Showing 10 results for Ghavi
M Naghavi,
Volume 2, Issue 1 (23 2006)
Abstract
Background and objectives: Data on transitions in health status are among the most important types of information used for promotion of health and social development. Health transition comprises two elements: demographic and epidemiologic transition. This paper depicts the health transition in I.R. Iran over the last few decades.
Methods: We used demographic data gathered over the last 45 years in order to get an idea of the demographic transition. Several other sources were used to gather data on mortality and fertility patterns, occurrence of communicable and non-communicable diseases, etc to trace epidemiologic transition.
Results: Indices relating to mortality and fertility patterns have undergone marked changes parallel with rising income levels, urbanization, industrialization, and access to health care. Also notable are decreasing under-5 and maternal mortality rates, aging of the population, and a shift from communicable to non-communicable diseases.
Conclusions: Because of the uneven rate of social development, epidemiologic transition has followed varying patterns across different regions. It is crucial that these differences be taken account of in future health programs.
M Safavi, R Sheikholeslam, Z Abdollahi, M Naghavi, S Sadeghiansharif, E Sadeghzadeh, S Mohammadian,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (24 2006)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Iron is a major essential micronutrient during pregnancy and has an important role in intrauterine fetal growth and safe delivery. This survey was designed to study the status of anemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in pregnant Iranian women. The results can help health policy-makers with the design and implementation of targeted strategies to overcome these problems.
Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 4368 women at gestational ages ranging from 6 to 9 months. Subjects were drawn through cluster sampling from 11 different regions of the country. Hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and serum ferritin levels were measured and the prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was determined both nationwide and separately in each region.
Results: Overall, 21.5% of the women suffered from anemia 42.7% were iron deficient and the prevalence of IDA was found to be 10.4%. The prevalence of anemia s was significantly greater in rural areas than in urban settings (22.2- 27.8% compared to 17.1 -21.6%, 95%CI). The highest prevalence of anemia and low Hct was seen in the women of region 5 (including Sistan and Baluchistan, South Kerman and South Khorasan with rates of 44.2% and 40.5% respectively). Region 6 (covering Isfahan, Yazd, Kohkilooyeh-Boyerahmad and North Kerman) had the lowest prevalence of anemia and low Hct (9% and 10.8% respectively). Use of iron supplements (even irregular) had a positive effect in reducing anemia. It affected Hct levels only when taken regularly.
Conclusions: Anemia is still a major health issue for pregnant Iranian women. Although supplementation should be continued, there is a need for more comprehensive interventions addressing all target groups, especially women of child-bearing age.
M Naghavi, F Abolhassani, F Pourmalek, N Jafari, M Moradi Lakeh, B Eshrati, N Mahdavi Hezaveh, H Kazemeini, A Tehrani Banihashemi, Sh Shoaee,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (22 2008)
Abstract
Background & Objective: Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) summarizes the fatal and nonfatal outcomes of diseases and injuries in one number and gives a quantitative assessment of the health of a population. Estimating the burden of diseases and injuries in Iran in terms of DALY both nationwide and in 6 provinces.
Methods: We used slightly modified versions of the methods developed by the World Health Organization for estimating the burden of premature mortality, disability, and the DALY.
Results: The DALY rate per 100,000 was 21572 and 62% of this was life lost due to premature mortality the remaining 38% was due to disability from diseases and injuries. Fifty-eight percent of the total DALYs had been lost due to non-communicable diseases, 28% due to external causes (injuries), and 14% due to communicable, maternal/ perinatal and nutritional illnesses. The group of diseases and injuries with the highest burden in males waz intentional and unintentional injuries (2.789 million DALYs), while in the female population this position was held by mental disorders with 1.191 million DALYs. The single most important cause of burden was traffic accidents in males and ischemic heart disease in females. Disease burden showed considerable variability between different provinces.
Conclusion: The profile of health and disease in Iran has generally shifted from the predominance of communicable, maternal/perinatal, and nutritional illnesses towards predominance of non-communicable diseases and injuries at the national level. These figures on disease burden at population level are the most objective evidence that can be used in policy making and management of health programs, health research, and resource development within the health sector.
R Sheikholeslam, M Naghavi, Z Abdollahi, M Zarati, S Vaseghi, F Sadeghi Ghotbabadi, F Kolahdooz, K Samadpour, M Minaei, S Arabshahi,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (22 2008)
Abstract
Background & Objective: Malnutrition is one of the main nutritional problems among children under 5 years especially in developing countries. The effects of malnutrition in this range of age group includes disorder of mental and physical growth and development, increase in the morbidity and mortality, decrease of the learning capacity. A detailed epidemiological picture of the prevalent malnutrition status among children under 5 years in different regions of Iran enables health policy makers to identify priorities, establish political commitment and design appropriate interventional programs to prevent and control malnutrition and improve nutritional status of children. To determine the prevalence rate of malnutrition among children under 5 years.
