Showing 43 results for Iran
Kiarash Aramesh,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (7-2008)
Abstract
Confidentiality is anonymity of gamete or embryo donors to the recipients and resulted children and Vice Versa. In this article, I formulated the question about confidentiality through two main questions: 1- Ethically speaking, should the information about the characteristics and identity of donors be kept in specific organizations to be accessible for who considered having the right of access in the future? 2- Are receivers ethically obliged to inform their children about their biological origin? In this article, I assess the subject from Deontological, Utilitarianistic and Principalistic approaches and conclude that it is the right of such children to be informed about their biological origin. Of course in Iran, such ethical obligation should be suspended until the problems relating the heritage are solved.
Nahid Dehghan Nayyeri, Reza Negarandeh, Khadijeh Yazdi,
Volume 4, Issue 4 (7-2011)
Abstract
With the development of professionalism in modern-day nursing, concepts such as accountability and civil responsibility have found a special place in nursing, since responsibility is an intrinsic part of this profession. Accountability typically brings civil responsibility, which means an individual can be held legally responsible for injury they have caused to another person. Due to the autonomy that nurses enjoy in their practice, they have legal responsibilities, which in turn expose them to complaints and lawsuits on grounds of negligence more often than in the past. The objective of this paper was to familiarize nurses with the concept of civil responsibility, and to help them prevent the damages arising from it, as well as to ensure patients’ safety and rights.
This was an analytical study that examined the concept of nurses’ civil responsibility based on books and articles on the subject. The study will first explicate the general definition of civil responsibility, and then proceed to explain its application to the nursing profession, and the more common stages of litigation, prosecution and defense.
The nursing profession today can benefit from a modern outlook on civil responsibility and nursing errors in order to improve teaching methods in providing better patient care and reduce errors. This can eventually enhance the quality of care, and lead to a decrease in nurses’ civil responsibilities and prevention of a waste of public resources.
Seyyed Ziyao-L-Ddin Tabe, Mahdi Pasalar, Mehrzad Kiyani,
Volume 4, Issue 5 (10-2011)
Abstract
Adherence to ethical standards in the medical profession is one of the fundamental principles of the traditional Iranian medicine, and its significance is reflected in the words and works of founders of this school of medicine. One particularly valuable source is the esteemed work by the Iranian scholar Hakim Seyed Mohammad Hussein Aghili Khorasani Shirazi entitled “Kholasat-Al-Hekmat”, which was written more than two centuries ago. The present paper is a descriptive library research on this work. One significant characteristic of this book is the author’s careful attention to details in clarifying the principles of medical ethics. Although the “four principles” approach to medical ethics is a relatively recent concept in modern medicine, it has been fastidiously expounded and evaluated in Iranian works on medicine. For young physicians and researchers, being familiar with such sources and their analysis and comparison based on principles of modern medical ethics is a clear indication of the humoral medicine being deep-rooted and ethics based. The present study aimed to investigate and analyze medical ethics as presented in Kholasat-Al-Hekmat.
Masoud Kasiri, Morteza Dehghannejad,
Volume 4, Issue 6 (12-2011)
Abstract
By the end of the nineteenth century some countries that had trade relations with Iran established a quarantine stations at the southern ports. This was due to the spreading of cholera and pestilence especially in those regions as well as to a significant number of casualties. Later quarantines were adapted as a tool of colonial influence in order to pressurize the Iranian government.
In fact the quarantine was placed in critical frontiers caused a lot of problem for both the governments and people scattering quarrels in frontier quarantines and excessive letters between Iran and England.
In this review we aimed at surveying documents and papers remained from the past. Also in this review more attention has been paid to some issues which involve reasons of setting up quarantine stations in Iran and the resulted problems for government, frontiersman and pilgrims.
Alireza Milanifar, Mohammad Mehdi Akhondi, Parvaneh Paykarzadeh, Bagher Larijani,
Volume 5, Issue 1 (12-2011)
Abstract
Conflict of interest is a real situation in which a person as a decision maker simultaneously has two positions, one in private and the other in the public. In public role he or she has to pay attention to the society`s best interests and follows his or her best ones as private role. Conflict of interest is a common challenge of health system among both real and legal persons in all courses such as education, treatment, and researches.
