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Explaining the Causes of Single Child Based on Women's Views: A Qualitative Study
F Behmanesh, Z Taghizadeh, Aa Vedadhir, A Ebadi, A Pourreza, Mj Abbasi Shavazi,
Volume 15, Issue 3 (Vol.15, No.3 2019)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Low fertility reduces the workforce and causes population aging. Hence, childbearing and its determinants are important issues in demographic policies. This study was conducted to explain the causes of single child according to women’s views.
 
Methods: This qualitative study was the second part of a sequential explanatory study carried out using a conventional content analysis approach and inductive reasoning. The research population comprised married women aged 15-49 years old living in Babol who had one child and did not intend to have any pregnancies in the future. The subjects were selected via a target-based sampling method. After receiving written consent, semi-structured interviews were conducted. Data saturation was achieved after 13 interviews.
 
Results: The findings showed that single child was affected by the media and social patterns associated with their own priorities. Uncertainty about the future and marital conflicts boosted having only one child. In fact, there were issues that forced women to accept "single child” in spite of "single child complaints" and try to a find a meaning for life with only one child.
 
Conclusion: Apart from economic issues, there are many social issues involved in child-rearing, and demographic policy-makers should consider these issues in order to achieve their desired demographic goals.
Determinants of Dental Care Utilization for Children Under Six: A Study Based on Andersen’s Behavioral Model
Fatemeh Gorji, Abolghasem Pourreza, Masud Yunesian, Simin Zahra Mohebi, Mahnaz Ashourkhani,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (Vol.21, No.2, Summer 2025)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Timely use of dental services in early childhood plays an essential role in maintaining the health of primary teeth and preventing complications related to jaw development, nutrition, speech, and mental well-being. Regular dental visits help prevent early childhood caries and its consequences. This study aimed to evaluate factors influencing the use of dental services for primary teeth from parents’ perspectives, based on Andersen’s Behavioral Model.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 among 395 parents of children under six attending health centers in Semnan, Iran. Participants were selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected online via the Hackey questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 26 applying Chi-square tests and logistic regression.
Results: A minority of parents were aware of the appropriate timing for the first dental visit. Forty-five percent sought care only when problems occurred, while 36% attended regular check-ups. Overall, 62% reported moderate to good financial status, and 82% had basic insurance coverage. Key determinants of dental attendance included maternal education, service accessibility, insurance coverage, health information sources, and the characteristics of the healthcare providers as an educator. Larger family size and negative experiences with healthcare staff were associated with reduced utilization.
Conclusion: Interventions at individual and structural levels are needed to promote regular pediatric dental visits. Enhancing parental awareness, involving influential health personnel, expanding dental insurance, and fostering positive provider–parent interactions are recommended.

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