Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine

The system of Iranian medicine in the Qajar era was the continuation of the system based on the humors view. Accordingly, the incidence of most diseases was attributed to whole view of the quadruple imbalance of blood, soda, bile, phlegm. Preventive and therapeutic approaches were also carried out in the same cognitive atmosphere. The example of Smallpox disease, indicates such a view in the Qajar era. According to the findings of this research, in Qajar medical literature, the bumps of pus in the skin of is described to be hard, single or non-separated with different colors and was called as Jodri or Smallpox. In terms of cognitive aspects, physicians of Qajar era following former physicians classified Smallpox disease in terms of humor among the hot and wet diseases and described boiling of blood in the body as the cause of this disease. Exposure to this disease was through the two pathways preventive and therapeutic measures. In order to prevent the disease, the necessary orders was recommended by the physicians by “sette zarurieh” and especially avoidance of several behaviuors. In terms of therapy, along with several types of diets, different kinds of medicines was used to relieve the symptoms and complications of the disease at different body parts. This study is a review, it has been attempted to examine the nature and purpose of the descriptive and analytical method and the therapeutic approach to treating Smallpox disease in medical system of Iranian Qajar era. Required information and data have been created in a desk research.

Smallpox was a dangerous disease that was considered one of the leading causes of mortality and disability in Iran up to Pahlavi II period. Therefore, combatting this disease was necessary. At the beginning of the second development plan (1955) and by founding Combatting Smallpox Service, the efforts for eradicating smallpox became more organized. This organization could overcome a lot of the different geographical and human obstacles and vaccinate a lot of the people every year. So, it could almost controlled smallpox up to the end of this period. In this paper, we investigated combatting smallpox from 1948 to 1967 and addressed its obstacles, approaches and achievements. Accordingly, we answered research questions  through content analysis and deductive reasoning. The major sources used were reports released by the state, particularly the reports of Planning Organization and Ministry of Health, as well as old medical magazines.

Smallpox is one of the most dangerous and contagious diseases that have killed many people throughout history. Attempts to prevent and treat the disease have always been a concern of physicians and some government officials. In the Qajar era, attempts were made for a modern-style inoculation, but it failed because of its incompatibility with the culture and beliefs of the community and the fundamentals of traditional medicine. In the first Pahlavi period, despite the adoption of laws on free, public and compulsory inoculation, there were no desired results due to some problems. The present study seeks to study the obstacles and problems of inoculation in Iran during the first Pahlavi era and the government's actions with a focus on Isfahan city and its functions using descriptive-analytical method. It also seeks to answer the question of what caused failure of the government to cope with smallpox despite considerable efforts? The results of this study show that although the government's measures to enact free and compulsory public inoculation laws, employing inoculation doctors and threatening and penalizing offenders reduced the number of smallpox patients in Isfahan, however, there were problems such as the unawareness of the people and their refusal to inoculate, the lack of cooperation of several villages’ headman with the inoculation officers, the violation and negligence of some inoculation, and the lack of sufficient funds and health facilities. These problems made smallpox disease still prevalent and caused children’s mortality.