Showing 104 results for Hi
K Etemad, H Eftekhar Ardabili, A Rahimi, Mm Gouya, A Heidari, Mj Kabir,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2011)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The epidemic of HIV has been become worldwide. Infected people with HIV which are
most intravenous drug users (IDUs) and/or people who have unsafe sex are important source of transmission of
infection to other persons in a community. Since there is little known about the knowledge and attitudes of HIV
positives about HIV in Iran, therefore we decided to measure the level of knowledge and attitudes of this group
in Golestan province in compare with individuals with risky behavior.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 54 HIV+ persons and 134 people with high risk behavior
individuals in 2007 year.
Results: Our study showed that HIV- (High risk group) cases had higher education level (P=0.034). Rate of
jobless was higher in HIV+ persons (P<0.001). HIV+ cases had lower income (P=0.037). Both groups had
moderate knowledge and poor attitude on HIV/AIDS. Level of attitude in HIV+ positive persons was lower than
high risk group (P=0.05).
Conclusion: It is concluded that these susceptible persons and also infected individuals with HIV regardless of
their socio-economic levels need more continuous education in structured programs.
I Abdollahpour, M Noroozian, S Nedjat, R Majdzadeh,
Volume 7, Issue 2 (9-2011)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Although it is important to study the association between caregiver burden and individual with dementia, a little has been paid attention to this issue in Iranian population therefore the aim of study was to investigate the frequency of psychiatric symptoms and patients with dementia and caregiver burden associated with individual with dementia.
Methods: In this study 84 patients who had referred to Iran Alzheimer’s Association, along with their caregivers were included in our study. Iranian Version of Caregiver Burden and NPI questionnaires were employed. Factors affecting factors on burden was analyzed by multivariate linear regression.
Results: Our findings showed that there was at least one psychiatric disorder in all patients. Among all psychiatric symptoms delusion and elation had the highest and lowest rates with 39.3 and 2.4 percentages, respectively. Linear regression indicated that “indifference” and “irritability” symptoms were the effective psychiatric symptoms on the amount of burden placed on the caregivers.
Conclusion: The symptom frequency of irritability and other symptoms showed a statistically significant positive correlation with caregiver's NPI-D score. These findings suggest that improvement of treatments for delusions, irritability among dementia patients may reduce caregiver burden.
K Azizi, M Kalantari, S Fekri,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (12-2011)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The city of Jask in south east of Iran has been considered an endemic focus of leishmaniasis. PCR-based techniques can detect lower parasite burdens, reducing the number of false negatives and improving the quantification of Leishmania parasites in the sand fly. The aim of this epidemiological study was to detect vector(s) by PCR techniques in the city of Jask located in Hormozgan province.
Methods: Sand flies were captured using CDC miniature light traps and sticky papers during 2007-2008 and identified by their morphology. DNA extraction performed by Proteinase K and Phenol/Chloroform/Isoamyl Alcohol methods. Leishmania kinetoplast minicircle DNA was amplified by two Nested-PCR techniques using species-specific primers (LINR4-LIN17-LIN19) and (CSB1XR-CSB2XF-LiR-13Z).These primers could differentiate among Leishmania species of Iran.
Results: A total of 8123 sand flies were collected. The fauna was identified as eight species (3 Phlebotomus and 5 Sergentomyia). Phlebotomus papatasi, P. salehi and Sergentomyia theodori were the three most dominant species (59.91%, 17.21% and 7.32% respectively).
60, 50 and 40 parous unfed female specimens of P. papatasi, P. salehi and S. theodori were investigated for Leishmania DNA infection. Leishmania major DNA was detected in 3 (5%) specimens of P. papatasi and 2 (4%) specimens of P. salehi. Anthropophilic index of these two species were 29.6 & 18 percent, respectively.
Conclusion: This study was the first molecular study for detection of cutaneous eishmaniasis vectors in Hormozgan province in Iran. According to the findings of the present study P. papatasi and P. salehi are probable vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in this focus.
