Showing 113 results for Ali
M Jamalian, S Kheiri,
Volume 14, Issue 4 (Vol.14, No.4, 2019)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Randomization is one of the principles of correct clinical trial. The aim of this study was to determine the quality of randomization in the published articles of clinical trials in the Persian-language journals indexed in Scopus.
ed in Scopus D
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all clinical trials published in Persian journals indexed in Scopus during 2013-2017 were evaluated in terms of randomization using the Jadad scale. The score of the randomization item of this scale ranges from 0 to 2, with 0, 1, and 2 indicating poor, moderate, and good quality.
Results: A total of 452 articles were evaluated. Random allocation was indicated in 423 articles (93.6%). Simple random assignment and blocked methods were used in 42.8% and 22% of randomizations, respectively. The randomization method was unknown in 34% and an incorrect method was used for randomization in 5.3% of the articles. According to the Jadad scale, 56.4% of the articles had good, 36.9% had moderate, and 6.6% had poor quality in terms of randomization. Methodologists were consulted in 40.7% of the articles, and their contributions led to increased transparency in the randomization report (P = 0.007).
Conclusion: The randomization method and its report are missing in many clinical trials. Therefore, considering the importance of randomization in validating the results of these studies, journals editors and researchers should pay attention to the quality of randomization and its report.
A Alipour, F Yasari, S Khodakarim, A Shokri,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (Vol.15, No.1 2019)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Chronic renal failure (CRF) is an irreversible disorder of the renal function. The aim of this study was to describe the features of patients with chronic renal failure and the factors associated with this disease among hemodialysis patients in a hospital in Tehrn in 2016.
Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, patients presenting to the hemodialysis department of Shahid Ayatollah Ashrafi Esfahani Hospital who underwent continuous hemodialysis treatment for at least three months were studied. Data were gathered from the medical records of the patient s and, if necessary, additional interviews were conducted with the patients. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics using the Stata software version 14.
Results: Of 359 patients, 230 (64.07%) were male with a mean age of 58.1 ± 1.09 years. The frequency (frequency percentage) of the most commonly known possible causes of renal failure was hypertension 91 (25.35%), hypertension and diabetes 84 (23.43%), and diabetes 78 (21.73%). The mortality rate was higher in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic patients (50% vs 38.55%).
Conclusion: The main cause of chronic renal failure is hypertension and diabetes, and the mortality rate is higher in these patients than in other patients.
J Mohammadi Bolbanabad , A Mohammadi Bolbanabad , S Valiee, N Esmailnasab, F Bidarpour, G Moradi,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (Vol.15, No.1 2019)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The Family Physician (FP) plan was implemented in rural areas and cities with a population of less than 20000 in 2005. The purpose of this study was to explain the challenges and obstacles of¬ the Rural Family Physician Program in Kurdistan Province from the perspective of stakeholders.
Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using 30 semi-structured interviews and 5 focused group discussions (FGD) with stakeholders of the FP plan from June 2017 to Jan 2018. The participants were selected through a purposive sampling method with maximum variation. The contents of the interviews and FGD were categorized by the content analysis method using MAXQDA10 software (V. 10).
Results: The challenges and obstacles of the FP plan were categorized into 16 subcategories and 5 main categories. The main categories were stewardship challenges, service delivery challenges, cultural and educational challenges, human resource challenges, and infrastructure challenges. The most important subcategories of these challenges included weaknesses in policy-making, formation of laws and regulations, weaknesses in insurance performance, weaknesses in intra-sector coordination, weaknesses in the referral system, weaknesses in communicating the plan to the community, low survival of physicians, inadequate motivational mechanisms, and weaknesses in the information system.
Conclusion: The rural FP plan faces many challenges that require multi-dimensional interventions. Identifying the challenges of the FP plan from the perspective of its stakeholders can help to gradually improve the plan.
Gh Moradi, S Vahedi, Kh Rahmani, M Zeinali, E Mostafavi, H Erfani, F Bonakdar, Mkh Ghanbari, B Amiri, E Ghaderi, Mm Gouya,
Volume 15, Issue 2 (Vol.15, No.2 2019)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Iran has long been considered to be one of the countries in the world with endemic brucellosis. The aim of this study was to review the surveillance system of brucellosis in Iran.