The most causes of conflict of interest are named as deferent goals, lack of resources, authorities malfunction, health marketing and etc.
We aimed at discussing conflict of interest and its relation to law, its management, conflict of interest in pharmacy and pharmaceutical companies and also Iranian legal system viewpoint. In conclusion it seems that conflict of interest should be included in the law and the provisions to achieve the least conflict of interests in health system should be revised.
Omid Asemani,
Volume 5, Issue 4 (7-2012)
Abstract
Medicine is known as a combination of science and art. Besides knowledge, a good physician should be equipped with the art of establishing communication with patients. The keystone of any efficient relationship like a therapeutic one is trust, and its deterioration makes the relationship deficient and based on mere need. Therefore, establishing an efficient relationship brings about positive results in treatment. In the last two decades, the trend in the physician-patient relationship has greatly changed, so that patient-centered care is now in focus. In this kind of relationship, physicians recognize patients as respectable human beings with their unique beliefs, attitudes, and concerns, etc. In this paper we intend to provide a brief introduction to the concept of physician-patient relationship and its chronological changes. Also, common models of physician-patient relationships (e.g. paternalistic, etc) are introduced, compared, and their most obvious strengths and weak points are analyzed. At the end, a succinct analysis on the dominant model(s) of physician-patient relationship in Iran&aposs medical settings has been provided, and the necessity of compiling a model based on Islamic values is proposed.
Alireza Bagheri Chimeh ,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (4-2013)
Abstract
The Iranian model of compensated living unrelated (LUR) kidney donation has achieved some unique success, but there is an urgent need for a structural revision in the program. In spite of these achievements, the program lacks secure measures to prevent the risk of a direct monetary relationship between donors and recipients, and it must be revised in order to be morally justifiable. By presenting the current organ procurement program from living unrelated kidney donation, this paper calls for the revision of the current procurement system. The paper suggests a “non-directed living donation” policy for organ donation from LUR donors based on anonymous donation. Under such a policy, individuals can donate their organs to unknown recipients altruistically and receive compensation.
Mohammadreza Amiresmaili, Mahmood Nekoeimoghadam, Atefeh Esfandiari, Fatemeh Ramezani, Hedayat Salari,
Volume 6, Issue 3 (8-2013)
Abstract
In recent years, the financial relationship between the physician and the patient and some issues such as informal payments for health care have arisen as an unethical but common problem in many countries, including the Islamic Republic of Iran. Such issues are a threat to the professional reputation of physicians, and can have their own causes in different parts of the world. This study attempts to assess the causes of informal payments and the manners in which they are done in the hospitals of the Kerman Province in Iran in 2012.
This study was carried out using qualitative research methods, and semi-structured interviews. Structured interviews were conducted on a purposeful sample of 45 participants including patients, providers and policy makers in the Kerman province in Iran in 2012. This study was authorized by the ethics committee of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, and the consent form was completed by all participants. In this study the participants were asked questions regarding reasons for informal payments, and data were analyzed using content analysis.
There are several reasons for making informal payments, which include cultural, legal and quality factors. A number of reasons for asking informal payments by providers were discovered, including those related to tariffs, structural factors and ethical factors as well as to demonstrate the skill and competence of service providers.
Most of the reasons discovered for informal payments in Iran are similar to other countries in the world. They showed that inadequate funding of the health systems and inadequate formal payments to providers are the most important supply-side factors leading to informal payments. Given that qualitative studies usually cover potential reasons only, further studies are needed to investigate the matter more extensively.
