Showing 20 results for Disease
Omid Asemani, Hakimeh Parsaei,
Volume 5, Issue 5 (10-2012)
Abstract
Birth of a poor prognosis neonate (premature and/or congenitally affected) may potentially burden the family and/or society with many ethical, social, legal, etc challenges. Most of the decision making criteria used in handling the care of these neonates, such as disability, quality of life, etc., are multidimensional and heavily ethical bearing. In this study, we have tried to explore and present a perfect view on the existing challenges and different dimensions of the discussed criteria. In the end, the prominent standpoint of the Islamic school in confronting a severely disabled newborn has been introduced and analyzed. Most related discussions boil down to some fundamental and unanswered questions, for instance whether human beings should be permitted to make decisions about the life of severely diseased neonates, the decision making criteria themselves and their appropriateness, etc. Even though many scientists have theorized on the subject, a multilateral explanation of life and death criterion has not been presented yet. One thing is for certain and that is, in answering the basic questions of the subject, our present knowledge and experience is limited and insufficient. The authors have tried to show that despite many western views, decision making about the life of a neonate has no place in Islamic teachings, since it could be considered an unauthorized human action. Instead, it is proposed that any attempt to provide an ethical rationale, while utilizing today's science and technology, be in compliance with God's commandments.
Seyed Mohammad Hossein Manzor-Al-Ajdad, Seyed Hashem Aghajari, Maryam Saghafi,
Volume 5, Issue 6 (12-2012)
Abstract
Prevalence of epidemic diseases including cholera and plague was among the most common causes of death during the Qajar era, and the necessity of fighting such diseases was one of the priorities of the government. Acquiring medicinal and pharmaceutical knowledge from Europe and promotion of general hygiene were among the efficient ways of preventing outbreaks and epidemics. The process was started by Abbas Mirza through sending students to Europe and continued by Amir Kabir through the establishment of Darolfonun (the Polytechnic School). Modern medicine and pharmacy were introduced in Iran by European professors of the Darolfonun however, their development faced oppositions in the traditional society of the era. In this research, we are going to explain the process of development and promotion of the modern medicine and drugstores, based on the present references, and then proceed to examine the impediments in this regard.
Maysam Sheykh Talimi, Sadegh Shariati Nasab, Reza Omani Samani,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (9-2015)
Abstract
Confidentiality has long been protected in criminal law as an important ethical principle. With regard to the issue of sexually transmitted diseases, however, health care providers are faced with certain challenges. On the one hand, it is their obligation and duty to respect patient confidentiality, and on the other hand, the possibility of transmission of infection to sexual partners is a rather significant phenomenon. Therefore, health care providers have a crucial role in terms of the conflict of interests and legal duties with respect to sexually transmitted diseases.Medical mandatory reporting to state authorities accompanied by personally identifiable information of the infected person is another controversial issue in the field of confidentiality, which will be discussed in this article by studying various trends in statutes and precedents. It seems that throughout the world, there are two major trends in this respect: in some states, principles of confidentiality are observed even if the patient is infected by sexually transmitted diseases, unless it is inevitable for the safety of third parties such as sexual partners in a narrow implementation of Acts. States like Iran, France and Thailand are examples of such governments. In some countries, however, partner notification and compulsory notification by personally identifiable information of patients are mandatory for epidemiologic reasons. The United States, Australia and Ukraine are some of the countries that fall within this category. In Iranian legal system, the duty to respect confidentiality is emphasized and partner notification cannot be considered as a legal duty and therefore it is not legally permitted. Merely in emergency condition and under a narrow interpretation of law and by resort to patients informed consent, necessity and explicit law permission, breaching of confidentiality is justified.
Zahra Karami, Masood Kasiri,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (8-2016)
Abstract
One major problem that continued to threaten the Iranian society well into early twentieth century was the spread of epidemics and infectious diseases. Even though the Iranian civilization had been around for centuries, deaths resulting from such diseases caused the population to stay at approximately six million. Qajar kings and rulers were the first to attempt to control epidemic diseases by utilizing modern methods such as vaccination.