Methods: Data of this study were obtained from the surveillance system of the Center for Communicable Disease Control, the review of records, documents, books and published articles and also interviews with process owners and experts of brucellosis surveillance in 2017-2019.
Results: In the current surveillance system in Iran, all patients with brucellosis will undergo standard treatment for at least 2 months. The patient identified at each site, private or public sector, reports to the health center of the city. After reporting cases to higher levels, city health center carried out required epidemiologic investigation in the place of reported case in collaboration with its environmental levels. Finally, the individual assessment form, epidemiologic investigation form, for reported case is completed and registered in national surveillance database.
Conclusion: Although integration of the brucellosis surveillance program into the health system of the country and reporting and treatment of human cases in accordance with the country's protocol in recent years is well executed, brucellosis control in Iran requires the one health approach. Accordingly, it can be concluded that despite the decrease in the number of brucellosis cases in recent years, the weakness in livestock surveillance has led to many fluctuations in the health system's success in providing surveillance for human cases of brucellosis.
L Khazaei, S Khodakarim, A Mohammadbeigi , A Alipour,
Volume 15, Issue 2 (Vol.15, No.2 2019)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: an important problem challenging cesarean section is its extensive use as a common method of delivery. Due to the growing trend of cesarean section in Iran in recent years, the natural delivery promotion program was implemented as one the programs incorporated in the Health System Reform Plan in 2014. In this study, the trend of changes in the percentage of CS delivery in Qom Province following the implementation of this program was evaluated.
Methods: This trend analysis that was performed in all cesarean deliveries in Qom Province from 2005 to 2018 using a joinpoint regression method.
Results: These results showed an annual increase of0.4% in the CS percentage 95% CI: -0.5 to 1.2), which was not statistically significant. A significant decrease was observed in the rate of CS in governmental hospitals. Conversely, in non-governmental hospitals, the percentage of CS increased significantly.
Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, after more than 3 years of implementation of health sector evolution plan, overall implementation of this plan failed to significantly reduce the overall process of cesarean delivery during this period in Qom province and achieve the predetermined goals.
M Pourranjbar, H Jamalizadeh, M Mehrtash, K Divsalar,
Volume 15, Issue 2 (Vol.15, No.2 2019)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Menopause is one of the most sensitive events in a woman's life. Health improvement in this period can bring women a better quality of life and has many effects. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the level of physical activity and the level of health of postmenopausal women in Kerman Province.
Methods: A total of 536 postmenopausal women were selected from Kerman province. The Goldberg’s General Health Questionnaire was used to measure the level of health and the general physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ) was applied to determine the amount of physical activity. The formula for measuring body mass index was used for BMI. Ultimately, the Spearman, Kruskal Wallis, and Bonferroni statistics were used because the data distribution was not normal.
Results: The amount of physical activity in postmenopausal women in Kerman Province was lower than the WHO recommended. There was a significant relationship between physical activity with the level of health (r = 259), (P≤0.001). Moreover, BMI and health level had an inverse relationship (-0.186) (P≤0.001).
Conclusion: Based on the results, a significant relationship was found between physical activity and general health status of postmenopausal women. Considering the effect of physical activity on health, it can be concluded that increased physical activity of postmenopausal women in Kerman Province can improve their health and BMI.
E Ghaderi, M Salehi Vaziri , E Mostafavi, Gh Moradi, Kh Rahmani, M Zeinali, Mr Shirzadi, H Erfani, Sh Afrasiabian, S Eybpoosh,
Volume 15, Issue 3 (Vol.15, No.3 2019)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: To provide an overview of the national program of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever surveillance in Iran, its current achievements, and challenges.
Methods: In this mixed method study, the relevant reports, documents, and guidelines, as well as published literature and surveillance data were gathered and critically reviewed. The opinions of the key informants at local and governmental levels were assessed through structured interviews.