Shahla Moazami, Mehdi Vahdan, Parisa Zadeh Dabbagh,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (10-2013)
Abstract
With the progress of science, organ transplantation emerged as one of the modern innovations of the medical science. Like other innovations, organ transplantation brings individuals in the society some disadvantages alongside numerous advantages. Legislators have therefore adopted rules and regulations for the mutual support of society members and their rights.In this article the researchers will examine the current regulations on organ transplantation in Iran. Legal sources in Iran, especially the constitution, Islamic criminal law, health and sanitary regulations, moral codes and so on will be referred to in this respect.In the constitution (as epigraph of all laws and regulations within the country), articles 14, 29, 43, 167 will be examined, and in Islamic criminal law articles 159, 372, 495, 497 and 724 will be discussed as the most significant existing articles on organ transplantation. In relation to the moral codes and medical and sanitary regulations we studied the following: Organ transplantation act of April 5, 2000 about the deceased or patients whose brain death has been confirmed the protocol on confirmation of brain death, established 2000 executive regulations for transplant from the deceased or patients whose brain death has been confirmed, adopted May 15, 2002 act of renal transplantation and donation from living donors passed on October 20, 2008 executive regulation 13101 approved on April 29, 2006 about living donors (with the exception of transplantation from a living donor to a foreign citizen) and the charter of patient’s rights ratified in 2009. Lastly, it should be mentioned that transplantation laws and regulations that presently exist in Iran appear to be inadequate for the purpose of resolving the current challenges and problems.
Bagher Larijani, Samaneh Tirgar,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (7-2014)
Abstract
A thorough understanding of the characters, attitudes, and lifestyles of renowned scholars is of paramount importance for any nation. Dr. Hasan Habibi (1936-2012) was a prominent figure in science, theology, literature, and culture of Iran. The late Dr. Habibi was a pious and patriotic politician who was fully committed to safeguarding the pillars of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Revolution. In this article, we aim to review some of his works and explore the memories of his family and acquaintances in the hope to shed some light on his manners, viewpoints, and lifestyle. Moreover, the first author’s personal remembrances of the late Dr. Habibi and his moral virtues are presented here, particularly with focus on his final years during which he was bedridden for a long period. Moreover, we aim to illuminate his ideas in terms of promoting science, supporting scholars, and building the infrastructure needed to expand the boundaries of science. We hope that this article will provide a model both for bedridden patients in Iran and the physicians and researchers who deal with them on a daily basis.
Navid Abolfathzadeh, Saharnaz Nejat, Fariba Asghari,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (9-2014)
Abstract
This study aims to develop a national questionnaire that measures the moral sensitivity of Iranian medical students. The questions were developed based on ethical vignettes in educational documents, the professional code of conduct in Tehran University of Medical Sciences and medical students’ workbooks in ethics course. A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the clarity and appropriateness of 7 primary questions. Next, 38 questions were reviewed for content and face validity by an expert panel including 7 expert teachers and 4 lay experts (medical students). In order to assess the reliability of the finalized 35 questions, a test-retest was conducted on 30 medical students with a 2 weeks interval. Through test-retest study, the median values of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Spearman and Kappa were calculated at 0.81, 0.65 and 0.53 respectively. The final version of this instrument consists of 24 scenarios, each presenting an ethical challenge, and has a Cronbach’s alpha reliability score of 0.67. The final questionnaire could be used as a valid and reliable research instrument to determine the moral sensitivity level of Iranian medical students. Another application for this instrument may be evaluation of the effectiveness of curricular reforms by longitudinal studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first context-specific instrument on moral sensitivity assessment in Iranian medical schools.
Hamid Kavyani Pooya ,
Volume 9, Issue 5 (1-2017)
Abstract
Archaeological evidence and various historical documents indicate that Chinese were aware of the lands beyond the mountains of the West, especially Iran. This article argues that Iranians had a great role in transferring Iranian religions as well as some other religions such as Christianity to China. As such, the transfer of medical knowledge had had occurred along with transferring those religions and beliefs.
As it is the case now, in the past, business relationship between countries and different ethnic groups played a great role in knowledge transfer between nations. By reviewing the existing historical documents, library resources and archaeological findings, show that the extensive trade exchanges between Iran and China, lead to not only cultural exchange and religious beliefs but also the transfer of medical beliefs, knowledge and practices to China. This happened by the Iranian religious envoys as well as non-Iranian religious missionaries. In conclusion, this knowledge and technology transfer had an impact on the flourishing Chinese medicine.