Methods: Demographic data, weight and height of 34200 Iranian children between 0-72 months old in 28 provinces of the country in 2005 year based on a cluster sampling were gathered. The subjects' weight and height were measured by trained staff. Prevalence of underweight, stunting, and wasting indicators was determined by measuring the weight and height of subjects in urban and rural areas. EPI6 statistical software, version b6/04, was used for all statistical analyses.
Results: 4.7% of the children aged less than five years suffered from stunting (95% CI: 4.5- 4.9%) The prevalence of this type of malnutrition among urban children is significantly less than rural children (95% CI: 3.1- 3.5% and 6.5-7.1% respectively). Meanwhile the prevalence of underweight was 5.2% in the country (95% CI: 5.1-5.4% while the prevalence of this type of malnutrition was significantly less among urban children than those in rural ones. Moreover, the prevalence of wasting was 3.7% (95%CI: 3.5-3.9%) and there was a significant difference in this regard between the urban and rural children. Thus this indicator was significantly higher among urban children than those in rural areas (95%CI: 3.8-4.3% and 3.0-3.5% respectively).
Conclusion: The results of the study show that the prevalence of protein-energy malnutrition was low among Iranian children under five years old. In comparison with previous studies, it is felt that there has been a prudent decrease in all malnutrition in all levels. However, there were significant differences in the prevalence of malnutrition in different provinces, which has resulted in the differences in their developmental stages as well. It appears that subjective strategies are required to improve the nutritional and health status among children under five in all provinces.
N Zia Sheikholeslami , M Rezaeian, M Bahsoun , M Taghavipoor ,
Volume 5, Issue 4 (11 2010)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Medical Tourism has been recently paid more attention. Individual practitioners and medical organizations must be able to provide accurate information about this rapidly evolving trend. Since there has been little known about this issue, we decided to assess the knowledge about and attitude towards medical tourism in Rafsanjan, Iran.
Methods: A questionnaire including XXX questions were completed by Rafsanjan Medical University staff. All information was analyzed by SPSS software.
Results: Only 8.3% of individuals sated that they studied some articles about Medical Tourism, and only 14.7% of them had deal with these kinds of patients. The majority of participants (80.7%) hadn’t had any idea about the quality of medical expenses by Medical Tourists. Mainly (68.7%) believed that development of Medical Tourism in Iran would not have any bad social consequences and 62% believed that its development in Iran could improve the knowledge of Iranian doctors. The majority (67.3%) agreed to arrange for inviting tourism to Iran in order to use of Medical Tourists and 54.3 of them believed that development of Medical Tourism could improve treatment of Iranian patients.
Conclusions: The knowledge of participants seems is very low therefore appropriate educational programs should be tailored by responsible organizations in Iran. However medical staff’s attitude towards medical Tourism seems is very positive which indicates having necessary potential for any activity in this regard in future.
A Maghzi Najafabadi , A Hajizadeh, Sm Taghavi Shahri , Y Hajizadeh, B Mahaki,
Volume 14, Issue 2 (Vol.14, No.2, 2018)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Annually about 7 million premature deaths occur due to air pollution in the world. Nitrogen oxides are among major air pollutants. Although many foreign exposure assessment studies have been carried out, Iranian studies are limited to primary analyses. Hence, in this research, we studied spatial variation of nitrogen oxides using spatiotemporal modeling in Tehran 2014.
Methods: The concentration of nitrogen oxides was obtained from 21 air pollution monitoring stations in Tehran. There were 8760 records for each pollutant in each station. Holidays and land elevation were the predictors implemented in the spatiotemporal model. The D-STEM software was used for analyses and mapping.
Results: Nitrogen monoxide significantly decreased (P<0.001) over holidays and with an increase in land elevation (coefficient: -0.070 and -0.169, respectively). Moreover, the concentration of nitrogen dioxides decreased in holidays (coefficient: -0.630) but increased with with an increase in land elevation (coefficient: 0.155) (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Spatiotemporal exposure assessment of nitrogen oxide pollutants was done for residents of Tehran for the first time in this study. The results of this study, which are estimation maps for daily nitrogen oxides, could benefit future epidemiological studies in evaluation of the effect of air pollutions on health of Tehran citizens.
E Ghaderi, J Hassanzadeh, A Rezaianzadeh, M Nasehi, H Barati, Mr Bazrafshan , F Mazooji, M Ghorbanian, N Ghavidel, S Razi,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (Vol.16, No.3 2020)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: A great number of tuberculosis (TB) patients present to the private sector to receive care; therefore, integrating TB control programs into private sector activities can enhance the control of TB. The Public-Private Mix (PPM) program is suggested by the World Health Organization to engage the private sector in TB control programs. In this study, a plan designed for PPM was piloted Karaj, Alborz Province, Iran.
Methods: In this community trial, pre-intervention assessment covered 18 months prior to the study. The intervention was a PPM package that was integrated into the health system by Karaj County Health Center. Then, three-month post-intervention data were collected. Analysis was performed with the SPSS 16 software using chi-square test.