Results: The program was integrated into Iran’s primary healthcare (PHC) network in 1999. The involved organizations include CDC, medical universities, Pasteur Institute of Iran (PII), and Veterinary Organization. Case finding is based on standard definitions of suspected, probable, and confirmed cases. Laboratory confirmation is necessary for diagnosis and is provided within 48 hours after receipt of the specimen by the National Reference Laboratory of PII. CCHF treatment is primarily supportive. Antiviral therapy with ribavirin is also considered. Both therapeutic services are free. Education mainly focuses on high-risk groups and healthcare workers. Major achievements of the program include rapid diagnosis and treatment of cases, prevention of nosocomial transmission, identification of high-risk provinces and major transmission routes, improved outbreak preparedness, development of laboratory tests for detection of other arboviruses, and reduction of CCHF case fatality rate.
Conclusion: Program implementation has had a positive impact on early detection and proper control of annual outbreaks. However, some aspects of the program still need improvement, including promotion of the general and high-risk populations’ awareness and regional collaborations (especially among neighboring countries) for infection control in humans, livestock, and vectors.
E Mostafavi, Gh Moradi, Kh Rahmani, F Jahanbakhsh, S Eybpoosh, M Keypour, E Ghaderi, H Erfani, K Hajibagheri, M Zeinali, M Khodabandehloo, M Shirzadi,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (Vol.16, No.1 2020)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to present a summary of the rabies surveillance program in humans in the country, its achievements and its strengths and weaknesses.
Methods: This study was a review of the country's plan for surveillance and control of rabies in humans. The sources of information included the data, reports, documents, and published guidelines. The viewpoints of stakeholders and experts were also reviewed in this study.
Results: Since rabies is a zoonotic disease, its effective management requires a good collaboration between several organizations. Moreover, because Iran is located in an endemic region, there is a need for the development of regional and international cooperation for the success of disease prevention, control and management. Animal services for biting and rabies control are provided free of charge in more than 700 centers in the country. Major achievements of the program include timely preventive treatment for animal bite cases, knowledge of the geographical distribution of the disease, identification of high-risk provinces, and decreasing the percentage of human deaths.
Conclusion: The program has performed well for rabies secondary prevention. Some aspects of the program, however, still need to be improved, including improvement of educational programs targeting general population and high-risk groups, animal bite prevention, vaccination of domestic dogs, controlling the population of stray dogs, rabies control in wild animals, and proper waste collection and disposal.
M Karami, Kh Rahmani, Gh Moradi, Mm Gouya, A Sabouri , K Entezar Mahdi , Gh Kamali, Sm Zahraei,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (Vol.16, No.1 2020)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Elimination and eradication of measles requires designing and implementing an enhanced surveillance system. The purpose of this study was to review the measles surveillance system in Iran.
Methods: The data of this study were obtained from the surveillance system of the Center for Communicable Disease Control; a review of the records, documents, books, and published articles; and interviews with process owners and experts of measles surveillance in 2017-2019.
Results: Iran has a surveillance plan to eliminate the measles. The current design for suspected cases of measles in Iran is a case-based surveillance system, in which for each identified case with fever and maculopapular rashes, some activities such reporting, laboratory confirmation, clinical and epidemiological investigation and case registration in individual forms are done.
Conclusion: Complete surveillance of cases suspicious of measles and high coverage of vaccination in children less than 2 years in a cohesive surveillance system and rapid response to the outbreak have led to lack of occurrence of indigenous measles in Iran. Although the current status of the measles surveillance system in Iran seems to be favorable, since Iran is at the stage of measles elimination, it is essential to increase the sensitivity of the reporting system for suspected cases of measles and to maintain the status of vaccine coverage to save elimination status.
O Garkaz, Hr Mehryar, Hr Khalkhali, Sh Salari Lak ,
Volume 16, Issue 2 (Vol 16, No.2 2020)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Traffic accidents are a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide. This study was conducted to determine the days of disability and severity of injuries caused by traffic accidents in patients admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia in 2016.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 1705 traffic accident victims admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia in 2016. Data were collected using a checklist containing demographic information, accident, severity of injury, and days of disability along with a telephone follow-up after 3 months upon return to work or school. The ISS (Injury Severity Score) was categorized from 1 to 6 according to the experts’ opinions.
Results: The results showed that 1231 subjects (72.1%) were male and the mean and SD age of the participants was 33.63 (30.00) years. Moreover, 77 (0.04%) of the subjects died and 593 (42.5%) resumed a normal life after two months. The mean time to resuming a normal life was 86.78 (24.104) days. Most of the subjects had mild limb injury, while the majority of the deaths had life-threatening injuries.