R Rafat, Ar Dorosty, Mr Eshragian, A Rezazadeh,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (12-2011)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Increasing in prevalence of juvenile myopia in recent decades in eastern and western countries, especially in urban elementary school children, suggests that changing in early life style may play an important role in development of myopia. Our aim was to determine the relationships between myopia and overweight in elementary school children of Eslamshahr a city near Tehran, Iran
Methods: In a case control study, 240 new myopic primary school children (grade 2-4) identified as cases and 240 children without myopia in the same schools enrolled as control group.
Anthropometric information was completed from schools’. Other information about pre-entrancing to school was collected by interviewing their parents. Children having a Body mass index BMI>=85th CDC2000 percentile were identified as overweight. Adjusted odds ratio for overweight was estimated after adjusting other potential risk factors.
Results:
Of total 53.3% were girls. 23.8% of children in case group and 10.1% of them in control group were categorized in overweight group. After adjusting for other potential risk factors (family history, breast milk intake, near works, mother`s job and financial position) being overweight was independently associated to myopia
(OR: 3.10, 95% CI: 1.9-5.03).
Conclusion: It is concluded that overweight in children in preschool age, is independently associated with increased risk of myopia in primary school children. Therefore health promotion programs in order to change of the life style in this group of children should be considered.
Mr Aflatoonian, I Sharifi,
Volume 7, Issue 3 (12-2011)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one the major health problem in tropical and sub– tropical countries. Bam district in Iran is an old focus of anthroponotic CL (ACL). The aim of this survey was to assess the prevalence rate of CL by case– finding, treatment of cases and training of primary school children in the city and suburb of Bam in 2010.
Methods: All school children in three levels (18501 children) were included. Children were physically examined for presence of sores or scars. Suspected cases were referred to the center for cutaneous leishmaniasis control (CCLC) for diagnosis and the CL positive children were treated, accordingly. School children were trained and also educational and informative pamphlets were given to their parents.
Results: After initial physical examination ,117 suspected school children (6.9%) were referred to the CCLC and 48 children (28 per 10000) diagnosed as CL patients, comprising of 19 females (39.5%) and 29 males (60.5%). Fifteen (31.2%) school children were identified as lupoid leishmaniasis, failure to treatment or non – healing cases.
Conclusion: The prevalence rate was decreased about 18– fold as compared to the previous investigation in 2005. Establishment of the CCLC, active case– finding and subsequent treatment, seem to be a successful model for controlling CL in the endemic countries.
J Karimi, K Holakouie Naieni, E Ahmadnezhad,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (7-2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Community
assessment process is the foundation for developing the basis for effective
community health strategies. The aim of this study was providing a framework
for comprehensive and participatory community assessment in Shahin-Shar,
Isfahan, Iran.
Methods: This assessment performed in Shahin
Shar city based on some experiences of Community Medicine and Epidemiology and
Biostatistics departments of Tehran University of medical sciences since 1989
and North Carolina Community Assessment Guide Book (2002). The community assessment
team included wide ranges of key stakeholders and local people. Our community
assessment team has three levels of participants: An advisory group, a work
group and a project facilitator. Observation, interview, focus group discussion
and summary list of health resources used for data collection. The map of asset
was also provided. We reported data to community and Hanlon method -based on
magnitude of the problem, seriousness of the consequences and feasibility of
correcting- was used for selecting health priorities.
Results: Drug abuse, smoking among adults and
depression were the important health priorities. After creating community
assessment document, Based on the risk factors that contribute to each problem,
the health action plans were developed.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed
that community assessment could be the foundation for improving and promoting
the health of community members. It could be the basis for effective community
health strategies in Iran .
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M Payab, Ar Dorostymotlagh, Mr Eshraghian, R Rostami, F Siassi, M Ahmadi,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (7-2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Food insecurity has been a global concern. The purpose
of the present study was to examine the relationship between household food
insecurity and depression in mothers with school children in Ray city.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 430 mothers of school children was
conducted in 2010 in Ray city. We employed USDA food security questionnaire.
The prevalence of depression in mothers was assessed by Beck Depression
Inventory (DBI).
Results: Household food insecurity was identified approximately in fifty
percent of participants and frequency of depression was 51.4% in mothers.
