Showing 23 results for Salehi
D Shojae Zadeh, A Mehrab Baic, M Mahmoodi, L Salehi,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (19 2011)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Osteoporosis is major public health concern affecting millions of adults particularly older adults and women worldwide. Designing effective educational intervention is principle in any health promotion program. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an educational intervention based on health belief model on knowledge about, attitudes toward and practice of prevention osteoporosis among women with low socioeconomic status in Isfahan.
Methods: The study population consisted of 14 women with low socioeconomic status and under 60 years old. A valid and reliable questionnaire developed and used as measurement tool for initial and final assessments in this program. In addition calcium intake and vitamin D, physical activity and exposure to the sun were assessed.
Results: The mean age of the participants were 40.8 ± 10.52 years. The mean score of all parts of health belief model (except for perceived barriers), knowledge, sun exposure, and physical activity after educational intervention compared to before intervention, were increased significantly. There was no statistically significant difference between daily calcium and vitamin D intake before and after intervention.
Conclusion: It is concluded that the HBM Model– based educational program on Knowledge and belief regarding Osteoporosis prevention seems practical and effective. However more research should be done to find out more effective intervention regarding optimal calcium and vitamin D intake.
L Salehi, S Salaki, L Alizadeh,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (20 2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Aging and elderly population growth has been increased
in Iran. Quality of life of older persons is important as a consideration in
medical decisions and as a clinical outcome measure. Health related quality of
life (HRQoL) is not well understood in this group therefore we designed this
study to determine the quality of life among elderly populations of Tehran,
Iran.
Methods: This
cross-sectional study was conducted on a random sample of elderly people
selected from the elderly centers in Tehran. The Iranian version of short-form
Health survey (SF-36) and perceived social support questionnaires were employed
as standard tools.
Results: Overall,
400 elderly people with the mean age of 64.07(SD =4.49) took part in this
study. Of all participants, 298 individuals were women. The mean score of PCS
(Physical Component summery) and MCS (Mental Component Summery) were 64.62 (SD=
12.68) and 63.35 (SD=4/7) respectively. The results of this study revealed that
women compared to men had significantly higher scores in different dimensions
of health related quality of life as physical function, social function, body
pain and general health. Additionally, participants with lower body mass
indexes, higher education level, married elderly, healthy aged participants and
richer ones had higher scores of health related quality of life.
Conclusion: According
to this study, there was correlation between mean PCS and social support as
well as MCS and social support. Quality of life in female, individuals with
higher education and socioeconomic status were higher than male, persons with
lower education and socioeconomic status.
Normal
M Bakhtiyari, M Salehi, F Zayeri, F Mobasheri, P Yavari, A Delpishe, M Karimlou,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (20 2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the quality of life (QOL) measures
commonly used to assess disabled people compared to healthy individuals.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1000 disabled and
healthy individuals aged between 15 to 75 years old during 2009 year. These
groups were selected by random sampling method multistage cluster sampling from
Crescent Comprehensive Rehabilitation Center located in Tehran. WHO's Quality
of Life (WHOQOL-100) questionnaire was used to measure quality of life.
Results: The Mean age were 35.9±12.9 and 35.1±12.7 years
amongst disabled and non disabled groups, respectively. There was a significant
difference between two groups in terms of somatic health and independence of
quality of life (P<0.001), in which the mean score in both domains were high
in healthy individuals. No significant difference was observed between two
groups in other scopes.
Conclusion: Findings of this study highlighted the lower
quality of life in disabled people in Tehran, Therefore this group should be
targeted for any relevant intervention in order to improve their care.
Gr Kheirabadi, Sj Hashemi, S Akbaripour, M Salehi, Mr Maracy,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (17 2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The rate of suicide varies amongst different parts of Iran. Since there is little knowledge about the risk factors for suicide attempts we carried out this study to determine the status of psychiatric disorders and risk factors of repeated attempted suicide in suicide attempters whom admitted to poisoning emergency in Isfahan, Iran.
Methods: Patients with having attempt to suicide, admitted to emergency ward in Khorshid Hospital in Isfahan and were interviewed by a trained psychiatrist during 2009 year. Interview was based on DSM-IV.
