Showing 11 results for Gouya
K Etemad, H Eftekhar Ardabili, A Rahimi, Mm Gouya, A Heidari, Mj Kabir,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (20 2011)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The epidemic of HIV has been become worldwide. Infected people with HIV which are
most intravenous drug users (IDUs) and/or people who have unsafe sex are important source of transmission of
infection to other persons in a community. Since there is little known about the knowledge and attitudes of HIV
positives about HIV in Iran, therefore we decided to measure the level of knowledge and attitudes of this group
in Golestan province in compare with individuals with risky behavior.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 54 HIV+ persons and 134 people with high risk behavior
individuals in 2007 year.
Results: Our study showed that HIV- (High risk group) cases had higher education level (P=0.034). Rate of
jobless was higher in HIV+ persons (P<0.001). HIV+ cases had lower income (P=0.037). Both groups had
moderate knowledge and poor attitude on HIV/AIDS. Level of attitude in HIV+ positive persons was lower than
high risk group (P=0.05).
Conclusion: It is concluded that these susceptible persons and also infected individuals with HIV regardless of
their socio-economic levels need more continuous education in structured programs.
M Karami, H Soori, Y Mehrabi, Aa Haghdoost, Mm Gouya,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (17 2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Knowledge of the presence of seasonal trends and other explainable patterns in the prediagnostic data sources and removing such patterns before applying outbreak detection methods seem very important. This study aimed to detect and remove the explainable patterns such as seasonality, day-of-week (DOW) and holiday effects of the daily counts of suspected cases of measles in Iran.Methods: Data on daily counts of suspected cases of measles as a pre-diagnostic data source were obtained from Iranian national surveillance system between 21 March 2008 and 20 March 2011. We used lines plot, moving average chart, autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions for detecting explainable patterns. Moving average (MA) and Holt- Winters (HW) exponential smoothing method are used for removing explainable patterns.
Results: Our findings indicate the presence of seasonality, DOW effect, holidays and weekend effects in the daily counts of suspected cases of measles. The good performance of HW exponential smoothing technique in removing seasonal patterns is evident. MA technique showed better performance regarding assumption violation on outbreak detection methods.
Conclusion: Because of the presence of explainable patterns in the daily counts of suspected cases of measles, considering such patterns before applying outbreak detection algorithms is very important. Implementing both MA (7 days) techniques for its simplicity as a pre- processing method and HW method for its efficacy in removing seasonal patterns is recommended.
M Karami, H Soori, Y Mehrabi, Aa Haghdoost, Mm Gouya,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (17 2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Evaluating the performance of outbreak detection methods using real data testing provide the highest degree of validity. The aim of this study was to determine the performance of the Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) in real time detection of two local outbreaks in Iran.
Methods: The EWMA algorithm (both ƛ= 0.3 and 0.6) applied on daily counts of suspected cases of measles to detect local outbreaks which had been occurred in Mashhad and Bandar Abbas cities during 2010. The performance of The EWMA algorithms were evaluated using real data testing approach and reported by correlation analysis.
Results: Mashhad outbreak was detected with a delay of about 2 to 7 days using EWMA algorithms as outbreak detection method while the utility of EWMA algorithms in real time detection of Bandar Abbas’ outbreak were on time good optimal. Maximum correlation value for EWMA 2 in relation to Mashhad outbreak was 0.60 at lag 2.
Conclusion: Applying the EWMA algorithm as an outbreak detection method at local levels is not suggested. However the characteristics of data are determinant of the performance of such detection methods.
M Karami, H Soori, Y Mehrabi, Aa Haghdoost, Mm Gouya, N Esmailnasab,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (Vol 9, No 2, Summer 2013 2013)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Timely response to emerging diseases and outbreaks are a major public health and health systems priority. There are few published studies that evaluate the performance of cumulative sum (CUSUM) on identical data using semi- synthetic simulation approach. This study was undertaken to determine the performance of the CUSUM in timely detection of 831 days of simulated outbreaks.
Methods: We evaluated the performances of the CUSUM as an outbreak detection method on simulated outbreaks injected to daily counts of suspected cases of measles as baseline data in Iran between 21 March 2008 till 20 March 2011. Data obtained from the Iranian national surveillance system. The performance of algorithms was evaluated using sensitivity, false alarm rate, likelihood ratios and Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve.
Results: Generally the sensitivity of the CUSUM algorithm in detecting simulated outbreaks was 50%
(95% CI: 47- 54). The corresponding values are disaggregated according to outbreak size, shape and duration. The CUSUM algorithm detected the half of outbreaks after 13.84 days on average.
Conclusion: We concluded that CUSUM algorithm performed good in detection of large outbreaks with short periods and poorly in detecting long period outbreaks, particularly those simulated outbreaks that did not begin with a surge of cases.