Conclusion: In this study, most of the victims were male, married, young, and concerned about financial compensation. The majority of the deceased had life-threatening injuries requiring vital measures to return to work quickly.
R Moradzadeh, M Jamalian, M Zamanian,
Volume 16, Issue 3 (Vol.16, No.3 2020)
Abstract
COVID-19 has now turned into a global crisis affecting all sections of economy and investment. Many interventions have been applied to control the COVID-19 epidemic. It seems that these measures and plans need to be assessed in the coming weeks and months to determine whether or not they have been effective. Each of these interventions started in their appropriate time during the epidemic; some of them are still in progress and some have been lifted. Nevertheless, improved public knowledge, attitude, and practice has played the most important role in controlling the COVID-19 epidemic. Future studies should take into account such interventions.
Z Rahimi, H Esmaily, A Taghipour, E Mosa Farkhani , J Jamali,
Volume 16, Issue 4 (Vol.16, No.4 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Psychological distress is one of the minor psychiatric disorders that can be used as a predictor of serious mental illnesses such as depressive and anxiety disorders. These disorders are predictors of death from cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cancer. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of psychological distress and its related factors.
Methods: This descriptive- analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018. The study population included 1103945 subjects aged 18-65 years old that presented to the health centers of Khorasan Razavi. In this study, demographic checklists and the six-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-6) were used.
Results: The prevalence of psychological distress was 10.10%. The mean age of the subjects was 35.99 ± 10.46 years old, 62.10% were female, 86% were married, and 78.90% had a high school education or less. The response rate was 98.6%. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant relationship between psychological distress and age, gender, marital status, education, location, and occupation.
Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of psychological distress was low. According to the odds ratio (OR), divorced women, illiterate women, housewives, and big city dwellers were high-risk groups for psychological distress. Considering the relatively large sample size, it is necessary to develop appropriate strategies for prevention and treatment, and training of these groups.
H Amiri, Sh Salmanzadeh, F Safdari, A Shirali, E Azhdarinia, Kh Sarmadi, Sa Alavi, H Salehi, M Eskandari,
Volume 16, Issue 4 (Vol.16, No.4 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In June 2018 , 537 residents of a rural area in Khuzestan Province presented to the regional Comprehensive Health Service Center for gastroenteritis symptoms. This study was designed to determine the extent and cause of the outbreak.
Methods: A case-control study was performed after random selection of the case and control groups (80 cases and 88 controls). Clinical and water samples were analyzed for parasitic, bacterial and viral pathogens in local, provincial and national laboratories. Odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were used to assess the relationship between disease and exposure.
Results: The odds ratio of rural plumbing water consumption as a risk factor was 3.3 (95% CI: 1.7-6.2). Using in vitro methods, Shigella sonnei was isolated in clinical samples and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli were isolated from both clinical samples and water samples taken from the intake basin of water supply facilities.
Conclusion: Consumption of rural plumbing water Since 26 June 2018 as well as the water stored in domestic tanks at certain water-shut-off times is associated with gastroenteritis outbreak. To prevent similar outbreaks, continuous chlorination of drinking water during distribution through rural pipelines should be done. To prevent secondary outbreaks after the epidemic phase, educating and informing people about personal hygiene is essential.
Y Salimi, T Paykani, S Ahmadi, M Shirazikhah, A Almasi, A Biglarian, N Rajabi Gilan, Z Jorjoran Shushtari ,
Volume 16, Issue 5 (Vol 16, Special Issue 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Vaccine acceptance could seriously affect global efforts to control the Covid-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to estimate the Covid-19 vaccine acceptance and its related factors in Tehran and Kermanshah.
Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 850 participants in Tehran and Kermanshah using the random digit dialing method. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the adjusted odds ratio of factors related to vaccine acceptance.