Results: Participants consisted of 703 individuals (424 of them were female) with mean age of 25.9±9.7. One hundred twenty five (125) had positive family history of suicide attempt, 501 people were first time suicide attempters, 106 second, 58 third, and the others were forth time or more suicide attempters. Bipolar spectrum disorders, unipolar depression and adjustment disorders were the more frequents psychiatric disorders respectively. Age, family history of suicide, kind of diagnosed psychiatric disorder and method of attempted suicide were meaningfully related to mean of attempt suicide frequency.
Conclusion: Bipolar spectrum disorders, especially recurrent depressive episodes is the major risk of repeated suicide attempt and co-morbidity of another psychiatric disorders increase highly the risk of suicide reattempt.
A Mohammadbeigi, J Hassanzadeh, B Eshrati, N Mohammadsalehi,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (Vol 9, No 2, Summer 2013 2013)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Inequity in health is a universal term which used for showing current differences, variations and inequalities of people in access to health. But inequality in health refers to some inequities which seems are unfair or caused by some errors and biases. The current study aimed to describe some of the common health related inequity measures to be useful for the inequity researchers and other interested health coworkers.
Methods: The calculation, advantage and disadvantage of most common health-inequity indexes including slope index of inequity, relative index of inequality, Theil’s Index, mean log deviation, index of disparity, Gini coefficient, weighted utilization social welfare function, absolute and relative concentration index were assessed. Inequity size of these measures was calculated by using the health care utilization survey data.
Results: Average of health care utilization in in-need subjects was 66.4%. This indicator was in the first to fifth quintiles equal to 57.6%, 63.4%, 71.6%, 69.5% and 75.3%, respectively. Relative concentration index and Gini coefficient was calculated as 0.053 and 0.0062, respectively.
Conclusion: Inequity in health care utilization in Markazi province differs based on the types of inequity measures. Selection of the inequity indexes dependent to the objective and the scale of under study variable. Among discussed indexes, concentration index determine the more accurate and also show the gradient of inequity. Therefore it can be used as the best index.
Z Hashemi , M Keikha, R Keikhaee, A Ansari Moghadam , M Salehi Marzijarani , A Nasiri,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (Vol 9, No 2, Summer 2013 2013)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Relationship between jobs and different aspects of health, including quality of life has been considered by researchers however the employment aim has risen in Iranian women in Iran but there is little known about the quality of life in this group, therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between employment and quality of life of women in the city of Zabol.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out during 2009-2010 in Zabol, Iran. The sample consisted of 420 women selected randomly from health care centers. Health-related quality of life was assessed using the SF-36 and classified using k-means clustering method. The relationship between the independent variables with the quality of life was assessed by multinomial logistic regression.
Results: The mean age of participants was 30.46 ± 8.75 years. Quality of life indicated as low (35.4%), medium (33.7%) and high classes (30.9%), respectively. The results indicated that employed women were more likely than housewives to hadhigher quality of life. An increase age, significantly reduced respectively five and four percent of chance to had moderate and high level of quality of life.
Conclusion: More than half of women had medium and low quality of life. Increasing age was associated with decreased quality of life, but employment was an independent predictor for higher quality of life.
H Arazi, A Salehi,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (2-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: There have been several reports showing that the rate of anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse has increased in athlete and non-athlete adolescents. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess, attitude and awareness of side-effects of these drugs in male bodybuilders.
Methods: 227 bodybuilders completed a tridimensional questionnaire that investigated demographic information, prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and attitude towards steroids abuse.
Results: Forty percent of participants (40.1%) of bodybuilders had used anabolic-androgenic steroids at least one time. The main reasons for taking this medication were strength, muscle mass, speed and endurance, respectively and 7.73% did not know the reason of using it. 32.6% of bodybuilders believed that anabolic steroids increased muscle size without exercise and without proper exercise and nutrition. The mean score of awareness and attitude of athletes who used these drugs were significantly higher than the athletes who did notuse (P=0.001). Athletes with Championship history were more aware regard to adverse effects of steroids than athletes with no history of championship.
Conclusion: The findings of this indicating that that abusing AAS seems to be increased and become a public health concern that implies the need to implement educational programs by health care professionals and sport specialists.
M Habibi, Kh Moradi, M Pooravari, S Salehi,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (Vol 11, No 1 2015)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: This study examined the prevalence of behavioral disorders in middle and high school students in the Province of Qom.
Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive design was employed to investigate 762 students (382 middle and 380 high school students) who were selected through a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data collection was performed suing the Woodworth Personal Data Sheet (WPDS), and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test.
Results: The finding showed that the prevalence of behavioral problems in the total sample, and middle and high school students was 19.82, 22.72, and 17.1%, respectively. The prevalence of behavioral problems was higher in boys versus girls, is the middle school versus the high school, and in urban areas versus rural areas. The aggressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder – Psychasthenia had the highest and lowest prevalence in both the middle and high school students, respectively. The educational level of students, parental education, parental divorce, parental death, and family income had significant relationships with behavioral disorders.
Conclusion: The prevalence of behavioral problems in the Province of Qom was found to be in the middle range in comparison with other studies conducted within and outside the country. However, attention should be paid to mental health policy-making in adolescents to decrease behavioral problems and prevent future issues.
M Jahani, J Rezaenoor, E Hadavandi, I Salehi, H Tahsini,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (Vol 11, No 2 2015)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: In recent years, different decision support systems (DSS) have been used to predict and diagnose diseases. The purpose of this paper was to compare some DSSs and to evaluate their accuracy in predicting diabetes.
Methods: In this research, determination and optimization of the weights of the neural network were undertaken using genetic algorithm and Levenberg-Marquardt (GALM). Traditional and K-Fold Cross Validation were used to verify the models. Finally, the proposed model (i.e. GALM) was compared using logistic regression and genetic algorithm based on area under curve (AUC), and Confusion Matrix.
Results: After evaluating the results, the model based on the GALM algorithm showed better sensitivity and specificity in comparison with models based on the logistic regression (LR) and genetic algorithm (GA). Furthermore, among other models, the proposed model had a high sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value (PPV), and a small negative likelihood.
Conclusion: The results showed that the GALM model with a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and AUC of 98.7, 90.01, 91.8, 98.3 and 0.979 respectively was an appropriate model for predicting diabetes in comparison with models of GA and LR.
K Holakouie -Naieni K, M Ahmadi Pishkuhi, T Shafieezadeh, H Salehiniya, B Pooya,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (Vol 11, No 2 2015)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Community assessment is a key tool for improving and promoting the health of the community. The role of community assessment is to identify the most important factors affecting the population health. To get a comprehensive picture of problems, priorities and suggested community health action plans in Iran, this review aims to summarize community assessments in various areas of Iran conducted between 1992 – 2013.
Methods: This study was a retrospective review in which community assessments were compared and the results of several studies conducted in different regions of the country covering both rural and urban health centers were analyzed. Since 1999, department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics has conducted these community assessments in eight phases and follows 2002 North Carolina Community Health Assessment model. Assessment teams typically included MPH students and/ or PhD and masters (epidemiology) students from the School of Public Health. Data was collected through observation, interview, and focus group discussion. Assessment teams in each region prioritized the list of problems using Hanlon method and Nominal Group Technique.
Results: The results identified substance abuse, economical, and water-related problems as the most important problems in different parts of the country which indicates the need for developing a comprehensive action plan andimplementing measures.
Conclusion: A review of the community assessments performed in this study shows the ability of community assessment to detect community health problems in all aspects. Therefore, this approach is recommended to evaluate and prioritize health problems and to formulate action plans.
Z Cheraghi, S Nejat, L Haghjoo, F Salehi,
Volume 12, Issue 3 (Vol 12, No 3 2016)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The main question that arises in ‘Quality of Life’ (QOL) studies is how people assess this phenomenon and what factors affect it. Using these answers, we can better analyze the findings of QOL studies in our country.
Methods: In this content analysis, we carried out semi-structured interviews, and applied maximum variation opportunistic sampling in terms of gender, age, education, ethnicity, and economic status. First, we asked the participants to answer the question on QOL by thinking aloud. Then, they were asked to discuss the factors that affected their choice a posteriori. Finally, the inductive qualitative analysis was done and the mental model of the participants was extracted.
Results: We extracted five main categories and 33 themes. These categories included physical factors, psychological factors, socioeconomic factors, family issues, and environmental factors. Physical health, expectations, satisfaction, community engagement, financial problems, environmental pollution, leisure and recreation, family environment, family relationships and the role of the wife were the most important factors affecting the QOL in the participants’ opinions.
