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Impediments of the development of modern pharmacies in Qajar era
Seyed Mohammad Hossein Manzor-Al-Ajdad, Seyed Hashem Aghajari, Maryam Saghafi,
Volume 5, Issue 6 (12-2012)
Abstract
Prevalence of epidemic diseases including cholera and plague was among the most common causes of death during the Qajar era, and the necessity of fighting such diseases was one of the priorities of the government. Acquiring medicinal and pharmaceutical knowledge from Europe and promotion of general hygiene were among the efficient ways of preventing outbreaks and epidemics. The process was started by Abbas Mirza through sending students to Europe and continued by Amir Kabir through the establishment of Darolfonun (the Polytechnic School). Modern medicine and pharmacy were introduced in Iran by European professors of the Darolfonun however, their development faced oppositions in the traditional society of the era. In this research, we are going to explain the process of development and promotion of the modern medicine and drugstores, based on the present references, and then proceed to examine the impediments in this regard.
Ethical challenges in the community pharmacy setting from the perspective of the faculty members of Shiraz School of Pharmacy and pharmacy practitioners: a qualitative study
Shahin Reisnejadian, Sedigheh Ebrahimi, Shiva Hemmati,
Volume 8, Issue 5 (2-2016)
Abstract

Pharmacists serve as members of both the society and the health care team, which may involve them in activities that could be the subject of ethical query. They can face issues and problems in the workplace that may raise questions as to whether their acts are appropriate, right, just or legal.

This study aims to explore ethical issues from the perspective of pharmacists and to examine their reasoning processes regarding social phenomena such as ethical challenges. Moreover, it explores the ethical decision-making strategies that pharmacists employ when dealing with such problems in pharmacies and in their interactions with people.

This was a qualitative content analysis study. The participants were chosen using purposeful sampling from community pharmacists and the academic staff of the School of Pharmacy at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with 20 individuals and analyzed using content analysis approach.

Analysis of the interviews led to extraction of the following six categories: pharmacists' understanding of key ethical concepts; pharmacists' experiences and duties; relationship with other health professionals; the pharmacy as a commercial setting; the difference between the practice of ethics in pharmacy, medicine and nursing from the perspective of pharmacists; and the actual response of pharmacists in confronting ethical problems.  Each of the above-mentioned categories were further divided into sub-classifications describing specific ethical challenges in pharmacy practice

Awareness of ethical issues and professional guidelines is a fundamental part of the education of health care professionals and provides a structure that will enable them to assess ethical problems and make appropriate, justifiable decisions. The findings of this study indicate the need for implementation of professional guidelines and codes of ethics in pharmacy practice to cover all ethical issues


Confidentiality in Pharmacy Practice
Rasool Esmalipour, Pooneh Salari,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (10-2016)
Abstract

Confidentiality is considered as a principle commitment of all health care professionals. Respecting confidentiality creates and maintains the trust between patients and health professionals.

Patients should be assured that their information will be kept confidential unless there is a persuasive reason. Confidentiality originates from principle of patient’s autonomy, and there is no need to be requested frankly by patient.

All of the patient’s information is naturally secret unless the patient gives consent to disclosure. In this article we aimed at reviewing challenges of confidentiality in pharmacy practice in addition to presenting the national and international guidelines in this regard. The pharmacists as the last link of the treatment team are receiving a wide range of information about their patients. Therefore respecting confidentiality in pharmacy practice should be considered as a very important requirement and it seems that privacy and confidentiality is at the primary rack of ethical and legal issues in pharmacy. Obviously fundamental challenges are existent in the pharmacy which remained unsolved. In this regards all those challenges should be determined, analyzed and practiced. In the paper we introduced some challenges including challenges related to the physical environment, pharmaceutical consultation, patients confidentiality in presence of patients family, etc and presented national and international guidelines which assists in dealing with the challenges.


