Showing 14 results for Treatment
Alireza Ismailabadi, Amir Bastani,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (7-2008)
Abstract
Background: The first experimental lobotomy was performed in psychiatric patients at 1930. At the beginning, the purpose of such experiments was the treatment of certain patients such as psychotics, sexual offenders and schizophernics, but during the years, the unpredictable results and harms appeared. Nowadays the treatment is limited to medical treatment and psychosurgery which includes two new forms of lobotomy named cingulotomy and capsulotomy. Previously physicians were performing dangerous surgery on a wide rage of patients irrespective of their consent and objections. In fact they treated them in the favor of “patients’ and public (social) interests” and some claims have risen against it. In this regard some legislators such as Canadian legislator enacted or amended their regulations and these regulations criticized.
Method: We selected the most related articles and books among the related resources. For completing this article, we searched by the keywords of Lobotomy, enforced offender to treatment, ethics.
Results & Conclusion: Studying some known cases demonstrated harmful effects of this special surgery and regarding to the ethical and legal points of view, operating patients only for the interest of patients or public, irrespective of their consent is not legitimate.
Mansureh Madani, Ensieh Madani,
Volume 6, Issue 5 (12-2013)
Abstract
Patient's refusal of treatment is the rational consequence of informed consent and is considered among the patient's rights but can lead to patient harm or harm to others, or damage to the health care system. Major ethical challenges in the field of treatment refusal arise from capacitated patients. This paper mainly examines theoretical issues related to this group by reviewing books on jurisprudence, philosophy and bioethics, especially textbooks that include moral philosophers' perspectives, the views of experts in bioethics and jurisprudential considerations related to this issue. These views sometimes are very different or in conflict with each other. Based on different schools of philosophy or ethics, our encounters with patients who refuse treatment can range from abandoning patients on the one hand to treating them at any cost, even by coercion or deception on the other hand.
According to Islamic perspectives, people have no right to harm themselves, but because of the authority that each person has on his or her body, this does not mean that compulsory treatment is permitted it means that caregivers must try to persuade patients to accept treatment, and must not cooperate with them to harm themselves and to discontinue treatment specifically.
Mansoureh Madani, Ensieh Madani,
Volume 7, Issue 4 (11-2014)
Abstract
Refusal of medical treatment is among the most important rights of patients and a natural consequence of informed consent, although it can result in harm to patients or others and even the health care system.
Treatment refusal may have various clinical manifestations whose recognition and proper understanding is essential to their management. In some cases the legal aspect is primarily dominant, such as when there is the possibility of harm to a third party. In other cases, for instance in absence of patient capacity, there are clear guidelines for decision-making. Major ethical challenges in the field of treatment refusal frequently pertain to capable patients, and this paper is mainly about the practical issues related to this group. The problems that these patients face are mostly due to improper physician-patient relationship or fleeting emotions. Caregivers should be prepared to deal with these issues and try their best to overcome obstacles and achieve patient satisfaction, with the exception of critical emergencies where treatment is carried out without consent. If all measures fail, patients’ refusal must be documented and other therapeutic interventions should be offered.
Mostafa Hamedani,
Volume 8, Issue 5 (2-2016)
Abstract
Introduction and Problem Statement: Attitude Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him and his family) treatment, has several dimensions as follows: ontological, ethical, Juridical and medical. This article studies the mystical and moral attitude of the Prophet Muhammad's treatment of prophetic mysticism a nd moral to explain the nature of treatment.
Methods: this study, used the Quran and prophetic traditions as well as Shia and Sunni interpretations used and documentary - library.
Results: The results show that the Prophet (PBUH and prophet) said treatment is only with God's command. The Prophet of Islam only God knew therapist. Prophet knew doctors who serve with tolerance to the patient. Of course, the prophet did not know doctors dismiss the treatment but he, presented the doctor through the grace of God. He has said his companions to follow the recommended treatment processes According to this attitude. He believed that God has landed the drug. Also, according to the moral teachings of the Prophet (PBUH and prophet) central task of the treating physician is as follows: the need for specialized doctors, trying to detect treatment, avoid seeking treatment from unlawful activities.