M Karami, Sm Zahraei, Mm Gouya,
Volume 12, Issue 4 (Vol.12, No.4 2017)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The Haemophilus influenzae (Hib) conjugate vaccine (HibCV) using a pentavalent formulation was introduced to the Iranian routine immunization program from November 2014. Iran is preparing to include Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV), as well. Measuring and monitoring the impact of HibCV and PCV are necessary to provide evidence for introduction and sustained administration of this vaccine.
Methods: We addressed the possibility of implementing the "3-tiered approach to IB VPD surveillance" as proposed by the World Health Organization using a feasibility study. Expert opinions were asked to address published literature regarding the study design and methods of measuring the impact of newly introduced vaccines.
Results: There are different methods and study designs to measure the impact of new vaccines, including population based active surveillance systems and vaccine effectiveness studies. The results of the feasibility study and expert opinions highlighted the superiority of a sentinel hospital-based surveillance system in Iran.
Conclusion: It is necessary to conduct some systematic reviews and meta-analyses to provide evidence for the trend of Hib and Streptococcus pneumonia related diseases, i.e. invasive bacterial diseases including meningitis, pneumonia, and sepsis. To monitor indirect effects of the PCV vaccine, implementing periodic surveys on the prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriers are recommended.
M Hosseiny, Gh Moradi, Mm Gouya, A Janati, E Ghaderi,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (Vol 13, No 1, Spring 2017)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Evaluation is one of the main components of communicable diseases surveillance. Despite the World Health Organization’s emphasis for preparation of evaluation tools, there is no suitable tool in Iran. This study aimed to prepare a tool for evaluation of communicable diseases surveillance in hospitals and to pilot it.
Methods: Items were prepared in the first step and the first version of questionnaire was developed. Face validity and content validity were checked. Piloting of the questionnaire was done in Tabriz hospitals. Data were entered into SPSS 18. For evaluation of reliability, internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's α and Kuder-Richardson.
Results: According to the results, we developed a questionnaire containing 29 questions in 5 domains with 20 indexes. Fifteen hospitals (78.9%) had a communicable diseases reporting system. The goals of reporting system were not described in these hospitals and only 2 (13.3%) hospitals had supporting laws. None of the hospitals had complete access to the surveillance system and reporting tools.
Conclusion: The developed questionnaire can be a useful tool to evaluate the communicable diseases surveillance system in hospitals. The reporting systems in the hospitals are not complete.
G Moradi, A Veysi, K Rahmani, H Erfani, A Doosti Irani , Mr Shirzadi, F Gharachorloo, M Nabav, Mm Gouya,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (Vol.15, No.1 2019)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Leishmaniasis control in each country, especially in countries where the disease is endemic, requires designing and implementing an organized national surveillance system. Iran has long been considered as an endemic country for leishmaniasis. The purpose of this study was to review the leishmaniasis surveillance system in Iran.
Methods: In this review study, the data were obtained from the surveillance system, reports and documents, published guidelines, reviews of the existing structures, and the views of the managers and experts of the Center for Communicable Diseases control in Iran in 2018.
Results: The surveillance system for two types of leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar), is currently operational in the country, and new cases are reported monthly. For each identified case, in addition to the epidemiologic attributes, treatment and follow-up as well as follow-up of possible contacts are done as per to the guidelines for each of these diseases.
Conclusion: The current surveillance system for leishmaniasis has improved the process of reporting cases in recent years. However, the low rate of reporting of cases, especially for cutaneous leishmaniasis, and epidemiological complexities in the transmission of the infection indicate the need for reviewing and improving the current surveillance system. Data from the surveillance system and the increasing number of leishmaniasis cases in Iran reveal the need for innovations to strengthen the control measures for this disease.
Gh Moradi, S Vahedi, Kh Rahmani, M Zeinali, E Mostafavi, H Erfani, F Bonakdar, Mkh Ghanbari, B Amiri, E Ghaderi, Mm Gouya,
Volume 15, Issue 2 (Vol.15, No.2 2019)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Iran has long been considered to be one of the countries in the world with endemic brucellosis. The aim of this study was to review the surveillance system of brucellosis in Iran.
Methods: Data of this study were obtained from the surveillance system of the Center for Communicable Disease Control, the review of records, documents, books and published articles and also interviews with process owners and experts of brucellosis surveillance in 2017-2019.
Results: In the current surveillance system in Iran, all patients with brucellosis will undergo standard treatment for at least 2 months. The patient identified at each site, private or public sector, reports to the health center of the city. After reporting cases to higher levels, city health center carried out required epidemiologic investigation in the place of reported case in collaboration with its environmental levels. Finally, the individual assessment form, epidemiologic investigation form, for reported case is completed and registered in national surveillance database.
