Abbas Yadollahi Baghlooei, Seyed Mohammad Azin, Reza Omani Samani,
Volume 8, Issue 5 (2-2016)
Abstract
In the Iranian Civil Code, article 190 and the following articles specify a series of conditions that each party of a contract should possess in order to be able to enter into the contract. The above-mentioned article states that in order for a contract to be valid, both parties must be of age, must be in full possession of their senses, and must have reached puberty. In addition to these conditions, the intended parents must meet a number of other criteria as well; for instance, they should be infertile and must be physically and mentally healthy. As regards the surrogate mother, she needs to be married and in good physical and mental health, and she should have previously conceived a child. She must also be of an age suitable for pregnancy, and it needs to be ascertained that she will come to no harm due to pregnancy. These terms, however, are not ordained by the Iranian law and are only observed by some institutions at the moment. Therefore it is recommended that legislators focus on the issue of surrogacy and oversee the observance of the above-mentioned terms by institutions that are involved in the process.
Seyed Saied Seyed Mortaz, Parvin Delavar, Nafiseh Zafarghandi, Mohammad Reza Yektaei, Qolamreza Moarefi, Ali Davati, Shiva Rafati, Siamak Afshin Majd, Ahia Garshasbi,
Volume 11, Issue 0 (3-2018)
Abstract
A 62-year-old man referred to the emergency department 48 hours ago with chief complaint of repeated bloody vomiting. The patient is admitted and the necessary measures are taken. Within 24 hours, he received 6 units of blood. The patient has undergone endoscopy, but endoscopic endorsement has failed to stop the bleeding. The surgeon consulted and visited the patient. He considered urgent emergency laparotomy. The patient is alert and refuses surgery. The hemodynamic status of the patient is not stable and gastrointestinal bleeding continues. These questions are posed to medical staff and hospital managers: "What is our duty”? "Should we respect the choice of the patient and witness the progress of the disease and deterioration of the patient's condition"? "Can he be discharged from the hospital on the basis of the patient's refusal to take medical treatment"? "Can we take appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic measures with the use of legal capacity and support despite patient’s opposition? "How can one regard autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence at the same time, in this situation "? In this study, which is one of the problems of medical ethics, the ethical, legal, and health aspects of the presented patient are discussed.
Marjan Shamspour, Seyed Mahmoud Tabatabaei, Seyed Hamid Reza Naghavi,
Volume 11, Issue 0 (3-2018)
Abstract
The most important conditions necessitating Hajj are financial affordability, physical, and psychological capacity. Most persons who become bound to make the Hajj ignore the psychological capacity. Each year many persons lacking psychological capacity, go on Hajj and cause other mentally qualified people deprived of travel. A number of these pilgrims undergo medical treatment or are hospitalized during their travel and some of them are returned back to the country. No study has been carried out so far on these special conditions, psychological capacity, of Hajj. In quantitative part of this study, information of all records existing in the medical center of Hajj during 2012-2015 was extracted. The information was analyzed by assistant psychiatrist, professor, and physicians based on DSM-IV-TR standards. In qualitative part, systematic information was extracted from authorities of Hajj organization. From studied records related to psychiatric disorders, cases of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders were identified as lacking mental and psychological capacity. The results of this study showed that about 16% of the people with mental disorders such as schizophrenia and psychotic disorders, and that their dispatch to Hajj's journey was in contradiction with the principles of jurisprudence and ethics. This study can be regarded as a religious and ethical guide for identifying the examples of people who have been deprived, to help policy makers of the Hajj system to apply more strict monitoring of the dispatch of pilgrims, eliminating the time spent by other pilgrims and defusing national pride, and helping to replace eligible people instead of those who are not qualified for Hajj.