Mehdi Nateghpour, Ali Kazemian, Nikzad Isazadeh,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
Islamic culture has a bright and comprehensive history in human civilization. Based on Islamic teachings the spirit and body are in close relation with a mutual influence on humans’ health. The Holy Qur’an as well as the Prophet of Islam and his successors (peace be upon them) have paid deep attention to both spirit and body. Moreover, according to religious scholars’ decree (fatwa) cleanness and neatness has been mentioned as the main condition for worships to be accepted. The Prophet (PUH) said: “Neatness is half of the faith”. Therefore, efforts to keep the health of both spirit and body are important to Muslims. Although, in ancient time, health and medicine were bined together, later they were divided into three sections including health, clinical diagnosis of disease and treatment. Based on Islamic teachings, Muslim scholars learned medicine and then began to translate some Greek, Seriani and Indian medical knowledge into to Arabic language, which has shaped the golden age of Islamic medicine spanning between the 8th and the 15th Centuries.
Among the Islamic countries Iran had a specific place in the field of medical sciences. Jondishapour was one of the most prominent medical educational centers back then. This article elaborates on the status of medicine based on historical evidence as well as Muslim physicians in the golden age of Islamic medicine.
Amirhossein Mardani, Maryam Nakhoda, Ehsan Shamsi Goshki, Alireza Noruzi,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
Substantial concerns about the research integrity in Iran have caused research misconducts to be issue for studies. But adequate recognition about causal factors is a necessary part of clear and explicit policy in order to manage the research misconducts and supply the research integrity. This study attempted investigating the available evidence on the reported research misconducts in the Iranian research and its causal factors. Therefore, 30 studies on the Iranian research misconducts were studied. The detected factors to research misconducts based on the reported evidence included: 1. Structural factors such as publication pressure, scientific promotion policies, research funding and job preservation; 2. Organizational factors such as research environment, regulatory-control activities on research and teaching research activities; 3. Personal factors such as research skills, degree orientation, financial benefits, understanding and moral judgment. The analytical model of causal factors was designed. Therewith, cultural and situational factors have received less attention in the literature and they have major focus on the obvious types of research misconduct (data fabrication, Falsification and Plagiarism), especially plagiarism.
Ehsan Mostafavi, Marziye Taheri,
Volume 12, Issue 0 (3-2019)
Abstract
Waqf (donation) has a long history in human history and can have a high impact on economics, society, and culture. One of the most influential fields of the waqf is on human health. This study is a descriptive study. In this article, after reviewing the tradition of waqf and charity throughout history, and the experiences of charity in other countries, including the Pasteur Institute of Paris, the role of waqf in establishment and promotion of Pasteur Institute of Iran is reviewed and the benefactors of this institute are introduced. The headquarters of the Pasteur Institute of Iran in Tehran and its branches in Shemiran, Khalid Islambouli, Amol (north) and Hamadan (west) are donated by the charities for diagnosis, production of vaccines, and research in the field of contagious diseases’ control and prevention. In Iran, most cases of waqf on health have been dedicated in the field of treatment, but Pasteur Institute of Iran is a successful example in the field of public health and specialized health services. One of the ways to expand waqf is to explain the effects of these endowments in society. Investigating the role and influence of Pasteur Institute of Iran in promoting public health can be a good explanation of the impact of these endowments in the field of health. It is suggested that Pasteur institute of Iran and its persistent effects be explained to the beneficent, so that some of the future endowments be extended to areas such as public health and diagnostic services.