In 1919, Prince Firuz Mirza Nusrat al-Dawla was elected as head of the Iranian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference. A member of this delegation and the ruler's personal physician was Dr. Mohammad Khan, who introduced Firuz Mirza to the Pasteur Institute upon arriving in Paris. Firuz Mirza was impressed by the activities of the Institute and decided to establish a similar institution in Iran.
Findings of the present study show that the establishment of this institution resulted in measures that, along with other activities initiated by the government in the field of public health, controlled the spread of many infectious diseases in Iran.
Ebrahim Nasiri, Hamidreza Kelidari, Sobhan Bahrami,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (10-2016)
Abstract
Protecting patient’s secrets and private information such as disease name and diagnosis can play an important role in establishing trust in the treatment team. The present study aimed to investigate the issues surrounding the confidentiality of patients’ disease names and diagnoses in hospitals affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.
This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 216 patients in internal, surgical and women’s wards who had been hospitalized for at least 24 hours. Research tool was a questionnaire consisting of two parts: demographic data, and questions on the disclosure or confidentiality of information such as disease names. Patients' views were investigated through simple sampling method, and data were analyzed using SPSS software and chi-square test. Of the 216 patients entered in the study, 122 (56.5%) were male and 94 (43.5 %) were female. Participants were aged between 16 and 80, and their mean age was 47 ± 18.6 years.
The results showed that 49 (22.7 %) of the patients did not approve of an open display of their disease names and diagnoses above their beds, while a difference was observed between male and female patients in this regard (P < 0.50). Moreover, there was no relationship between patients’ educational levels and their perspective on other patients’ caregivers finding out about their disease names or diagnoses (P < 0.578).
In this study, a significant percentage of patients were found to be opposed to the disclosure of their diagnoses and disease names. Considering that this phenomenon may prevail among special disease or emergency room patients, it is recommended that authorities take measures against disclosure of patients’ disease names and diagnoses.
Bentolhoda Shirazi Sader , Siamak Afahin Majd , Shiva Rafati, Zahra Poshtchaman, Nahid Rejeh,
Volume 11, Issue 0 (3-2018)
Abstract
Considering the increasing prevalence of the malignant diseases and their great effects on the different aspects of the patients’ life and even their family, the disclosure of its diagnosis and trust telling to the patients have been changed to one of the main medical ethics challenges. This study aimed for the evaluation of patient’s tendency and their family to disclosure of malignant disease. This study was a cross-sectional research. It has been done with a questionnaire on the 270 people. The sample consisted of three groups: 100 patients without cancer disease, 100 patients’ family members, and 70 patients with cancer disease, who referred to Mustafa Khomeini Hospital. The data were analyzed through SPSS-16 software in this study, 74% of the patients with cancer and 85% of patients without cancer and 50% of patients’ families had tendency to know the diagnosis of malignant disease. In the case of prognosis, 39% of cancer patients and 75% of without cancer patients, were agreed to complete knowledge, and 42% of cancer patients and 22% of without cancer patients, agreed on relative knowledge. Regarding the result of this study and respecting the individuals' rights, it seems better for the patients with malignant disease to be informed of their diagnosis and prognosis by the health care workers. Furthermore, it would be better to implement strategies for improvement of patient-physician relationship through physicians' communication skills with patients.