Depression in ‘food secure' group was 34.6%, and in ‘food insecure with hunger'
group was 77.8%. There was a positive relationship between depression and food
insecurity in mothers having primary school children living in Ray.
Conclusion: The
findings of this study revealed that level of food insecurity among mothers
seems high. This study highlights the need to integrate programs addressing
food insecurity and poor mental health for mothers.
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S Bokaie, M Soltani, A Rahimi Forushani, A Bahonar, M Afshar Nasab, S Rohani Zadeh, A Ghajari, D Saadati,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (7-2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: White spot, as one of the infectious viral diseases, has made severe losses in
shrimp ponds all over the world. Despite extensive efforts made to deal with
and control the disease, white spot continues to be a major health problem in
shrimp farms across Iran. In this work, the significance of the risk factors of
white spot disease epidemic occurred in shrimp ponds of Choubdeh farming site
in Khuzestan province of Iran is determined.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from June 1, 2010, to
September 22, 2010 in 223 shrimp ponds of the site. Data was collected on 17
variables, thought to be associated with the occurrence and epidemic of white
spot, with the aid of the shrimp ponds owners and fisheries and veterinary
organizations. The occurrence of white spot disease in the farming site was
determined by clinical symptoms and the results of conventional PCR tests. the
effectiveness of the risk factors was established by odds ratio (OR).
Results: It is found that poor management of birds fighting (OR=3.72),
less educated farm foreman
(OR= 3.29) and poor filtration of the intake water (OR= 3.43) are significantly
affected the occurrence of the disease while little changes in the salinity of
shrimp ponds (OR= 0.16) decreases the odds of the disease.
Conclusion: These
findings help better develop shrimp farming across Iran, especially in
Khuzestan province.
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Mr Farokhi Noori, K Holakouie Naieni, Aa Haghdoost, A Emami,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (7-2012)
Abstract
Background
& Objectives: The economic costs of cancer care are a burden to people
diagnosed with cancer, their families, and society as a whole. Despite several
studies about cancer in Iran, there is paucity of cost analysis in this area.
The aim of this study was to estimate the cost of cancer subgroups in Kerman,
Iran.
Methods: A retrospective analysis
of administrative 223 diagnosed patients with different cancers was undertaken.
Results: Monthly average cost of
cancer was 3.32 thousand US dollars (average exchange rate in 2010: 10308
Iranian rials= 1 US dollar). Breast cancer, with an average 4.30 thousand US
dollars per month was the most expensive and cancer of male reproductive organs
with average2.16 thousand US dollars were the cheapest cancer.
The
hidden monthly cost of all types of cancer was 2 thousand US dollars, breast
cancer, lung, blood and female reproductive organs were costly and brain and
peripheral nerves cancer, gastrointestinal tract and prostate were medium and
male reproductive organs cancer was less costly.
Conclusion: Economically impact and burden of cancer should be an
important consideration in the health policy making in Iranian health service
system.
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E Imani, Z Khademi, F Naghizadeh, M Askarnia, A Imani,
Volume 8, Issue 2 (9-2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Convulsion is the most common pediatric neurological problem that requires
special attention in this group. The purpose of this study was to determine the
frequency of seizures and to evaluate its risk factors in children in Bandar
Abbas, Iran
Methods: A retrospective study
was conducted on 222 children with seizures admitted to children hospital
during 2008.
Results: Of total children hospitalized due to seizure, 64.5% were male
with age range 1-2 years. Fever was the most cause of seizure. In 58.8% of
cases, the child's age at the time of first convulsion was 1-3 years. The
seizure attack occurred in wake up in 63.8% of cases, and 65.8% of the samples
had normal consciousness at the time of admission. The mean duration of seizure
in 64.1% of cases was less than 5 minutes and type of seizure in 80.1% has been
reported as generalized tonic colonic. A history of convulsion in other family
members was reported in 28.9% and in 19.36%, there was close family
relationship between parents. There was no significant relationship between type
of delivery, gestational age and birth weight with type and duration of seizure
(P>0.05).
Conclusion: Particular attention should be paid to
children with seizure during history-taking and be more vigilant to high-risk
patients and those who might need prophylactic anticonvulsants.
