethics attributed to the moral virtues. Moral virtues are counted to be about 137 in the teachings of Shiite, most of which are not related to the practice of medicine but nearly eighty virtues are linked to the practice of medicine. This number is too much to be handled in a paper and analyzed by verses and hadiths. Therefore, we should take two steps: 1-Limit the virtues of physicians 2- Analyze the virtues of physicians. Believe and practice the virtues emphasized in the teachings of Shiite leads to a monotheistic look to the practice of medicine and provides physicians with a different and transcendental worldview. This insight that stood upon the teachings of the Qur'an and hadiths by Imams (AS) considers the practice of medicine a divine relation and then shows the communication between a physician and others. The current paper analyzes the divine relation of the physician and its impact to the practice of medicine. First literature review performed to find three most virtues. Then Factor analysis method was used and therapeutic virtues were limited to thirteen virtues. Then library study and focus group discussions were used to analyze the selected therapeutic virtues. The practical conclusions is that if we consider medical ethics practice based on virtue, and define and interpret virtues based on the teachings of Shiite, then we will get to a monotheistic view in the practice of medicine that distinguishes Shiite medical ethics monotheistic feature and the secular one, and helps to link between faith and morals.
Hossein Mahmoodian, Hamide Barzegar,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
Patients have the right to make decision about their medical care. Thus, all the available information regarding decision-making should be provided for them. In surgical context, informed consent is essential for therapeutic relationship between patient and surgeon and sustains mutual trust and shared responsibility for decision making. Thus before surgery, the surgeon should describe available treatments, benefits and harms of them to the patients. So the patient can make a correct decision. In this cross-sectional study, 200 patients underwent gynecological surgery in a hospital in Shiraz during 2014 were recruited. The questionnaire which was used in this study had three parts. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were evaluated using expert panel and SPSS software. In this study, there was no significant association between age, marriage status, job, home place, emergency or elective surgery and the amount of informed consent. There was significant difference between patients with primary school education and patients with higher education. Patients’ participation in decision making was 57%. Patients’ information about their rights in hospital and the amount of reading informed consent form were poor. This survey shows that the amount of informed consent obtained from patients is poor. So, we should consider some changes in content and obtaining informed consent.
Seyed Ali Enjoo, Zahra Kavosi, Seyed Ziaadin Tabei, Abdolali Mohagheghzadeh,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
Organizational culture affects the values, traditions, and norms of an organization. Therefore, the organizational behavior means how much an organization acts ethically. The cultural environment affects the formation of the organizational climate and, behavior. There are some deficiencies in the standards of organizational culture. This study aimed to review different aspects to accredit hospitals culturally in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences and consisted of two stages: First; the initial qualitative study was done by interviewing the experts who were selected purposely and held focused group discussion sessions to recognize the different aspects of cultural validation and develop an cultural accreditation manual for hospitals. Second stage was an evaluation of the hospitals in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences according to the cultural accreditation manual. Among 17 targeted hospitals, passed the training course of identifying indicators and volunteered to participate in the survey, 11 hospitals which had performed self-evaluation according to their manuals entered the survey. Seven main subjects and 17 sub-titles were derived from the first qualitative study. The subjects included considering religious laws demanded by patients and those patients’ accompaniers, patient satisfaction, staff satisfaction, consideration of ethical rules, dress codes, cultural activities of the hospital, and environmental neatness of the hospital. The evaluation of the above factors ranged from 0-1. The hospitals, total scores were from 0.68 to 0.78. Findings suggest capability of the indicators for hospital cultural evaluation. The qualitative study ranked the hospitals in every aspect.
Hossein Dargahi, Hajar Moamaei,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
Improvement of staffs’ productivity through job ethic promotion is the most important challenges in new millennium. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the relationship between job ethics and staffs’ productivity in Tehran University of Medical Sciences. This research was a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study conducted in 2016-2017. The research population was all of the staff of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The sample size calculated 375 by Cochran formula according to staff of the hospitals and university schools. The research tool was Cullen and Victor’s job ethnics and Hersey and Goldsmith’s staff productivity questionnaires. The data was analyzed by SPSS software version 22, and used average and standard deviation for descriptive results and parametric tests, for example Pearson and Multivariate Linear regression. There was significant correlation between staff’s productivity and their job ethics and its dimensions. Also, organizational justice had the more and righteousness had the less correlation with staff’s productivity. Moreover, the staff's gender had significant correlation with their productivity, but the age and educational degrees of the staff had negative significant correlation with their productivity. Ultimately, 86% of staff’s productivity variations were impressed by their job ethics and its dimensions. To increase productivity of staff, establishment of safe organizational climate, development of personal ethics, and consideration of ethical issues by managers and supervisors is suggested.
Amirhossein Mardani, Maryam Nakhoda, Ehsan Shamsi Goshki, Alireza Noruzi,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
Substantial concerns about the research integrity in Iran have caused research misconducts to be issue for studies. But adequate recognition about causal factors is a necessary part of clear and explicit policy in order to manage the research misconducts and supply the research integrity. This study attempted investigating the available evidence on the reported research misconducts in the Iranian research and its causal factors. Therefore, 30 studies on the Iranian research misconducts were studied. The detected factors to research misconducts based on the reported evidence included: 1. Structural factors such as publication pressure, scientific promotion policies, research funding and job preservation; 2. Organizational factors such as research environment, regulatory-control activities on research and teaching research activities; 3. Personal factors such as research skills, degree orientation, financial benefits, understanding and moral judgment. The analytical model of causal factors was designed. Therewith, cultural and situational factors have received less attention in the literature and they have major focus on the obvious types of research misconduct (data fabrication, Falsification and Plagiarism), especially plagiarism.
Mohsen Rezaei Aderyani, Saeid Nazari Tavakkoli, Mehrzad Kiani, Mahmood Abbasi, Mohsen Javadi,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
Medical ethics is an old science. Some of its issues have historical precedence, and others are modern challenges, and have emerged with advances in technology. One of such historic but newly emerging challenges is "bi’natijeghi-e-pezeshki (futile treatment)", which is defined as the treatment that cannot achieve its goal. This term entered medical literature as "medical futility" in late 1980s. Based on this investigation, it can be concluded that this term should only be used when the desired outcome following medical procedure and the outcome sought by the medical team and patient/family (patient's health) is unlikely to be realized. There are various equivalents for this term in our country (Islamic Republic of Iran), including "bi’fayedegi-e-pezeshki (medical uselessness)", "bi’houdeghi (frivolity) in medicine", and even "inappropriate treatment". The present article aimed to find a suitable Persian equivalent for this concept. The use of interpretations such as "frivolity" or "uselessness" may cause misunderstanding between patient/family and the medical team, and can ruin the trust between patient/family and the medical team. Thus, the best alternative to this English term appears to be "bi’natijeghi-e-pezeshki (futile treatment)".