Conclusion: In addition to the health status, family issues such as the family environment and financial problems affected the QOL. Moreover, the participants believed environmental health was an integral part of QOL.
N Mohammadsalehi, K Holakouie Naieni , B Eshrati, A Mohammadbeigi, E Ahmadnezhad, Sh Arsangjang,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (Vol 14, No 1, 2018)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cholera is one of the public health ththat has received attention due to climate change and weather variables. In the current study, the trend of cholera and its epidemics was assessed in the last 50 years in Iran based on climatic variables.
Methods: In a retrospective cohort study, all cholera cases and epidemics of the disease in the country (Iran) were assessed using the registry system of the Center for Communicable Disease Control in the Ministry of Health and Medical education (MOH&ME) from 1964 to 2014. Furthermore, the incidence of cholera was evaluated in 2005-2014 by province. The temperature and rainfall data were obtained from the provincial Meteorological Organization. The correlation coefficient test and mixed-effects binomial regression model were used for data analysis.
Results: A significant positive correlation was found between cholera and rainfall (r = 0.168, P = 0.008). A one-millimeter increase in rainfall increased the incidence of cholera by 10.9% but temperature changes had no effect on cholera outbreaks. The incidence of cholera declined significantly by 14.7% each year from 2005 to 2014. The highest incidence of cholera was reported in Sistan-Baluchestan, Qom, Tehran, Kerman and Hormozgan provinces in a descending order.
Conclusion: In recent years, the the overall incidence of cholera has decreased. The occurrence of cholera is an outcome of rainfall in the previous year. Therefore, increased rainfall increases the number of cholera cases in the next year. However, temperature changes are not related to cholera outbreaks.
E Ghaderi, M Salehi Vaziri , E Mostafavi, Gh Moradi, Kh Rahmani, M Zeinali, Mr Shirzadi, H Erfani, Sh Afrasiabian, S Eybpoosh,
Volume 15, Issue 3 (Vol.15, No.3 2019)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: To provide an overview of the national program of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever surveillance in Iran, its current achievements, and challenges.
Methods: In this mixed method study, the relevant reports, documents, and guidelines, as well as published literature and surveillance data were gathered and critically reviewed. The opinions of the key informants at local and governmental levels were assessed through structured interviews.
Results: The program was integrated into Iran’s primary healthcare (PHC) network in 1999. The involved organizations include CDC, medical universities, Pasteur Institute of Iran (PII), and Veterinary Organization. Case finding is based on standard definitions of suspected, probable, and confirmed cases. Laboratory confirmation is necessary for diagnosis and is provided within 48 hours after receipt of the specimen by the National Reference Laboratory of PII. CCHF treatment is primarily supportive. Antiviral therapy with ribavirin is also considered. Both therapeutic services are free. Education mainly focuses on high-risk groups and healthcare workers. Major achievements of the program include rapid diagnosis and treatment of cases, prevention of nosocomial transmission, identification of high-risk provinces and major transmission routes, improved outbreak preparedness, development of laboratory tests for detection of other arboviruses, and reduction of CCHF case fatality rate.
Conclusion: Program implementation has had a positive impact on early detection and proper control of annual outbreaks. However, some aspects of the program still need improvement, including promotion of the general and high-risk populations’ awareness and regional collaborations (especially among neighboring countries) for infection control in humans, livestock, and vectors.
H Amiri, Sh Salmanzadeh, F Safdari, A Shirali, E Azhdarinia, Kh Sarmadi, Sa Alavi, H Salehi, M Eskandari,
Volume 16, Issue 4 (Vol.16, No.4 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In June 2018 , 537 residents of a rural area in Khuzestan Province presented to the regional Comprehensive Health Service Center for gastroenteritis symptoms. This study was designed to determine the extent and cause of the outbreak.
Methods: A case-control study was performed after random selection of the case and control groups (80 cases and 88 controls). Clinical and water samples were analyzed for parasitic, bacterial and viral pathogens in local, provincial and national laboratories. Odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were used to assess the relationship between disease and exposure.
Results: The odds ratio of rural plumbing water consumption as a risk factor was 3.3 (95% CI: 1.7-6.2). Using in vitro methods, Shigella sonnei was isolated in clinical samples and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli were isolated from both clinical samples and water samples taken from the intake basin of water supply facilities.