Mohammad Rasekh, Saeedreza Ghaffari, Alireza Milanifar, Farhad Yaghmaie, Faezeh Ameri, Shirin Boroomand,
Volume 11, Issue 0 (3-2018)
Abstract
Development of new methods of treatments for infertility has given rise to a serious question as to the access to such methods. Determination of the ones who can access the mentioned treatments and the limits of this access, depends to the definition of infertility. The Law of the method for Embryo Donation to Infertile Couples according to Iranian legislature considers the infertile couple who “cannot reproduce in accordance with credible medical certificate” as eligible to receive the donated embryo. However, applicants for modern infertility treatment methods have gone beyond infertile couples and include those couples who wish, based on credible medical evidence, to avoid having unhealthy children, especially by using donation methods or surrogacy. Accordingly, having supported a preventive approach to ARTs, a new concept of infertility will appear on the horizon. Expanding this concept to couples who are considered fertile from a common medical perspective but give birth to seriously unhealthy children shall inevitably lead us to revise the common legal concept of infertility. Therefore, by resorting to ethical reasoning, laws, and regulations of various legal systems and Fiqhi opinions we can develop another interpretation of Embryo Donation Law and argue for the access of the “perceived as infertile” couples to the infertility treatment with the help of third parties.
Javad Alipoor Silab, Nasser Sedghi, Hossein Namdar, Alireza Ghaffari, Mohamadreza Dashti,
Volume 12, Issue 0 (3-2019)
Abstract
The system of Iranian medicine in the Qajar era was the continuation of the system based on the humors view. Accordingly, the incidence of most diseases was attributed to whole view of the quadruple imbalance of blood, soda, bile, phlegm. Preventive and therapeutic approaches were also carried out in the same cognitive atmosphere. The example of Smallpox disease, indicates such a view in the Qajar era. According to the findings of this research, in Qajar medical literature, the bumps of pus in the skin of is described to be hard, single or non-separated with different colors and was called as Jodri or Smallpox. In terms of cognitive aspects, physicians of Qajar era following former physicians classified Smallpox disease in terms of humor among the hot and wet diseases and described boiling of blood in the body as the cause of this disease. Exposure to this disease was through the two pathways preventive and therapeutic measures. In order to prevent the disease, the necessary orders was recommended by the physicians by “sette zarurieh” and especially avoidance of several behaviuors. In terms of therapy, along with several types of diets, different kinds of medicines was used to relieve the symptoms and complications of the disease at different body parts. This study is a review, it has been attempted to examine the nature and purpose of the descriptive and analytical method and the therapeutic approach to treating Smallpox disease in medical system of Iranian Qajar era. Required information and data have been created in a desk research.
Mohammad Bakhtiari, Mahshid Sadat Eslahi, Matin Sadat Eslahi,
Volume 12, Issue 0 (3-2019)
Abstract
Smallpox is one of the most dangerous and contagious diseases that have killed many people throughout history. Attempts to prevent and treat the disease have always been a concern of physicians and some government officials. In the Qajar era, attempts were made for a modern-style inoculation, but it failed because of its incompatibility with the culture and beliefs of the community and the fundamentals of traditional medicine. In the first Pahlavi period, despite the adoption of laws on free, public and compulsory inoculation, there were no desired results due to some problems. The present study seeks to study the obstacles and problems of inoculation in Iran during the first Pahlavi era and the government's actions with a focus on Isfahan city and its functions using descriptive-analytical method. It also seeks to answer the question of what caused failure of the government to cope with smallpox despite considerable efforts? The results of this study show that although the government's measures to enact free and compulsory public inoculation laws, employing inoculation doctors and threatening and penalizing offenders reduced the number of smallpox patients in Isfahan, however, there were problems such as the unawareness of the people and their refusal to inoculate, the lack of cooperation of several villages’ headman with the inoculation officers, the violation and negligence of some inoculation, and the lack of sufficient funds and health facilities. These problems made smallpox disease still prevalent and caused children’s mortality.
Afarin Tavakoli,
Volume 13, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, Iran was involved with epidemics such as plague and cholera, affecting the population and economy of the country. The spread of these diseases, on the one hand, was the result of the government's inability to organize health centers and, on the other hand, the inability to prevent these diseases by the quarantine of the borders. The southern borders of the country were one of the most important ways of transmitting diseases. Iran was exposed to these diseases through the Persian Gulf. It was possible that the diseases with origin in Iran transmitted from this waterway to the neighboring countries as well. These diseases were transmitted in two ways. The merchant ships’ entering Iran's ports from India was one way, especially the cities of Calcutta and Mumbai. The other was via the Hajj caravans (pilgrimage) rout. The opening of the Suez Canal and subsequently increase in voyage of steamships, lead to expansion of trade in the southern ports of the country, and frequent and more convenient transportation of the Hajjis (pilgrims). Thus, this also increased the spread of the diseases in that era.