Applications: mystical prophetic teaching about the treatment that "God is revealed for each analgesic drug" is a very important idea that can be used as a methodology proposition, medicine paradigm of the crisis related to the rescue Which can be used as a methodology proposition, fever that save crises related paradigm.
As well as other mystical vision of his heart, can be explain the moral principles of treatment in the healing process with integrated color. Ethical principles in relation to medicine and treatment can also introduce the responsibility of the medical profession as divine responsibility and thus enhance the physician's professional responsibility.
Amirahmad Shojaei,
Volume 9, Issue 6 (3-2017)
Abstract
Although, physicians have a duty to treat their patients, sometimes the cure is not possible in medicine and there is no result in attempt to cure patient. In this situation, we face with two types of patients: first, patients who are conscious but suffering with advanced disease and will survive only for a short time. The second group, are patients who are unconscious and may not be cured with the standard treatment based on physician experience.
The latter are the subject of the present article. So what a Hospital should do in dealing with these patients? How the hospital, should develop a community-based policy on providing care for these patients. Finally, how should inform the public to adhere to these policies.
Mohsen Rezaei Aderyani, Saeid Nazari Tavakkoli, Mehrzad Kiani, Mahmood Abbasi, Mohsen Javadi,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
Medical ethics is an old science. Some of its issues have historical precedence, and others are modern challenges, and have emerged with advances in technology. One of such historic but newly emerging challenges is "bi’natijeghi-e-pezeshki (futile treatment)", which is defined as the treatment that cannot achieve its goal. This term entered medical literature as "medical futility" in late 1980s. Based on this investigation, it can be concluded that this term should only be used when the desired outcome following medical procedure and the outcome sought by the medical team and patient/family (patient's health) is unlikely to be realized. There are various equivalents for this term in our country (Islamic Republic of Iran), including "bi’fayedegi-e-pezeshki (medical uselessness)", "bi’houdeghi (frivolity) in medicine", and even "inappropriate treatment". The present article aimed to find a suitable Persian equivalent for this concept. The use of interpretations such as "frivolity" or "uselessness" may cause misunderstanding between patient/family and the medical team, and can ruin the trust between patient/family and the medical team. Thus, the best alternative to this English term appears to be "bi’natijeghi-e-pezeshki (futile treatment)".
Saeid Rahaie, Fatemeh Heidari,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
Patients with advanced, progressive, non-curable, or hardly cured illnesses, found themselves in a situation where therapeutic measures have no effect in improving their condition and health status and they are gradually pushed toward death. Care provided to the patient, during this period, is known as end-of-life care which include life-sustaining treatments and palliative care. Life- sustaining treatments are such that give patient the chance for living longer but inflict lots of suffering upon the patient. While in palliative care, the patient probably survives for a shorter period, but suffers less. The question is whether the patient can choose between the two methods? Considering the Jurisprudential rule of “the necessity to safeguard human life”, most of the Muslim Jurists believe that the patient cannot rule out the first method (i.e. life- sustaining treatment). This study first examines the evidence of the rule, and explained the viewpoints of the Muslim Jurists about choosing between these caring methods, and proves that, despite accepting the rule, it is limited by the rules of “no hardship“ (la haraj) and “prohibition of detriment”(la zarar) and moreover the rule of “the domination”(saltanat). However, it can be said that, regarding the evidence of rule “the necessity to safeguard human life”, patients who are at this stage are excluded from the subject matter of this rule.
Javad Alipoor Silab, Nasser Sedghi, Hossein Namdar, Alireza Ghaffari, Mohamadreza Dashti,
Volume 12, Issue 0 (3-2019)
Abstract
The system of Iranian medicine in the Qajar era was the continuation of the system based on the humors view. Accordingly, the incidence of most diseases was attributed to whole view of the quadruple imbalance of blood, soda, bile, phlegm. Preventive and therapeutic approaches were also carried out in the same cognitive atmosphere. The example of Smallpox disease, indicates such a view in the Qajar era. According to the findings of this research, in Qajar medical literature, the bumps of pus in the skin of is described to be hard, single or non-separated with different colors and was called as Jodri or Smallpox. In terms of cognitive aspects, physicians of Qajar era following former physicians classified Smallpox disease in terms of humor among the hot and wet diseases and described boiling of blood in the body as the cause of this disease. Exposure to this disease was through the two pathways preventive and therapeutic measures. In order to prevent the disease, the necessary orders was recommended by the physicians by “sette zarurieh” and especially avoidance of several behaviuors. In terms of therapy, along with several types of diets, different kinds of medicines was used to relieve the symptoms and complications of the disease at different body parts. This study is a review, it has been attempted to examine the nature and purpose of the descriptive and analytical method and the therapeutic approach to treating Smallpox disease in medical system of Iranian Qajar era. Required information and data have been created in a desk research.
