Showing 11 results for Philosophy
Mahsa Shakour, Alireza Yousefi, Leila Bazrafkan, Zahra Jouhari, Safoora Taheri, Athar Omid,
Volume 6, Issue 5 (12-2013)
Abstract
Abortion is a challenging issue. It is proposed as a problem in medical philosophy and medical ethics texts. In dealing with abortion, graduate medical students may be influenced by different situations, or make a decision according to their conscience. Therefore they should acquire a satisfactory level of ethical development to deal with these issues during their years of education.Some things that are important for education on abortion are law, religious and moral reasoning, understanding the moral reasoning of people who request an elective abortion and related ethical philosophies. If health providers want to make the right decision and manage the patient suitably, they should be aware of the moral reasoning of the abortion applicant, religious moral reasoning, legal issues, and the ethical philosophies related to elective abortion, so they can do the best thing when dealing with abortion applicants. Sometimes the abortion applicant or the health provider thinks that abortion is an ethical action, but according to religion and the philosophy of ethics it is not. Therefore supporting health may be warranted by educating medical students on ethics as well as religious rules and legal issues.
Samaneh Tirgar, Banafsheh Karimi, Farzaneh Zahedi Anaraki, Nasrin Hamidi Abarghouei, Bagher Larijani, Soodeh Tirgar, Fatemeh Mirzaee (lotfi Azar),
Volume 7, Issue 4 (11-2014)
Abstract
Abortion of the disabled fetus is among the challenges of medical ethics, and decision-making in this respect is subject to a major controversy between Islam and Western philosophies. One reason is skepticism about the continued existence and evolution of the human soul after death, which has resulted in legitimacy of abortion of disabled fetuses in the West. Islam and Islamic philosophers, however, attribute great importance to the soul and its evolution, and therefore in decisions related to such embryos all aspects of the body and soul are considered, with more emphasis on the latter. Some issues that are raised in the Islamic worldview include: What is the reason behind embryonic defects? And does a disabled fetus also suffer from a defect in the soul?The present paper is a descriptive-analytical non-systematic review that uses a data collection approach. Regardless of the issue of ensoulment, the study intends to examine the evolution of the spirit (nafs) in the fetus during various stages of life (vegetative, animal and human) based on Mulla Sadra and Imam Khomeini's perspectives. It also aims to conduct a philosophical investigation into defects in creation and to find the answer to the important question of whether the soul of a disabled fetus is also imperfect.
Findings of this study show that based on Mulla Sadra’s views, all living things have been created in the best and most perfect form. The disabled fetus is not an exception and therefore has a perfect soul, but the appearance of the soul in a malformed body is defective. The imperfection may have two causes: first, a wrong choice made by the soul of the disabled fetus in the world before this one, i.e. the Zar world, although the concept is among the unfolded mysteries of creation unfathomable by human knowledge second, effect of the genes and/or the environment, regardless of the choice made by the soul of the disabled fetus in the world of Zar.However, since decision making regarding abortion of disabled fetuses is still a matter of controversy in medical ethics, further studies from the perspective of Islamic philosophy seem necessary to help resolve the issue and provide ethical guidelines based on Islamic principles.
Farzaneh Zahedi Anaraki, Bagher Larijani, Banafsheh Karimi, Samaneh Tirgar, Kobra Khazali, Soodeh Tirgar, Nasrin Hamidi Abarghouei, Fatemeh Mirzaei (lotfi Azar),
Volume 7, Issue 5 (1-2015)
Abstract
Abortion has remained a subject of intense controversy in medical ethics, particularly in the case of malformed fetuses. Review of the existing literature on the issue indicates that there are two main challenges in this regard: firstly, the question as to whether a malformed fetus has the right to live, and secondly, the fate of the soul (vegetative and animal) after induced abortion.This descriptive research presents different viewpoints in order to investigate the aforementioned questions in Mulla Sadra’s philosophy with a focus on the “right to live”. The results of the study demonstrate that according to Mulla Sadra’s theory, all fetuses possess potential human souls even if they are extremely malformed or disfigured. He considers the fetus a vegetable with the potential to convert into a human. Based on this ideology, which encompasses both creation and resurrection, the malformed fetus has the right to live. The assumption is founded upon Mulla Sadra’s Theory of Substantial Motion, which implies that abortion may influence the evolution of the soul in the limbo period (intermediate state) after abortion and might even affect its resurrection. It can be concluded that in the Iranian society, which has an Islamic background, theological views should be considered in decisions about abortion. It should be mentioned, however, that philosophical approaches alone cannot be relied on for decision-making regarding the abortion of a malformed fetus. Furthermore, interdisciplinary contributions are indispensable to a thorough analysis of this controversial issue so that the ethical challenges surrounding abortion in such cases can be overcome.