Abbas Panahi, Mahshid Ghanbari,
Volume 13, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
European tourists in their reports from Guilan in the Qajar era, also have addressed the issue of health and deadly diseases affecting lives of people, such as rice fever, malaria, cholera, and plague in addition to pointing out the numerous social tragedies. From these tourists’s point of view, the weather conditions, geographical location, livelihood and some living and social habits and behaviors of the people of this land were directly related to the prevalence and spread of these diseases. The epidemic of malaria, cholera, and plague has had a profound effect on the spread of poverty, public discontent, and demographic composition in the Qajar era. The authors seek to answer these questions; from the point of view of tourists and foreign visitors, what factors have caused the spread of epidemics in Guilan during the Qajar era? and what have been the consequences of the pervasive diseases on the human and economic situation of Guilan? The research findings show that the climate of Guilan, abundance of rivers, swamps, food culture, and some other natural factors caused some infectious diseases such as malaria and paddy fields in this province to be much higher than other parts of Iran. In addition to malaria, some epidemic diseases such as cholera and plague have played an important role in the economy and population of Guilan. According to the limited and scattered reports of tourists, in addition to the geographical factor in the spread of these diseases, people's lifestyles and the government's lack of attention to public health and welfare played an important role in the prevalence and spread of these diseases. Economic and social bankruptcy and the government's inability to support the people in Guilan's social movements, such as constitutionalism and the forest have made their mark. The research method in the present study is performed using historical method and descriptive-analytical studies.
Javad Alipoor Silab, Ali Abbasi, Hossein Namdar,
Volume 14, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Abstract
The issue of disease in the context of history has always been one of the concerns of the wise man. In accordance with the intellectual system of each period of history, various diseases have been identified and prevention and treatment strategies have been presented. The identification of some diseases, including the flu, goes back to a new era. The use of the word "flu" first occurred in the Qajar era. Because it is new and unknown, the group of physicians, as the person in charge of health matters, needed to know about this disease and define and explain it. The purpose of this study as a historical-review study, in the first step is to study the history of the prevalence of this disease in Iran and the process of recognizing it through the available information sources in the Qajar era society. The medical approach of the press (publications) and the identification and introduction of " RESALE DAR MARAZ_E ANFLUENZA: GRIP" as the first treatise written about this disease, has been done at this stage. The second step of the present study is to investigate how the Spanish flu entered Iran and assesses its consequences in the affected areas.
Mehdi Basouli , Seedeh Derakhsh,
Volume 14, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Abstract
In recent decades, on the one hand, we have faced atmospheric phenomena and environmental changes, and on the other hand, with the emergence of new diseases called emerging diseases. Managing emerging diseases requires an ethical approach to control and care for them. Ethical problems raising from new diagnostic and therapeutic advances in medical science have increased the need to address medical ethics. One of these emerging diseases of the present century, which is faced by almost the whole world and its problems, is coronavirus (COVID-19). The present study was conducted with the aim of assessing attention of medical staff towards ethical considerations in the care of patients with COVID-19. In this study, in addition to the use of articles published in English related to this disease from late 2019 to early 2020, as well as using national researches by different research groups, different dimensions of the disease is reviewed; Interviews were conducted with the COVID-19 recovered patients who were hospitalized in Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd Province from the beginning of February 2020 to the end of October 2020. Studies showed the need to put ethical considerations in the care of patients with COVID-19 by training health care providers about professional ethics and medical ethics in the pandemic of the virus in order to optimally manage the disease
Behnam Ghanbarpour ,
Volume 14, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Abstract
Common sense, according to rules such as no harm and no harm, the obligation to repel probable harm, the denial of embarrassment, the sanctity of induction in motion, the repulsion of harm from oneself is rationally and religiously obligatory, whether harmful or rationally possible; on the other hand in the teachings Islamic ethics embodies concepts such as self-sacrifice, compassion, cooperating, patience, benevolence, and the preservation of human dignity. The question that arises is whether physicians and caregivers are allowed to leave, according to the holy verse, "I should not leave until I die." Will their mission be to manage contagious diseases such as Corona virus infection? The present study, which has been organized by analytical and descriptive methods in order to combine the ethical principles of caring for infectious patients on the one hand and the rules related to protecting one's life from stagnation and eliminating self-harm, does not reflect the patient leaving in these conditions. Considers it against human dignity; therefore, it is appropriate for physicians and nurses, apart from their job duties, while strengthening the spirit of self-sacrifice and compassion in themselves, based on the rules of the medical system and the ethical principles governing the rules of jurisprudence, with strict and complete observance of health instructions. The rule of "Al-Misr Lightrak Bal-Masour" while protecting their health to care for and treat patients with coronary heart disease.