Conclusion: Consumption of rural plumbing water Since 26 June 2018 as well as the water stored in domestic tanks at certain water-shut-off times is associated with gastroenteritis outbreak. To prevent similar outbreaks, continuous chlorination of drinking water during distribution through rural pipelines should be done. To prevent secondary outbreaks after the epidemic phase, educating and informing people about personal hygiene is essential.
Mahbube Shali, Azam Ghorbani, Pegah Matourypour , Ehsan Salehi Morkani, Mohammad Salehpoor Emran, Alireza Nikbakht Nasr Aadi,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (Vol 17,No.2, Summer 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: It is necessary to apply appropriate coping methods to reduce destructive physical and psychological effects of stress during Covid-19 pandemics. This study was conducted to explore nurses' experiences of stress coping techniques during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Methods: The present study used a qualitative methodology with interpretive phenomenology method. Purposive sampling was used. The participants, including nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, shared their experiences through in-depth, individual and semi-structured interviews. The transcripts of interviews were analyzed based on the Dickelmann's approach using the MAXQDA 12 software.
Results: The participants included nine nurses (six females and three males) with a mean age of 45 ± 5.3 years. The results of data analysis showed four main categories and fifteen subcategories conceptually named based on their nature. The main categories were self-support, family shelter, hospital support umbrella, and community support on both extremes.
Conclusion: The participants practiced different coping strategies to deal with stress and anxiety. In addition to individual mechanisms, nurses sought help from other sources of support, such as family, workplace, and community. Based on the experiences of nurses participating in the study, it is recommended to teach nursing staffs coping methods with stress, especially in times of crisis such as the Covid-19 pandemic.
M Salehi, Z Saberi, F Karimi, F Abbasi,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (Vol.17, No.4, Winter 2022 2022)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Epidemiological studies have indicated the prevalence of a wide spectrum of diffused pigment lesions throughout the world and Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency distribution of oral diffused pigment lesions in patients presenting to Oral Diseases Department of Isfahan Dental School.
Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 303 patients presenting to Oral Diseases Department of Isfahan Dental School during the first three-month period of 2019. The demographic data, location of lesions, and type of lesions were recorded in a checklist and analyzed with the SPSS version 22 using Chi square, Mann Whitney test, Fisher's exact test, and spearman correlation coefficient. The level of significance was set at 5%.
Results: In this study, 303 patients were examined of whom 93 (30.69%) were diagnosed with diffused pigment lesions. As for the pigmentation severity, the patients were grouped into low, moderate, and high with 54 persons (58%), 13 persons (14%) and 26 persons (28%) in each group, respectively. The most frequent site was labial gingiva and the most common type was the physiologic type. The results showed that gender had no effect on the frequency distribution (P=0.09) but gender and age had significant effects on the severity of pigmentation (P=0.047, r=0.459 and P<0.001 respectively). Skin color had a significant effect on the type of pigmentation
(P < 0.001).
Discussion: The frequency of oral diffuse pigmentation in patients presenting to the Isfahan dental school was noticeable.
Parisa Janjani, Mina Aghaei, Nahid Salehi, Hosna Janjani,
Volume 20, Issue 3 (Vol.20, No.3, Autumn 2024)
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are recognized as the leading cause of death globally, accounting for a substantial proportion of mortality and disabilities worldwide.
Given that exposure to secondhand smoke is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, this policy brief presents strategies for reducing exposure to secondhand smoke in the healthy population and cardiovascular patients.
Reducing the burden of cardiovascular diseases caused or aggravated by secondhand smoke exposure and improving health levels requires a multifaceted approach.
Mahla Iranmanesh, Milad Ahmadi Gohari, Aliakbar Haghdoost, Maryam Yazdanpanah, Abbas Kamyabi, Simin Salehinejad, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi,
Volume 20, Issue 4 (Vol.20, No.4, Winter 2025)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In the field of medicine, job satisfaction holds significant importance, as it plays a vital role in the quality of healthcare services. This study aimed to assess physicians' job satisfaction levels and identify the related factors.
Methods: This cross-sectional survey study was conducted online in 2023 among 1,100 Iranian physicians using a respondent substitution method. Physicians answered the questions regarding themselves and their closest physician friend, with whom they maintain regular contact and interactions. Satisfaction was categorized using a Likert scale into two scales: sufficient satisfaction (very high and high) and insufficient satisfaction (very low, low, and moderate). Factors affecting job satisfaction among physicians were determined using multivariable logistic regression.