M Karami, H Soori, Y Mehrabi, Aa Haghdoost, Mm Gouya,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (12-2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Knowledge of the presence of seasonal trends and other explainable patterns in the prediagnostic data sources and removing such patterns before applying outbreak detection methods seem very important. This study aimed to detect and remove the explainable patterns such as seasonality, day-of-week (DOW) and holiday effects of the daily counts of suspected cases of measles in Iran.Methods: Data on daily counts of suspected cases of measles as a pre-diagnostic data source were obtained from Iranian national surveillance system between 21 March 2008 and 20 March 2011. We used lines plot, moving average chart, autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions for detecting explainable patterns. Moving average (MA) and Holt- Winters (HW) exponential smoothing method are used for removing explainable patterns.
Results: Our findings indicate the presence of seasonality, DOW effect, holidays and weekend effects in the daily counts of suspected cases of measles. The good performance of HW exponential smoothing technique in removing seasonal patterns is evident. MA technique showed better performance regarding assumption violation on outbreak detection methods.
Conclusion: Because of the presence of explainable patterns in the daily counts of suspected cases of measles, considering such patterns before applying outbreak detection algorithms is very important. Implementing both MA (7 days) techniques for its simplicity as a pre- processing method and HW method for its efficacy in removing seasonal patterns is recommended.
Gr Kheirabadi, Sj Hashemi, S Akbaripour, M Salehi, Mr Maracy,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (12-2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The rate of suicide varies amongst different parts of Iran. Since there is little knowledge about the risk factors for suicide attempts we carried out this study to determine the status of psychiatric disorders and risk factors of repeated attempted suicide in suicide attempters whom admitted to poisoning emergency in Isfahan, Iran.
Methods: Patients with having attempt to suicide, admitted to emergency ward in Khorshid Hospital in Isfahan and were interviewed by a trained psychiatrist during 2009 year. Interview was based on DSM-IV.
Results: Participants consisted of 703 individuals (424 of them were female) with mean age of 25.9±9.7. One hundred twenty five (125) had positive family history of suicide attempt, 501 people were first time suicide attempters, 106 second, 58 third, and the others were forth time or more suicide attempters. Bipolar spectrum disorders, unipolar depression and adjustment disorders were the more frequents psychiatric disorders respectively. Age, family history of suicide, kind of diagnosed psychiatric disorder and method of attempted suicide were meaningfully related to mean of attempt suicide frequency.
Conclusion: Bipolar spectrum disorders, especially recurrent depressive episodes is the major risk of repeated suicide attempt and co-morbidity of another psychiatric disorders increase highly the risk of suicide reattempt.
M Gholami Fesharaki , A Kazemnejad, F Zayeri, J Sanati, H Akbari,
Volume 8, Issue 4 (3-2013)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Since there is inconsistency reports in relationship between shift work (SW) and blood pressure (BP), therefore we aimed to show any association between SW and BP by using of Bayesian Multilevel Modeling, which is a reliable method for this type of analysis.
Methods: The profiles of 4145 workers in Polydactyl Iran Corporation were examined in historical cohort between 1996 until 2008. All relevant analysis was performed by Win Bugs software.
Results: Approximately 98 percent of study population was male. Of total 1886 (45.5%), 307(7.4%), 1952 (47.1%) of participation were day worker, two rotation shift worker and three rotation shift worker respectively. After controlling confounding factors, there was no significant relationship with Systolic BP (P=0.911) and Diastolic BP (P=0.278).
Conclusion: In general, the results of our historical cohort study do not support a relationship between SW and BP. We suggest multi center and prospective cohort studies with controlling more confounding factors in this area.
F Mohammadzadeh, S Faghihzadeh, Ar Baghestani, M Asadi Lari , Mr Vaez Mahdavi, J Arab Kheradmand , Aa Noorbala, Mm Golmakani, Aa Haeri Mahrizi , R Kordi,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Chronic pain is one of main public and individual health problems and its epidemiological understanding needs reliable estimates of prevalence. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of chronic pain in all 368 neighborhoods of Tehran using small area estimation method.
