Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine

Muslims learned how to build a hospital using the experiences of physicians from other nations, especially Iranians, by modeling at Jundishapur Hospital, and this way set up many hospitals. In addition to building a variety of hospitals, Muslims created efficient structures and organized them based on bosses, deputies, stewards, supervisors, nurses, and the like, who served in different parts of hospitals. In Islamic hospitals, male and female physicians with various specialties treated patients regardless of religion or race. Using a descriptive-analytical approach based on library information, this research seeks to answer the question of how the structure and organization of hospitals in Islamic civilization have been. Findings of the present research verify that hospitals in Islamic civilization had a well-organized and efficient structure, and various medical departments. Findings also indicate that the structure and organization of Islamic hospitals have evolved over time.

One of the most important and influential events in the interaction between Islamic civilization and the West was the Crusades, which lasted for nearly two centuries and extended from Europe to the Levant and Egypt. The main reasons for these wars, apparently, were the religious zeal of the Christians to seize Jerusalem from the Muslims and, in fact, the territorial expansion and influx of the surplus population of Europe to the east. The present study aims to explore the role of the Crusades in the transfer of medicine to Europe. The present research uses a descriptive-analytical method and library resources to explain the process of transferring Islamic and Eastern medical science to the world, affected by religious wars. Referring to texts, honesty and trustworthiness, citation of used texts, avoidance of bias in inference from texts or analyzes have been observed. The results of the research show that during the Crusades, Europeans, observing the scientific progress of Muslims, decided to translate the works of Islamic physicians and transfer them to Europe. This led to the advancement of medical knowledge and the development of health in Europe's Renaissance. Thus, he most important consequence of the Crusades was facilitation of the transfer of the cultural and civilizational foundations of the Islamic world, including the reserves of Islamic and Persian medicine to Europe