Davoud Dehghan, Mohamad Mazidi, Babak Shamshiri, Saeid Rahimiyan, Mohamadreza Taghavi,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (5-2015)
Abstract
Axiology is an important topic of discussion in philosophical schools that deals with aesthetics and ethics. Axiology is related to ethics in its general sense and professional ethics in specific. Today, moral systems are seeking to answer man’s needs in various areas including professional ethics for psychotherapists. In this article, we have examined the axiology of illuminationism as the basis of our view and a major Islamic philosophy in order to draw from it the principles and methods of professional ethics for psychologists and psychotherapists. Sohrawardi, the founder of illuminationism, has offered certain instructions for the purification of ego. The aim of this article is to extract from this axiological system some implications that would be beneficial to psychotherapists. The method used in this research is descriptive-interpretive. Capacity, honesty, justice, benevolence, trustworthiness, commitment, respect for human dignity and secrecy are among the ethical principles of Illuminationism, and if psychotherapists can apply these values, their treatments and therapies will be more effective.
Zahra Asgari, Mohammad Hosein Heidari , Ramezan Barkhordari, Behnoosh Esteki,
Volume 11, Issue 0 (3-2018)
Abstract
Medical Philosophy is essential part of medical ethics and history. I has long history and owes its current status to developments resulted by historical, philosophical, social, and cultural experiences. The most important reflection of its revolution is its influence on the goals and missions of higher education in different time periods. In this study, two of the most important philosophical perspectives towards the medical education are compared with the aim of investigating possibilities and limits of each perspective in general education, specialized education, and treatment. The descriptive-analytical method is used for this comparison. These two perspectives are: 1) biomedical philosophy, which is based solely on human biological mechanisms, and 2) humanistic philosophy, which is based on the integrity of the human being. The results of this study show that medical education from the perspective of the biomedical philosophy focuses on specialized education, and treatment from this perspective is performed in the form of a patriarchal relationship. Whereas, from the humanistic perspective, general education is based on the integrity of the human being (including biological, psychological, and ontological) together with the specialized education. Treatment in this approach is achieved through a collaborative relationship between the physician and the patient.
Mohammad Hossein Asgardoon, Sepehr Azizi, Azin Ebrahimi, Mohammad Hossein Ahmadian,
Volume 12, Issue 0 (3-2019)
Abstract
Several definitions for medical futility has been proposed in the literature. Medical futility is defined as the condition in which an intervention, either for diagnosis, prevention, treatment, rehabilitation or other medical goals, has no benefit for the individual patient. This critical review aimed to increase the understanding of physicians and other healthcare providers on the issue of futility in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Our comprehensive search resulted in more than 1000 studies; unrelated studies were excluded by title and abstract screening, then 219 full-texts were read and finally, 118 studies were included. The conclusion concerning whether or not it is morally acceptable to provide a futile treatment in CAM, becomes a controversial issue based on different approaches. Using futile treatments is not acceptable according to the duty-based approach, and the principle of justice. In contrast, the case-based approach and the principle of autonomy of the patient, hold that such treatments could be morally acceptable. Based on utilitarianism, only evidence-based treatments can be morally discussed, and those CAM therapies that have been shown to be futile, should be prohibited; thus health care providers must not offer them to patients since it would be a kind of deceit. We suggest that more comprehensive studies should be performed to clarify the boundary between placebo, nocebo, and futility.
Alireza Monajemi,
Volume 13, Issue 0 (3-2020)
Abstract
The long-standing interaction of philosophy and medicine has assumed to be as follows: great physicians have been also philosophers, so there is a relationship between medicine and philosophy. In this paper, based on philosophical modeling, essentials of interaction for medicine and philosophy are presented. First, brief descriptions of two models of medicine-philosophy interaction are presented: Galen and Avicenna. Then, the distinct and innovative model of Fakhr Razi- that has been seriously neglected- will be descried. Galen believes “The best doctor is also a philosopher (logic and ethics)”. The logic helps physician to provide accurate diagnosis while the physician-patient relationship is regulated by ethics. Avicenna concerns more with the epistemological foundations of medicine, the position of medicine in the classification of knowledge and the importance of theory of medicine. He argues that philosophical debate on fundamental medical concepts is neither useful for medicine nor philosophy. Fakhr Razi's model can be described as Socratic Method, that is, understanding through dialogue based on questions and answers. His book called “Sharh Kulliyyat al-Qanun fi al-Tibb” (Commentary on Canon of Medicine) is philosophical reflection on basic concepts of medicine and It could be considered as of one of the first texts in medical philosophy. The main goal of his philosophical reflections seems to provide a deeper understanding of medical knowledge and its application in practice.