The Conflict of Interest in Pharmacy Practice
Rasool Esmalipour, Mojtaba Parsa,
Volume 10, Issue 0 (3-2017)
Abstract
The conflict of interest is a situation in which professional judgment and performance in the primary interest and obligation tend to be unduly influenced by a secondary interest. Pharmacy is one of the main rings in the process of providing healthcare services. In this process conflict of interest may occur frequentlywhich occasionally has influence on the professional and moral duties of pharmacists that as a result may put the interst of the patients at risk. Taking care of patients is the first duty of pharmacist and they always must make evry effort to avoid any situations that puts the interests of the patientincluding their health, financial or non-financialposition at risk. The pharmacist must be aware of conflict of interest that exist in the drugstore as well as its effects on their professional and moral responsibilities. They also need to be able to manage them through scientific policy and logical skills. These issues and challenges may happen in terms of the relationship between the pharmacist and patients, other people or organizations, such as the relationship between doctors and pharmacists, pharmacists and pharmaceutical or non pharmaceutical companies, irrational relationship between pharmacists and patients. Although various guidelines for managing conflict of interest have been developed, there is a lack of policy on how to manage conflict of interest in pharmacy. In this study, the situations of conflict of interest and how it affects the professional relations of pharmacist with others was considered and this result was achived that the pharmacy have to be asuitable and appropriate place to give services for patients and the first priority of pharmacists must be the patients’ treatment benefits and interest
 

Evaluation of Pharmacy Professional Ethics in Drugstores and Its Improvement Strategies from the Viewpoint of Students and Faculty Members of Tabriz School of Pharmacy
Mostafa Imaz, Tahereh Eteraf-Oskouei, Moslem Najafi,
Volume 11, Issue 0 (3-2018)
Abstract
Pharmacists, as a member of the health team face a lot of ethical challenges in performing their professional duties. This study was aimed to evaluate status, challenges and improvement strategies of pharmacy professional ethics in drugstores. It was a descriptive-analytic study carried out in 2015-2016. Data was collected using a standardized questionnaire related to principles of pharmacy professional ethics’ code from the viewpoint of qualified faculty members and students of Tabriz faculty of pharmacy. The overall score obtained for each principles of professional ethics code indicated moderate and high level status for each of the principles. However, there are some shortcomings in counseling to patients, consulting and interacting with physician, delivery of non-OTC drugs without any prescription, and accepting professional responsibility among the pharmacists. In addition, 71.5% of the professors and 75.5% of the students believed that inadequate income of pharmacists, the economic problems of drugstores, defects in the insurance systems, lack of proper culture for pharmacist's position, insufficient training of professional ethics at universities, priority of physician in Iran health system and giving gifts by some pharmaceutical companies are the main factors influencing professional ethics in pharmacies. Thus, comprehensive management is essential for improving professional ethics in pharmacies. In this regard, promoting professional ethics education, paying attention to economic problems of pharmacists and pharmacies, improving the performance of insurance organizations, developing culture to promote the position of pharmacists and serious supervision of health system officials on drugstores and pharmaceutical companies are necessary.

Pathology of Nomenclature of Compounded Drugs in Persian Medicine Based on Gharabadin- e- Salehi, Gharabadin-e- Kabeer, and Gharabadin-e-Azam
Farzaneh Zare, Mohammad Hossein Ayati, Mohammad Reza Shams-Ardekani, Mohsen Baghbani,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
Drug title is one of the important tools for recognizing and evaluating a combination drug and also analyzing its content. However, sometimes due to the existence of problems that is considered a kind of pathology in this field, is tarnished. The present study tries to identify the problems of nomenclature of compounded drugs. The names of combination drugs available in this research have been collected from three books in traditional pharmacy, namely Gharabadin-e-Salehi, Gharabadin-e- Kabeer, and Gharabadin-e- Azam, related to 18th and 19th centuries. The results showed that there are 5 major problems in nomenclature of compounded drugs: (1) several names for one drug with various formulations, (2) one name for drugs with various formulations, (3) a great deal of variation in unnamed drugs, (4) some unknown pharmaceutical dosage forms, and (5) being dosage forms at one with route of administration and mechanism of action. The study exposes combination drugs in Persian medicine have named concerning various patterns. For this reason, there is non-cooperation that feels a need to special investigation

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