Methods: The pain section from the second round of Urban HEART data from a selected individual of 23457 households in Tehran using a multistage randomized cluster sampling in 2011, were analyzed. In order to obtain reliable estimates for chronic pain prevalence at neighborhood level, a generalized linear mixed model and hierarchical Bayesian approach were used and the reliability of the estimates were evaluated.
Results: The average of estimated prevalence of chronic pain in neighborhoods of Tehran was 25.5% and a large heterogeneity was observed in its prevalence in neighborhoods of Tehran. Prevalence of chronic pain was significantly higher in married housewives, retirees and pensioners and was significantly associated with age, educational status, depression and anxiety (P<0.05). The reliability of Bayesian method was confirmed by evaluation methods in this analysis.
Conclusion: These results demonstrate prevailing amount of chronic pain at neighborhood-level in Tehran, which warrants careful attention to prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation by health care professionals.
H Noorkojuri, E Hajizadeh, Ar Baghestani, Ma Pourhoseingholi,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (10-2013)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Cox regression model is one of the statistical methods in survival analysis. The use of smoothing techniques in Cox model makes the more accurate estimates for the parameters. Fractional polynomial is one of these techniques in Cox model. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of prognostic factors on survival of patients with gastric cancer using the fractional polynomial in Cox model and Cox proportional hazards.
Methods: Information of total of 216 patients with gastric cancer who underwent surgery in the gastroenterology ward of Taleghani Hospital in Tehran between 2003 and 2008 were included in this retrospective study. In this research, fractional polynomial in Cox model and Cox proportional hazards model were utilized for determining the effects of prognostic factors on patients’ survival time with gastric cancer. The SPSS version 18.0 and R version 2.14.1 were used for data analysis. These models were compared with Akaike information criterion.
Results: The analysis of Cox proportional hazards and fractional polynomial models resulted in age at diagnosis and tumor size as prognostic factors on survival time of patients with gastric cancer independently (P<0.05). Also, Akaike information criterion was equal in both models.
Conclusion: In the present study, the Cox proportional hazards and fractional polynomial models led to similar results with equal Akaike information criterions. Using of smoothing methods helped us eliminate non-linear effects but it seemed more appropriate to use Cox proportional hazards model in medical data because of its’ ease of interpretation and capability of modeling in both continuous and discrete covariates.
B Eshrati, R Emroozi, Es Mousavi, Ms Azimi, A Esmaeeli, H Bakhtiari, Ssh Hosseini, M Ramezani ,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (2-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives:: To assess inequity of childhood health care package provision according to the distance of health houses from the town and the provincial capital in Markazi province (Iran).
Methods: We used 4 measures of childhood health care provision by family medicine program in randomly selected health houses in Markazi province. The measures included were monitoring of the childhood health by the GP (General Practitioner), childhood disease management according to the Iranian MOHME guidelines, good knowledge of the GP about the content of the guidelines and good knowledge of the GP about the 1-59 month death registration system. These measures were estimated by a predefined, interviewer administered questionnaire. The distance of each selected health house was determined in each district health center. To assess the inequity of the measures we estimated concentration index and its 95% confidence interval using covariance method. P Values of greater than 0.05 were considered as statistically insignificant.
Results: About 46 health house were randomly selected. All of the estimated concentration indices about the childhood care measures were less than 0.1 and their differences with zero score were insignificant
( p value> 0.05 ).
Conclusion: according to the data of our study it seems there is no inequity between different health houses in accordance of their distance from district center and provincial capital. It seems necessary to measure other health indices to assess the inequity of the whole of the health care providing system.
Hr Tolideie, J Hajavi,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (2-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Asthma and allergic diseases remain among the most important health problem in different societies that affect childhood life. These diseases mostly seem to be occurred in children with family history positive. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association between family history and the prevalence of allergic diseases in children in Gonabad.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Gonabad in 2011 year. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire were completed by 1627 students whom were selected by using multi-level sampling across city. The Chi-Square test was used for comparison of qualitative variables between two groups and Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.