Alireza Moshirahmadi, Abdoreza Javan Jafari, Aria Hejazi, Hesam Ghapanchi,
Volume 13, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
The possibility of mistakes, negligence, injuries and damages in medical activities could give rise to a civil or criminal case. In such cases, resorting to experts’ opinion is necessary. Forensic medicine organization has important role in such cases. Therefore, understanding of the criteria used by experts of this organization is important and could give rise to awareness of doctors and reduce their professional failures. This is a practical research with a descriptive and analytical method and its necessary information are collected by documentary studies. This investigation shows that medics normally try to have correct medical diagnosis and select appropriate process, and treat patients through reasonable methods to reduce their suffering and pains. It is possible that medics make a mistake in their diagnosis and treatment. Although the result of medical treatment are not guaranteed always, they have to do their treatment and operation according to reasonable and scientific standards and any recklessness and negligence causes criminal or civil responsibility. Reflection on the medical cases shows that the reasons of medic’s conviction can be divided into two categories including pre-treatment and post-treatment factors. Pre- treatment indices contain errors related to diagnosis or choice of treatment.
Mohamad Nader Sharifi, Pooneh Salari,
Volume 13, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
One of the most challenging aspects of treatment is when patient seriously refuses the desired by treating physician. On the other hand, refusing treatment is a condition of the patient's right to be aware, but does such a right also imposes a moral obligation on the treating physician or not? This study discusses the diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosis disease. This article attempts to provide an overview of the ethical considerations for obtaining informed consent for a patient who refuses treatment. In this report, according to the patient's age, it can be concluded that although the patient has the capacity to make decisions, but because her age is below the legal age and does not have the authority to decide, her refusal to receive treatment cannot be accepted and it is necessary to make a decision based on the supreme interests of the patient with the opinion of a qualified legal guardian in this regard, taking into account the scientific aspects.
Abdoreza Javan Jafari, Alireza Moshirahmadi, Aria Hejazi, Hesam Ghapanchi,
Volume 13, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
Efforts of the medical staff are to provide efficient, desirable, and high quality services to patients. However, medical treatments are not immune to error and mistake. So, occurrence of injury following medical managements is inevitable, an issue that could lead to a lawsuit against the medical staff. In such cases, resorting to experts’ opinion is necessary. Therefore, knowledge about effective indicators in sentencing can increase awareness of the treatment staff in addition to reduction of traumatic behaviors. Reflection on the medical forensic cases shows that the reasons of medic’s conviction can be divided in two categories including pre-treatment and post-treatment factors. Errors after entering the treatment process indicate post-treatment index. Breach at the end of treatment, not doing (lack of) treatment in the appropriate place, mismatch or mistake of used techniques, and fault or blunder are the most important issues related to this index. The present study intends to examine the effective criteria in sentencing medical staff in a descriptive-analytical manner based on expert opinions’ of medical malpractice cases.
Alireza Rohi , Mabobe Ghayor Blorfroshan,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (3-2022)
Abstract
Muslim ophthalmologists have made significant achievements in the field of ophthalmology in all Islamic lands and territories, especially in Andalusia. Andalusian scientists have written several works related to medicine and ophthalmology that introduce us to their activities in this field. The main purpose of this study is to review the activities performed in Andalusia regarding ophthalmology. Using the review method of libraries and referring to the sources and written works of Andalusian physicians and ophthalmologists, their most important activities in this field have been studied. A study of medical and ophthalmological works in Andalusia showed that Andalusian ophthalmologists created special innovations, the most important of which are the invention and manufacture of various drugs, various surgeries, understanding the anatomy of the eye, and use of various tools for treatment and surgery.