Conclusion: Although integration of the brucellosis surveillance program into the health system of the country and reporting and treatment of human cases in accordance with the country's protocol in recent years is well executed, brucellosis control in Iran requires the one health approach. Accordingly, it can be concluded that despite the decrease in the number of brucellosis cases in recent years, the weakness in livestock surveillance has led to many fluctuations in the health system's success in providing surveillance for human cases of brucellosis.
Gh Moradi, Kh Rahmani, P Hemati, H Akbari, F Rezaei, M Dadras, B Amiri, H Erfani, M Soroush, S Darvishi, J Soltani, T Mokhtari Azad , Mm Gouya,
Volume 15, Issue 2 (Vol.15, No.2 2019)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Iran, like most other countries in the world, is always threatened with global epidemics and pandemics of influenza. The purpose of this study was to review the influenza surveillance system in Iran.
Methods: Data of this study were obtained from the surveillance system of the Center for Communicable Disease Control, the review of records, documents, books and published articles and also interviews with process owners and experts of influenza surveillance in 2017-2019.
Results: Influenza surveillance in Iran Currently, a combination of surveillance methods, including caring for patients, laboratory care, hospital care and surveillance of respiratory disease epidemics and also border surveillance. Reporting of human influenza outbreaks, as well as suspected avian flu as main notifiable diseases carried out through telephone. For each suspect case, in addition to taking and sending a sample to diagnose and also detect subtypes of the virus, medical treatment is immediately initiated and tracking of possible contacts is also done.
Conclusion: Although there is currently good coherence in the surveillance of influenza in Iran, but based on concerns about the emergence of influenza pandemics in the future, and considering the possible genetic variation of the flu viruses, the tracking of the flu virus circulation along with updating surveillance system especially emphasizing methods and formulas for rapid identification of disease outbreaks, as well as providing better health care and treatment is essential.
M Karami, Kh Rahmani, Gh Moradi, Mm Gouya, A Sabouri , K Entezar Mahdi , Gh Kamali, Sm Zahraei,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (Vol.16, No.1 2020)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Elimination and eradication of measles requires designing and implementing an enhanced surveillance system. The purpose of this study was to review the measles surveillance system in Iran.
Methods: The data of this study were obtained from the surveillance system of the Center for Communicable Disease Control; a review of the records, documents, books, and published articles; and interviews with process owners and experts of measles surveillance in 2017-2019.
Results: Iran has a surveillance plan to eliminate the measles. The current design for suspected cases of measles in Iran is a case-based surveillance system, in which for each identified case with fever and maculopapular rashes, some activities such reporting, laboratory confirmation, clinical and epidemiological investigation and case registration in individual forms are done.
Conclusion: Complete surveillance of cases suspicious of measles and high coverage of vaccination in children less than 2 years in a cohesive surveillance system and rapid response to the outbreak have led to lack of occurrence of indigenous measles in Iran. Although the current status of the measles surveillance system in Iran seems to be favorable, since Iran is at the stage of measles elimination, it is essential to increase the sensitivity of the reporting system for suspected cases of measles and to maintain the status of vaccine coverage to save elimination status.
Mm Gouya, Sm Zahraei, Gh Moradi, M Karami, S Mahmodi, Sh Shah Mahmoodi , E Ghaderi, F Kaveh, A Norouzinejad , K Hajibagheri, Kh Rahmani,
Volume 16, Issue 2 (Vol 16, No.2 2020)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: : According to the global strategy for polio eradication, targeted surveillance of the disease is one of the main tasks of the health system. The purpose of this study was to review the status and surveillance of poliomyelitis/acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in Iran.
Methods: The present study was a review on the processes, structures and achievements of the poliomyelitis/AFP surveillance system in Iran during 2017-2019. The data of this study were obtained from the surveillance system of the Center for Communicable Disease Control; a review of the records, documents, books and published articles; and interviews with process owners and experts of poliomyelitis/AFP surveillance.
Results: The polio eradication program in Iran is based on the action plan of the World Health Organization that was introduced initially in 1988. Currently, the surveillance system of AFP is active at three levels: country, university, and city. The number of poliomyelitis cases in the country decreased from 50 cases per year in 1985 to zero in 2001, and Iran has been a polio-free country since 2001. The final report on polio eradication in Iran was approved by the regional commission on polio detection in April 2006.
Conclusion: The surveillance system of AFP has had a proper effectiveness throughout the country. Maintaining this situation in the country requires an increase in the sensitivity of the surveillance system of the disease, regular monitoring of vaccine coverage, strict implementation of international health regulations, especially on the eastern borders of the country, and providing technical assistance to neighboring countries.