Results: Of the total (1627) participated students, 876 (53.8%) were boys and 751 (46.2%) were girls. Mean age of children was 14.5±1.8. Almost forty percent of children had at least one allergic symptom at sometime in their life and 48/1% had family history and 35/1% did not have family history (P<0.001). However, lifetime and 12-month prevalence of rhinitis symptoms, 12-month prevalence of rhino conjunctivitis and lifetime hay fever and eczema was significantly higher in students with positive family history than those with negative family history (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Our study shows that the prevalence of most allergic disorders was higher in children with positive family history. It seems that heredity plays a major role in the occurrence of allergic diseases in children.
P Bagheri, Aa Haghdoost, E Dortaj Rabori,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (2-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Nowadays, human values for example quality of life has important place to be considered as health index along with other measurements like morbidity and mortality indexes. This study intended to compare the quality of life for residents living in apartment’s flats more than 15 years with residents living in non-apartment housing in Shiraz.
Methods: The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL_BREF) standard questionnaire was completed by participants. This population was chosen by a multi-stage sampling method in Shiraz city. Type of living accommodation, physical, psychological, social, and environmental health factors were adjusted in the linear model.
Results: The mean score of health aspects in people who lived in apartment vs non apartment living were: physical 13.57 and 16.41, psychological 10.71and 14.87, social 8.57and 13.84 and in environmental 13.59 and 10.18 respectively, however after adjustment for gender, education, marital status, age, job, family size, income, type of disease (chronic, acute, chronic- acute), possession of house and area of house, changed to 14.41 for physical and 15.61, psychological 12.6 and 14.47, social 8.74 and 13.72 and environmental 15.42 and 9.23 (P<0.0001).
Conclusion: The results of this study show that the health of apartment-living residents even after adjustment of some other influencing factors, in major of domains was less than non apartment-living residents which indicating this issue should be considered in urban-living health.
A Saki Malehi , E Hajizadeh, K Ahmadi, P Mansouri,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (6-2014)
Abstract
Background and Objectives : The aim of this study was to assess the disease trajectory and recurrence rate of pemphigus based on the analysis of the gap time between successive recurrent events. In this regard, the most important associated factors with the risk of recurrence could be explained.
Methods: This longitudinal study was performed on 112 pemphigus patients who attended the dermatology department of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from March 2006 to January 2013. The study duration was considered from the diagnosis of the disease to December 2013. Recurrent events were analyzed based on the gap time between successive events using the multivariate time dependent frailty model. The time between two recurrent gap times was determined monthly between two successive events.
Results : Decreasing the gap times between two successive events indicates that the subsequent event after the first recurrence occurs with shorter time intervals. So, the disease trajectory represents an increase in the recurrence rate over time. Based on the results of multivariate frailty model, IgG antibody's level was the only effective factor on the recurrence hazard rate of the patients. Also, this model proved that the frailty effects were time dependent frailties.
Conclusion: Assessing the disease trajectory and recurrence hazard rate can be achieved through analyzing the gap time between successive recurrent events. This analysis also identifies the factors that influence the risk of subsequent recurrent events.
Kh Rahmani, M Zokaei, F Bidarpoor, Sh Babahajiani, P Nessaei, Gh Moradi ,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (6-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the trend of mortality of children under five years old in Kurdistan Province during 2007 to 2011.
Methods: The data of this descriptive-analytical study on deaths and births was collected from provincial deaths registry system and Civil Registration System during 2007 to 2011. The main indicators including under-five mortality, infant mortality, and neonatal mortality rate during the given period were studied. The relationship between variables was calculated using chi-square test.
Results: The neonatal mortality rate changed from 13.5 per thousand live births in 2007 to 12.2 per thousand live births in 2011. During the same period of time, the infant mortality rate and under-five mortality rate declined from 17.1 and 20.2 to 14.9 and 17.4 per thousand live births, respectively. A significant relationship was found between gender and infant mortality. Among the major causes of mortality, prenatal diseases, especially infant diseases, were the most common cause of death in the neonatal period.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, although there was a reduction in the under-five mortality rate during these years, the observed decline, especially the decline in infant mortality rate, was very slow. There are still some preventable causes of death in children which require more attention by the health system and researchers