Results: The frequency of the Covid-19 vaccine acceptance was 66.47% (95% confidence interval: 69.57%, 63.21%). Moreover, 86.02% of the participants stated that they would use any type of (Iranian / foreign) vaccine approved by the Iranian Ministry of Health. However, 13.98% of the participants stated that they only preferred foreign approved vaccines (if available). The variables of age, fatalism, and socioeconomic status had significant associations with the Covid-19 vaccine acceptance.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the Covid-19 vaccine acceptance was moderate. In order to achieve herd immunity by vaccination faster in our society, the strategy of prioritizing vaccination can be planned based on the related variables such as religious beliefs and fatalism, younger age groups, and people with higher socio-economic status that are willing to receive the vaccine.
F Adelinejad, A Faraji, F Alipour,
Volume 16, Issue 5 (Vol 16, Special Issue 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objective: The aim of this research is validation of questionnaire of covid-19 social effects (SISQ) on Iranian students.
Methods: The current study is a descriptive-analytic validation-type study and its statistical population was consisted of students of University of Tehran who 300 of them took part in this research voluntarily. After study of content validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used to study construct validity and Cronbach Alfa and cluster correlation coefficients were utilized to study the reliability; for further study on main variables of research, Pearson correlation and T tests were used; analyses were conducted by SPSS25 and AMOS26 softwares.
Results: In study of validity of seventh item questionnaire, based on professors’ opinion, it was out of content validity (cvr= 0.16); in exploratory factor analysis, four social distance, social acceptance, social information and social anxiety factors were extracted which expressed 57.99 percent variance of questionnaire; results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 4-factor model after adding and omitting processes (RMSEA= 0.05, CFI= 0.93, IFI= 0.93, p= 0.09, x2= 85.26), Cronbach Alfa and interclass correlation coefficients were equal to 0.8 for the final questionnaire; correlation of all items with the total mark was positive and meaningful and the values varied from 0.49 to 0.65. Average (standard deviation) of studied people’s age was 24.07 (6.27) year.
Conclusion: 14-item questionnaire of covid-19 social effects on students has acceptable validity and reliability.Further studies in other populations are suggested.
N Faraji, N Alizadeh, M Akrami, Z Kheyri, H Hosamirudsari, N Zarei Jalalabadi , S Akbarpour , M Arefi, F Taghizadeh, S Mohammadnejad, F Goudarzi,
Volume 16, Issue 5 (Vol 16, Special Issue 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Reports indicates a higher mortality rate of Covid-19 in the elderly. A limited number of studies have been performed on elderly patients in Iran. In the present study, we investigated the clinical features and survival of elderly patients with Covid-19 in Baharloo Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted on the data of elderly patients with Covid-19 admitted to Baharloo Hospital, Tehran, Iran. The data of the hospitalized patients were followed until discharge or death. Finally, survival-related factors were analyzed using Cox regression.
Results: A total of 522 patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 53.8% were male and 101 died. The mean age of the deceased was 76.3 years, with a standard deviation of 8.6 years. The most common clinical symptoms at the time of admission were respiratory distress (69.5%), cough (61.1%), and fever (51.1%). Cox regression results showed that the risk of death increased by 5% for each one-year increase in age. In addition, calcium supplementation reduced the risk of death by 35%.
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that calcium supplementation could be associated with increased survival of the elderly and reduced mortality. Due to calcium insufficiency in the Iranian population and the protective role of calcium in Covid-19, this issue is essential in the elderly patients warranting further investigation in the future.
Ma Soleimani, N Dalvand, S Zarabadi Pour , Z Alimoradi, A Görgülü, N Bahrami,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (Vol 17,No.1, Spring 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Accurate assessment of patients' death depression requires a specific tool that is appropriate to the culture of each community. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Death Depression Scale in women with breast cancer.
Methods: In this methodological study, 246 breast cancer patients presenting to Qazvin Provincial Hospital completed the 17-item Templar Death Depression Scale. Psychometric properties of this scale were evaluated by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was also assessed using Cronbach's alpha, omega and composite reliability.
Results: Exploratory factor analysis showed that six items in the Persian version did not acquire the required loading factor, and were omitted. The remaining eleven items as a single factor accounted for 66.91% of the variance of this concept. In confirmatory factor analysis, 11 items had appropriate fit indices (χ2 = 97.664, p <.001, χ2 / df = 2.504, GFI = .932, CFI = .972, IFI = .973, TLI = .961, SRMR = .030, and RMSEA = .079). A Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.95, Omega coefficient of 0.95, and composite reliability coefficient of 0.96 indicated the acceptable reliability of the 11-item version.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the 11-item Death Depression Scale was valid and reliable in Iranian patients with breast cancer. Given the appropriate psychometric parameters, this scale can be used to assess death depression in future studies.