Abbas Soleimani,
Volume 14, Issue 0 (3-2021)
Abstract
This article has no abstract.
Hossein Fasihi, Seyed Ahmad Fazeli,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (3-2023)
Abstract
This study analyzed the credibility perceptions from the perspective of Allameh Tabatabai, one of the prominent Iranian philosophers in the field of philosophy of ethics. Tabatabai emphasizes the significance of credibility based on fundamental values such as truth and justice, arguing that credibility should be rooted in these values. He also pays attention to the analysis of credibility perceptions and underscores their importance in human behaviors and decision-making. The study further delved into how individuals’ credibility perceptions are formed and highlighted the significance of grounding these perceptions on rational arguments, as well as religious and mystical experiences. Credibility perceptions play a crucial role in shaping ethical values and principles and have a direct impact on human ethical behaviors. Moreover, Tabatabai emphasizes the importance of willpower, faith, and piety in shaping human ethical behaviors, explaining that, for individuals to achieve their goals, they must possess knowledge and awareness and make decisions to perform actions based on precise knowledge. These credibility perceptions not only play a vital role in human interaction with the material world but also contribute to the formation of their ethical cognition. Finally, the study demonstrated that analyzing credibility perceptions and focusing on ethical principles and values can contribute to the establishment of suitable ethical environments required for the formation of ethical behaviors. In other words, this study considered credibility perceptions as a solution to addressing ethical challenges in societies and cultures
Hosein Fasihi, Dr. Syyed Ahmad Fazeli,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
In the realm of philosophy, numerous thinkers have offered profound, and at times amazing, insights into the nature of existence. Among them, Spinoza stands out with his unique perspective, establishing a deep connection between ethics, religion, and the divine nature. Spinoza posits that religious texts, beyond their religious teachings, serve a motivational role in inspiring moral behavior. He locates the foundation of virtue within human nature and essence, arguing that the moral quality of actions is not inherent but is derived from God as the ultimate source of good and evil. Ultimately, adhering to the principle of universal necessity, Spinoza extends this concept to ethics, viewing it as an expression of divine nature. This perspective implies that morality and all human actions unfold within the framework of natural and divine necessity. An examination of Spinoza's views reveals a profound unity between humanity and the divine, characterized by a harmonious and interactive relationship between religion and ethics. Within Spinoza's philosophical system, these two categories are aligned, guiding individuals toward happiness and virtue. This innovative approach not only enriches our understanding of Spinoza's thought but also, by bridging religion, reason, and health, opens avenues for reconsidering medical ethics and spirituality in the contemporary world. This study, through a critical analysis of Spinoza's views, lays the groundwork for future investigations into moral philosophy, religion, and medical ethics, fostering a constructive dialogue between tradition and modernity.
Hamidreza Namazi, Navid Ravan,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Medical considerations about aging are as old as medicine itself. However, due to the controversy about whether aging should be classified as a disease or merely a stage of life, geriatric medicine was separated from medicine with a considerable lag. The differentiation of geriatrics from other medical specialties is not rooted in subjecting a specific organ of the body or specific pathophysiological processes but based on a particular stage of life. On the other hand, different stages of life, such as old age, are also subjects for medicalization. Therefore, geriatric medicine may sometimes be threatened by geriatric medicalization and its associated harms. In addition, the relativity and ambiguity in defining the concept of aging and its dependence on social contexts can lead to confusion in understanding the subject matter of geriatric medicine. Mitigating these harms requires philosophical and ethical reflection on health and disease concepts as well as on the essence of aging. Considering that Iran is expected to face an aging crisis in the coming decades, this philosophical reflection at different levels among researchers in the philosophy of medicine and medical ethics, researchers and practitioners in geriatrics, as well as among civil society, can lead to separating geriatric medicine from geriatric medicalization, hence increasing the integrity and efficiency of geriatric medicine, and promoting the health status of the elderly.