Alireza Rohi , Mabobe Ghayor Blorfroshan,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Muslim ophthalmologists have made significant achievements in the field of ophthalmology in all Islamic lands and territories, especially in Andalusia. Andalusian scientists have written several works related to medicine and ophthalmology that introduce us to their activities in this field. The main purpose of this study is to review the activities performed in Andalusia regarding ophthalmology. Using the review method of libraries and referring to the sources and written works of Andalusian physicians and ophthalmologists, their most important activities in this field have been studied. A study of medical and ophthalmological works in Andalusia showed that Andalusian ophthalmologists created special innovations, the most important of which are the invention and manufacture of various drugs, various surgeries, understanding the anatomy of the eye, and use of various tools for treatment and surgery.
Zeinab Karimi, Shokrallah Khakrand, Massoumeh Dehghan,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
The spread of epidemic diseases has always been one of the important issues in the scope of Islamic civilization The history of the plague epidemic dates back to ancient times So that the outbreak of the plague known as Justinian Plague in the late ancient period and its transfer to the Islamic period Muslims in the conquered lands Facing new issues Therefore, plague is one of the deadliest infectious diseases In the geographical scope Islamic civilization has been that in the early Islamic centuries It has caused damage to the social, economic and even intellectual and cultural structure of the Islamic society The land of sham has been one of the most plague-prone regions of Islamic civilization that repeatedly and consecutively And it happened with many injuries. This research aims to investigate the plague in the Sham region during the Umayyad period (661-749AD) Also, examine the reasons for its occurrence and the beliefs surrounding the plague in this region. The investigations of this research show The geographical location of the sham, its Mediterranean climate, and the location of the sham on the trade routes And the resulting changes It has been influential in the occurrence and spread of the plagueThe occurrence of the plague has also had important and interesting effects on the world view of Muslims. So that the plague was not considered an epidemic but as a result of divine mercy or divine punishment.
Mahshid Sadat Eslahi, Hasan Allahyari,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most common infectious diseases, the growth and prevalence of which depends on the environmental and climatic conditions of each region. The Pahlavi government took measures to prevent the spread of this disease in order to ensure public health in the society. In 1334 to 1347A.H, the seventh province of Fars, which included a large part of the coastal and post-coastal areas of the Persian Gulf, was considered one of the vulnerable areas to this disease due to its geographical location. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate and analyze the actions of the Pahlavi government to control and prevent the spread of malaria in Fars province during the years 1334 to 1347A.H. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and data collection was done by referring to historical first-hand sources and unpublished local (Persian) documents. The findings of the research show that the Pahlavi government, within the framework of the second and third seven-year construction plans, has implemented solutions to treat and eradicate this disease, such as spraying operations, sending health teams, allocating special funds and implementing programs. He did training for this purpose. Statistical analysis shows that these measures were relatively successful and effective in preventing the spread and control of malaria in Fars. However, the implementation of this plan in Fars was not without challenges.