Mohammad Ali Derik, Mohammad Kakavand, Shahram Mamdohi, Mojgan Navabi, Elham Goodarzi, Hamid Mokhayeri, Zaher Khazaei,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (Vol 17,No.2, Summer 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Viral hepatitis is one of the most prevalent diseases and an important underlying cause of death and disability in the world. This case-control study was conducted to investigate the outbreak of hepatitis A in Boroujerd in 2019.
Methods: This case-control study was conducted to investigate the epidemic of hepatitis A in Boroujerd in 2019. Fifty hepatitis A patients were recruited. For each patient diagnosed, two controls with no history of the disease were selected from a neighboring village. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire as well as the results of experiments. To investigate the association between the disease and risk factors, odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were used.
Results: In this study, the odds ratios were significant for a number of risk factors including washing fruits and vegetables with a source other than tap water [OR = 3.2], washing dishes with a source other than tap water [OR = 3.7], non-sanitary toilets [OR = 8.3], using sources other than tap water when there is no tap water [OR = 4.4], being unaware of the disease and its transmission methods [OR = 4.8] and water well dug less than 15 m from the sewage well (OR = 4.1).
Conclusion: Increased public awareness and improved health status of the environment and rural sewage can preclude similar epidemics in the study area and other regions.
Malihe Safari, Salman Khazaei, , Mohammad Abbasi, Ghodratollah Roshanaei,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (Vol 17,No.2, Summer 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The incidence of rectal cancer is increasing in developing societies, especially in younger age groups. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors affecting the survival of patients with rectal cancer in the presence of competing risks.
Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, the data of 121 patients with rectal cancer during 2001-2017 were studied. Death related to cancer progression was considered as the interest outcome and other causes of death were considered as competing risks. Cause-specific and sub-distribution hazard models were used to investigate the factors affecting patient survival in the presence of competing risk.
Results: The mean (SD) age of the patients was 53.4 (13.9) years and 68 patients (56.2%) were male. The results of log-rank test showed that sex, age, metastasis, type of first treatment, rate of penetration into intestinal wall, tumor location, number of lymphomas involved and tumor size had significant effects on the patient survival (P<0.05). Based on cause-specific and sub-distribution hazard models, tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and tumor grade had significant effects on death hazard due to the cancer progression (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Due to the need to consider competing risks, the results of both competing risk methods showed that tumor grade, lymph node metastasis and stage increased the instantaneous hazard and hazard of cancer death. Therefore, to determine the specific risk factors for each cause of death in the survival analysis, competing risk methods should be used if there is more than one cause of death.
Sara Najibi, Shadab Shahali, Kh Hekmat, Bahman Cheraghian,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (Vol 17,No.2, Summer 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Child growth health is one of the most important issues that determines the community health. Considering the importance of mothers in family and healthy society, the aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between maternal employment status and infant growth during the 9-12 months in Ahwaz.
Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 345 nine-month infants of three groups of mothers including full time employees, part-time employees, and homemakers were selected using non-probability quotas sampling method. Data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed with the SPSS software version 22 using statistical tests such as chi-square, anova.
Results: In the full-time job group, 54.2% of the infants had favorable weights and 45.8% had unfavorable weights. In the part-time group, 69.6% of the infants had favorable weights and 30.4% had unfavorable weights. In the homemaker group, 68.7% of the infants had favorable weights and 31.3% had unfavorable weights. There was a significant difference in the infant’s weight between full-time and part-time job groups
(P= 0.01) and the full-time job and homemaker group (P= 0.04) but there was no significant deference in the infant’s weight between the part-time job and homemaker group (P= 0.87). No significant association was found between maternal employment status and infant’s height (P= 0.11) and head circumference as well (0.08).
Conclusion: The growth status of infants with full-time working mothers was lower than that of infants with homemaker and part-time working mothers. It is recommended to reduce the working time of the mothers who have full-time jobs as long as they breastfeed their babies.