Results: After the intervention, there was an increase of 40.7% in suspected cases of TB per month and an increase of 101.7% in smear positive TB cases diagnosed by Karaj laboratories. The ratio of smear positive cases to all suspected TB patients was 4.57% before and 6.56% after the intervention. The percentage of three sputum sample positive patients was 75.5% and 89.9% before and after the intervention, respectively.
Conclusion: The developed PPM program markedly improved the case detection; therefore, it is suggested to fix the potential defects of the program and implement it in all parts of the country.
Sa Hashemi, K Holakoui-Naeini, Ma Mansournia, R Akrami, M Nomali, T Valadbeigi, V Mennati, Ha Adineh, Mr Taghavi, M Ghafouri, S Poorbarat, A Hoseinzadeh, M Farahdel, Mr Armat, M Haresabadi,
Volume 17, Issue 3 (Vol 17,No.3, Atumn 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: COVID-19 is a new disease and little information is available on its risk factors. The aim of this study was to determine the mortality risk factors in patients with COVID-19 in the northeast of Iran.
Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted. Patients of both sexes with a confirmed diagnosis of Covid-19 infection who died during the study were studied as the case group and patients who were in good general health and ready for discharge were studied as the control group. Data analysis was performed with the STATA software version 14 using descriptive statistics and univariate and multiple logistic regression tests.
Results: Six hundred and eleven patients were studied (27% cases and 73% controls). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the odds of death were 2.8 times higher in patients over 80 years compared to patients aged 50-60 years. In addition, age under 40 years reduced the odds of mortality by 85% and living in rural areas increased odds of death by 2.2 times. Cough, general fatigue, pain, nausea and vomiting increased the odds of COVID19 survival.
Conclusion: The odds of mortality were higher in elder patients with COVID-19. In addition, living in rural areas increased the odds of mortality in patients. Cough and fatigue reduced mortality; however, it is needed to address other hidden factors for sound judgment.
Saeed Ghavi, Rafat Asarzadeh, Somayeh Derakhshan, Simin Poursaman, Fereshteh Sohrabivafa,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (Vol.18, No.4, Winter 2023)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In December 2019, a novel coronavirus was discovered in Wuhan, China, leading to the global outbreak of COVID-19. The rapid transmission of the virus, the emergence of various strains, disparities in community vaccination, and the high mortality rate have presented significant health challenges to countries worldwide. Against this backdrop, this study aimed to assess the mental health status of women in the workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: The study employed a systematic review approach, conducting keyword searches on databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The search terms included "Covid-19 Virus Infection," "Covid-19 Pandemic," "Coronavirus," "Alphacoronavirus," "Bat Coronavirus," "Mental health," "Psychological," "Working women," "Working woman," and "Employee women." Articles published between 2019 and 2021 were collected and evaluated. A total of 11 articles met the inclusion criteria for data extraction and were analyzed.
Results: The reviewed studies identified several significant psychological consequences, with anxiety being reported in 82% of the articles, followed by stress (73%) and depression (64%). The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated negative psychological effects among working women, including those in hospital settings and those working remotely.
Conclusion: A multitude of factors contribute to the experience of COVID-19-related stress among women. These include health disparities, lower professional status, worries about personal health, family and community well-being, financial uncertainties, childcare responsibilities, and decreased social connections. As a result, stress-related disorders such as anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, insomnia, and burnout tend to manifest more severely in working women compared to men in comparable positions.
Yaser Mesri, Mina Pakkhesal, Aliakbar Naghavialhosseini, Fatemeh Mirzaei, Abdolhalim Rajabi,
Volume 18, Issue 4 (Vol.18, No.4, Winter 2023)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Considering the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health and the significance of oral health, this study aims to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on dental care utilization among children.
Methods: This retrospective study utilized available data from the archives of the dental clinic at Gorgan Pediatric Hospital in 2022. Information regarding demographic characteristics and the types of received services were collected and entered to SPSS version 26 statistical analysis software. The chi-square test was used to compare the annual differences in the frequency of different service types, and the Cochrane-Armitage test was employed to examine the linear trend of changes in each service.
Results: A total of 24,185 different dental services were received by children aged between 2 and 14 years old referred to dental clinic of Taleghani Children Hospital from March 2020 to February 2022. Comparing the frequency of dental services in 2021 to that of 2020 revealed a 31% decrease in the total number of services. The types of services utilized during the first year of the pandemic exhibited significant changes compared to the pre-pandemic year. This included an increase in tooth extraction (P = 0.001) and a reduction in restorations (P = 0.000). Additionally, a noticeable increase in pulp treatment (P = 0.003) was observed, particularly in the second year of the pandemic.
Conclusion: The frequency of dental care utilization, types of services received, and insurance utilization underwent significant changes during the pandemic. It is crucial to plan for future required treatments and establish infrastructures to address similar pandemics.