Elaheh Homayounzadeh, Seyed Mohammad Azin,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
The reproductive right, in its positive or negative form, has been raised in all religions and sects as well as in international documents and human rights, as an important principle and a supported and demanded right. However, the negative population growth rate in recent years in Iran, despite religious documents and laws and jurisprudential and theological support, shows the importance of the government’s attention to the causes of negative population growth and the necessity of taking measures to resolve this problem. Even though the population increase is of paramount importance and governments have the right to recommend and encourage population growth according to their visions, it is the right of every family to freely make their own decision regarding fertility or non-fertility. Although the reproductive right requires the freedom of decision, we should not ignore the positive and negative consequences of legislation regarding the population increase under any title and for any purpose. Informing people of these consequences is the responsibility of the governments and it is the right of the citizens to be fully aware of them and then make a decision freely; the freedom of action which has been neglected by the legislators in the Youthful Population and Protection of the Family Law and needs to be revised. This study attempted to investigate different viewpoints and domestic and foreign scientific and legal texts, to first prove the freedom of individuals in the implementation of reproductive rights, and then, explain the merits and demerits of Article 51 of the Youthful Population and Protection of the Family Law. Finally, certain suggestions were proposed to change this article as well as the legislators’ point of view regarding the strategies to increase the population growth rate.
Aliyeh Jahanian, Amir Aghayali, Jamal Rezaei Orimi,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Quarantine has a long history in Iran. The spread of epidemic diseases led to the creation of quarantine establishments in Iran. During the Qajar period, quarantine was taken into consideration, and at the end of the 19th century, quarantine establishments were developed in the borders of Iran. Accordingly, in recent years, much research has been conducted on quarantine. The present study aimed to introduce and criticize the paper entitled, “Quarantines of Iran in the End of Ghajar and the Beginning of Pahlavi Era” by Kasiri and Dehghannejad. This analytical-critical study was conducted using library resources to introduce and evaluate the aforementioned paper. The text of the article is coherent and integrated and indicates the authors’ efforts to identify the problems and obstacles to implementing quarantine in Iran. Concerning the structure of the article, there are instances of inappropriate referencing, writing errors, and ambiguity in the scope and limits. Moreover, the failure to mention the effects of World War I on the severity of communicable diseases and quarantine and the vagueness of the prevalence of infectious diseases can be among the criticisms of the content and methodology. Although the abovementioned paper could present a new approach to the history of Quarantine in Iran in the Qajar and Pahlavi eras for the scholars of the history of medicine, it suffers from several structural, content, and methodological flaws. Therefore, given the importance of criticism in scientific studies and according to the analysis of this paper, the results could help enhance the quality of studies and scientific productions in this field.
Reza Taghi Zade Naieni,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2025)
Abstract
The plague of 1896 AD/1314 AH was one of the most devastating epidemics in history that occurred in Bombay, India. This disease had a profound impact on human societies, particularly Islamic societies, and on the pilgrimage of Muslims between 1896 and 1899. This historical review study analyzed the consequences of the plague outbreak in Bombay, India, in 1896 AD/1314 AH on the pilgrimage process of Muslims in the mentioned year and the following years. This study also examined the type of exposure of Muslims to this disease and the restrictions imposed by the governments of the time. Data were collected from historical resources such as reports in Hajj travelogues, historical documents, Arabic press news, recent research by Western researchers, and scientific articles. The findings indicated that the ruling governments attempted to prevent the spread of the disease and reduce casualties by establishing and developing quarantine facilities, dispatching medical teams, shortening the permitted duration of pilgrims’ stay in Saudi Arabia, and persuading Muslims to forgo the Hajj pilgrimage. The success of these preventive measures hinged on two main factors: first, the necessary executive power to enforce restrictions, and second, the mitigation of economic insecurity for communities simultaneously affected by illness and pilgrimage. Furthermore, the acceptance of these limitations was significantly influenced by Muslim perceptions of the restrictions and their cultural and religious backgrounds.