Results: Among the 2,200 physicians, 24.9% (547 individuals) of the physicians were satisfied with their profession, while 75.1% (1,653 individuals) had low or moderate (insufficient) satisfaction. The odds of male physicians being satisfied with their profession were 1.54 times higher than female physicians. Factors including interest in medicine, the amount of time spent practicing medicine, sufficient income, low occupational stress, high job stability, no reduction in professional autonomy compared to the past, migration status, time dedicated to practicing medicine in public and private sectors as well as in academic activities, pursuing further education, and the physician’s income were all positively and significantly correlated to job satisfaction (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Job satisfaction among Iranian physicians is significantly influenced by various factors such as interest in medicine, adequate income, job stability, and reduced job stress. The highest level of satisfaction was observed among male physicians. Improving working conditions and reducing job stress are essential to improving job satisfaction and the quality of healthcare services.
Haniyeh Salehi Sarbijan, Tanya Dehesh, Firuzeh Mirzaei, Armita Shahesmaeilinejad,
Volume 21, Issue 2 (Vol.21, No.2, Summer 2025)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Declining fertility rates have become a significant demographic challenge in Iran. This study aimed to evaluate the extent of desire for childbearing and its associated factors among women in Jiroft, Iran, in 2022.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included 600 married women under 49 years of age who attended comprehensive health centers in Jiroft. Data were collected using a questionnaire that covered demographic information and questions related to the study objectives. Statistical analysis, such as frequency, percentage, and logistic regression, was performed using SPSS version 20 software.
Results: The current desire for childbearing was found to be 32.7%, while the future desire was 59.7%. The primary reasons cited for desiring children were the wish to be a mother (94.4%) and the love for children (93.9%). Conversely, the main reasons for not desiring children included concerns about securing the future of children (57.2%) and the increased economic burden of having another child (50%). Factors significantly associated with the desire for childbearing were the number of children (one child vs. no child: OR=5.23,95% CI: 2.03–13.49; two children vs. no child: OR=2.21,95% CI: 0.98–5.001), the subscale “Child as a Pillar of Life” (OR=1.02,95% CI: 1.008–1.04), the subscale “Postponing Childbearing to the Future” (OR=1.06,95% CI: 1.05–1.08), and the subscale “Childbearing Requires Prerequisites” (OR=1.01,95% CI: 1.002–1.03).
Conclusion: Overall, one-third of the women who participated in this study currently desired childbearing, and nearly two-thirds expressed a desire for it in the future. A positive attitude towards childbearing emerged as the most essential factor associated with this desire.
Ebrahim Ghaderi, Ghobad Moradi, Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri, Manoochehr Karami, Ehsan Mostafavi,
Volume 21, Issue 3 (Vol.21, No.3, Autumn 2025)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Over the past century, multiple pandemics have caused the deaths of millions and inflicted serious harm upon the global economy, and humanity is still concerned about the emergence of future pandemics. This paper aims to provide an overview of the upcoming challenges in public health by reviewing previous pandemics and threats, examining past experiences, and analyzing current conditions.
Methods: In this non-systematic review, the Google Scholar search engine was searched using suitable keywords, and studies relevant to the subject were selected.
Results: With increasing population and closer human interactions, the risk of outbreaks of infectious diseases is felt more than in the past. The existence of thousands of pathogens in wildlife, along with the impacts of climate change, globalization, lifestyle, hunting, and environmental destruction, raises the probability of human exposure to these agents. If these encounters lead to genetic changes in pathogens and create new species, the risk of emerging and transmissible diseases to humans will increase. In addition to natural factors, human-related factors including bioterrorism and drug resistance (while not considered direct human actions, they result from human misconduct) must also be considered.
Conclusion: Among various pathogenic microorganisms, viruses are highlighted as the principal agents of future pandemics due to their ability for rapid mutation, persistence in wildlife reservoirs, and the lack of effective preventive and therapeutic tools. What is crucial for countries is to utilize the lessons learned from previous pandemics to increase preparedness through strengthening health systems, employing the one health strategy, and mobilizing all capacities for future pandemics.