Shahnaz Xajeh, Fereidoun Allahyari, Ali Akbar Kajbaf,
Volume 12, Issue 0 (3-2019)
Abstract
Smallpox was a dangerous disease that was considered one of the leading causes of mortality and disability in Iran up to Pahlavi II period. Therefore, combatting this disease was necessary. At the beginning of the second development plan (1955) and by founding Combatting Smallpox Service, the efforts for eradicating smallpox became more organized. This organization could overcome a lot of the different geographical and human obstacles and vaccinate a lot of the people every year. So, it could almost controlled smallpox up to the end of this period. In this paper, we investigated combatting smallpox from 1948 to 1967 and addressed its obstacles, approaches and achievements. Accordingly, we answered research questions through content analysis and deductive reasoning. The major sources used were reports released by the state, particularly the reports of Planning Organization and Ministry of Health, as well as old medical magazines.
Fatemeh Kokabisaghi,
Volume 13, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
All children have a right to benefit from health facilities, goods and services and be protected from physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, and neglect or maltreatment. Some groups of children need special support to enjoy their rights. The aim of this paper is to review Iran’s laws and policies on the protection of children’s right to health. The method of this descriptive and analytical study was content analysis of international and national law and reports related to children’s right to health and the current situation of Iranian children. The data was collected from academic literature and official webpages of United Nations and Iranian government’s organizations. Realizing citizens’ right to health and protection, Iran’s laws respect the right of vulnerable groups of children to special support. Moreover, to protect Iranian children from health risks and maltreatment, there are several deterrent laws. Iranian laws on children often are consistent with international human rights laws. However, not all of them are adequately and completely implemented. To promote the health of children, weaknesses in the implementation of laws should be identified and removed.
Mahmoud Motevassel Arani, Mojtaba Parsa, Seyed Hesamoldin Sayyedin , Nikzad Isazadeh, Abdolrahman Rostamian , Mohsen Parwiz, Hossein Dargahi,
Volume 13, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
Organizational culture is defined as prominent values and a set of key characteristics govern the organization. Paying attention to the importance of organizational culture increases staff’s productivity and job satisfaction. Therefore, the aim of this study was identification, counting and classification of organizational culture components based on Islamic-Iranian values by synthesizing approach and looking at health care organizations. First, 892 indicators were identified and counted by application of Pearson and English databases and using organizational culture, Islamic – Iranian culture, indicators, component, and health care organizations as key words, consideration of inclusion and exclusion criteria, field literature review, data entry into Excel software. Then using Delphi method and opinions of seven cultural elites in Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and after performing 11 stages, repetitive indicators in terms of meanings, concepts, and examples were merged and grouped into 39 components. Moreover, the extracted components were divided into three levels of organizational culture and the application of the components of each level in organizations were presented. Therefore, it is recommended the final components and application of each of them be used as an organizational charter in Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
Hamed Akhavizadegan,
Volume 13, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
Jila Sadighi, Nazila Nikravan Fard, Zahra Hatami, Ehsan Shamsi Gooshki,
Volume 13, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
More than two decades have passed since the establishment of research ethics committees in Iran. With many years of experience of research ethics committees, Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education revised previous regulations and developed “Regulation on the Establishment, Leveling, and Duties of the Biomedical Research Ethics Committees”. Following publish and notification of “Regulation on the Establishment, Leveling, and Duties of the Biomedical Research Ethics Committees” in 2014, research ethics committees formed in national, academic, and organizational levels. In this regard, due to cooperation of the Iran Ministry of Health and Medical Education with the Iran Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, “the single article of the Act for Prevention and Combating Fraud in Scientific Publications” was approved in the Parliament of Iran in 2017; its executive bylaw was notified for implementation by the Cabinet of Ministers in 2019 and accordingly research ethics committees found a legal status in Iran. For promotion and update of the mentioned regulation and adaption to the Act, the secretariat of the national ethics committee proposed revised version of the regulation after obtaining opinions of stakeholders and several expert meetings. Then the new regulation entitled “Regulation on the Establishment, Procedures, and Duties of the Research Ethics Committees” was approved by the Iran National Committee for Ethics in Biomedical Research and the High Council of Medical Ethics of Iran in 2021. Structure of the committees in the new regulation includes “the National Committee for Ethics in Biomedical Research”, “Regional Research Ethics Committee”, “Institutional Research Ethics Committee”, “Biomedical Research Ethics Committee”, and “Specialized Committee”. This article introduces this new regulation.