Aydin Feyzi, Amirali Soheili, Samira Chaibakhsh, Fidan Shabani, Shiva Khaleghparast,
Volume 17, Issue 0 (12-2024)
Abstract
Advance directives (ADs) are legal instruments that enable individuals to express their healthcare preferences in anticipation of a future loss of decision-making capacity. These directives are particularly important in the context of chronic conditions such as heart failure (HF), a disease marked by progressive functional decline and unpredictable medical crises. ADs help safeguard patient autonomy by ensuring that care aligns with personal values and preferences, especially at the end of life. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines to examine the preferences of patients with heart failure regarding life-sustaining treatments and end-of-life decision-making. A comprehensive literature search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, covering publications up to March 2024. Search terms included "advance directive," "advance care planning," "heart failure," and "end-of-life decision-making." Studies were included if they were original, peer-reviewed, full-text articles focusing on HF patients aged 18 and older. Non-peer-reviewed works and inaccessible full texts were excluded. A total of 25 eligible studies were identified and appraised using the NIH quality assessment tool. Extracted data included demographic characteristics, preferences for treatment, surrogate decision-making, and educational interventions. Findings from the reviewed literature reveal consistently low levels of awareness and completion of ADs among HF patients. Completion rates varied significantly across studies, reflecting potential cultural and systemic influences. Preferences for surrogate decision-makers overwhelmingly favored family members over healthcare professionals. A notable finding from Jawahri et al. (2016) indicated that patients who received video-based education were significantly less inclined to choose cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or mechanical ventilation compared to those receiving only verbal information. Additional qualitative insights, such as those from Formiga et al. (2004), showed that patients prioritized maintaining dignity, independence, and meaningful relationships over merely extending life. These patterns highlight the necessity of aligning care with patients’ broader goals and values. Across the 25 studies included, a total of 4,091 heart failure patients were analyzed, with a mean age of 68.22 years. Meta-analytic findings demonstrated diverse preferences regarding life-sustaining interventions: approximately 53.73% of patients favored such treatments, while 45.37% declined CPR. These statistics underscore a substantial variability in end-of-life preferences, further reinforcing the need for individualized care planning. In conclusion, patients with heart failure display heterogeneous preferences concerning end-of-life care, shaped by cultural context, personal values, and the type of information provided. Despite the established importance of ADs, significant deficits in awareness, understanding, and documentation persist. These findings point to a critical need for tailored educational interventions, improved provider-patient communication, and culturally sensitive approaches to advance care planning. Future research should focus on designing and integrating standardized AD facilitation tools into routine clinical practice to support truly patient-centered care.
Saeed Nazari Tavakkoli, Saeed Ghadirzadeh Toosi,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Treating patients whose lives are in danger or threatened by irreparable harm, is an obligatory act. However, sometimes, due to old age, the severity of the disease, or the lack of definitive treatment, the patient faces a situation where, according to the diagnosis of the medical staff, starting or continuing the treatment has no effect on patient recovery, or the effect is so insignificant that is ignored in medical practice. This study was conducted using a descriptive and analytical method based on library resources to compare “futile treatment” in medical ethics with “Israf” (extravagance) in Islamic jurisprudence so as to indicate the level of conceptual compatibility between these two concepts. Moreover, considering the illegitimacy of extravagance in jurisprudential teachings, it was attempted to explore whether it is illegitimate, according to Islamic rules, to perform futile treatment. To do so, first, futile treatment and its characteristics in medical texts were defined. Second, the ethical considerations of performing such treatment were explained based on the teachings of medical ethics. Third, extravagance was analyzed in terms of concept, topic, and sentence by referring to valid lexical, jurisprudential, narrative, and interpretative resources. Finally, based on a comparative study, the level of compatibility of futile treatment with extravagance was investigated. The findings of this study showed futile treatment is an example of extravagance as it causes the waste of personal or public property, lacks rational purpose, and does not lead to patient recovery or promotion of health status. Therefore, futile treatment is not considered an obligatory act but even an illegitimate one as it is a clear example of extravagance. In addition to punishment in the afterlife, it entails civil liability as it results in the loss of others’ property.
