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Evaluation of Pharmacy Professional Ethics in Drugstores and Its Improvement Strategies from the Viewpoint of Students and Faculty Members of Tabriz School of Pharmacy
Mostafa Imaz, Tahereh Eteraf-Oskouei, Moslem Najafi,
Volume 11, Issue 0 (3-2018)
Abstract
Pharmacists, as a member of the health team face a lot of ethical challenges in performing their professional duties. This study was aimed to evaluate status, challenges and improvement strategies of pharmacy professional ethics in drugstores. It was a descriptive-analytic study carried out in 2015-2016. Data was collected using a standardized questionnaire related to principles of pharmacy professional ethics’ code from the viewpoint of qualified faculty members and students of Tabriz faculty of pharmacy. The overall score obtained for each principles of professional ethics code indicated moderate and high level status for each of the principles. However, there are some shortcomings in counseling to patients, consulting and interacting with physician, delivery of non-OTC drugs without any prescription, and accepting professional responsibility among the pharmacists. In addition, 71.5% of the professors and 75.5% of the students believed that inadequate income of pharmacists, the economic problems of drugstores, defects in the insurance systems, lack of proper culture for pharmacist's position, insufficient training of professional ethics at universities, priority of physician in Iran health system and giving gifts by some pharmaceutical companies are the main factors influencing professional ethics in pharmacies. Thus, comprehensive management is essential for improving professional ethics in pharmacies. In this regard, promoting professional ethics education, paying attention to economic problems of pharmacists and pharmacies, improving the performance of insurance organizations, developing culture to promote the position of pharmacists and serious supervision of health system officials on drugstores and pharmaceutical companies are necessary.

The Role of Faculty Members in Promoting Ethical Education in Universities
Saeideh Khojasteh,
Volume 14, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of faculty members in promoting ethical education in universities. This article has also attempted to provide the faculty members with ethical education (emotional, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions) in the form of practical solutions. This paper includes all available internal and external sources such as books and related articles. The method of data collection has been library. The findings of this study indicate that it is important for faculty members to strive to promote students' moral upbringing while also strengthening their religious beliefs. Therefore, it is concluded that the development of emotional, cognitive and behavioral dimensions promotes ethical training in faculty and students, and they can motivate themselves, develop appropriate jokes in the classroom, and maintain a sense of humor, extreme perfectionism, avoidance of pride and good ethics in the classroom to strive for emotional development. The cognitive dimension of ethical education teaches the effective and related components that the teacher's power of speech and clarity of speech, optimal classroom management, and effective interaction with students are presented as practical solutions. In the behavioral dimension, paying attention to moral freedom, patience and moral openness, and cultivating a spirit of criticism are the most important strategies for developing behavioral dimension.

Design and Psychometric Evaluation of a Questionnaire on Factors Associated with Unethical Research Practices among Faculty Members and Researchers in the Ministry of Health
Rahele Samouei, Shokoofeh Samouei, Narges Meshkineh ,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (3-2025)
Abstract
Faculty members and researchers bear the greatest responsibility for producing scientific research outputs due to the nature of their profession and mission. Given the role of ethical principles in ensuring evidence-based research, their impact on research utilization in society, and the importance of scientific evaluations, this study was conducted to design and psychometrically evaluate a questionnaire on factors related to unethical research practices among researchers. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024 among faculty members and researchers at medical sciences universities in Iran. Based on a preliminary qualitative study, 40 items were initially generated for the questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed through face validity, content validity (CVR, CVI), and criterion validity (divergent and convergent). Besides, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and reliability testing (Cronbach's alpha) were performed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Student's t-test. During the content validity assessment, 11 researchers evaluated the items. Applying cutoff scores of 0.59 for CVR and 0.79 and above for CVI, 16 out of 40 items were removed, retaining 24 items. Exploratory factor analysis revealed five key factors, including “researchers’ irresponsible and unprofessional behaviors and beliefs”, “inefficient basis for competition and career advancement among researchers”, “lack of awareness and up-to-date knowledge among researchers”, “inefficient organizational culture and policies”, and “lack of supervision over researchers and research”. Descriptive findings indicated significant differences in the mean scores of factors associated with unethical research practices of researchers by gender (P=0.002) and organizational position (P=0.004), but not by education level. The findings from this study confirmed the strong psychometric properties of the questionnaire on factors related to unethical research practices.

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