Showing 355 results for SH
B Behrouz, K Amini, F Shakhniya, A Abedi , N Ghasemi ,
Volume 9, Issue 1 (5-2013)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Peavalu on sage sümptom, mis võib olla tõsine problem iga inimese igas vanuserühmas. Several studies have shown that the prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) varied between different geographical regions. Since there is little known about this in the country the current research has been conducted with the aim of estimating the prevalence of these types of migraines, reporting and comparing their clinical characteristics in this region of Iran.
Methods: This study conducted on 1150 admitted patients by first diagnosis of headache in Farabi hospital in Kermanshah during a period of one year from 2010 till 2011. Case definition was based on International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) criteria. Among these, 350 patients were diagnosedd as headache patients and completed the International Headache Schedule form. Data were analyzed by the use of descriptive frequency and percentage SPSS 16 software.
Results: The results indicate that women were stricken more than men by headache (P<0.0001). Migraine was more prevalent in the age groups of 30-41 that included 54 individual (15.4%). the tension headache was more common among the age group of 42-53 that constitute 58 people (%23.3) of the participants. A significant correlation was also reported between the position and type of the headache (P<0.0001). Findings of this research showed that 20.4% of people with migraine and nearly 9 percent (9%) of persons with tension headaches have lost their job because of their headaches. There is meaningful relation between tension headaches and experience into their second job struggling (P<0.026).
Conclusion: It is concluded that migraine and tension headaches seem two separate diseases and none of them has any effect on the other. Headache requires more attention and it should be, diagnosed and managed appropriately.
A Mohammadbeigi, J Hassanzadeh, B Eshrati, N Mohammadsalehi,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (Vol 9, No 2, Summer 2013 2013)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Inequity in health is a universal term which used for showing current differences, variations and inequalities of people in access to health. But inequality in health refers to some inequities which seems are unfair or caused by some errors and biases. The current study aimed to describe some of the common health related inequity measures to be useful for the inequity researchers and other interested health coworkers.
Methods: The calculation, advantage and disadvantage of most common health-inequity indexes including slope index of inequity, relative index of inequality, Theil’s Index, mean log deviation, index of disparity, Gini coefficient, weighted utilization social welfare function, absolute and relative concentration index were assessed. Inequity size of these measures was calculated by using the health care utilization survey data.
Results: Average of health care utilization in in-need subjects was 66.4%. This indicator was in the first to fifth quintiles equal to 57.6%, 63.4%, 71.6%, 69.5% and 75.3%, respectively. Relative concentration index and Gini coefficient was calculated as 0.053 and 0.0062, respectively.
Conclusion: Inequity in health care utilization in Markazi province differs based on the types of inequity measures. Selection of the inequity indexes dependent to the objective and the scale of under study variable. Among discussed indexes, concentration index determine the more accurate and also show the gradient of inequity. Therefore it can be used as the best index.
Z Hashemi , M Keikha, R Keikhaee, A Ansari Moghadam , M Salehi Marzijarani , A Nasiri,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (Vol 9, No 2, Summer 2013 2013)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Relationship between jobs and different aspects of health, including quality of life has been considered by researchers however the employment aim has risen in Iranian women in Iran but there is little known about the quality of life in this group, therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between employment and quality of life of women in the city of Zabol.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out during 2009-2010 in Zabol, Iran. The sample consisted of 420 women selected randomly from health care centers. Health-related quality of life was assessed using the SF-36 and classified using k-means clustering method. The relationship between the independent variables with the quality of life was assessed by multinomial logistic regression.
Results: The mean age of participants was 30.46 ± 8.75 years. Quality of life indicated as low (35.4%), medium (33.7%) and high classes (30.9%), respectively. The results indicated that employed women were more likely than housewives to hadhigher quality of life. An increase age, significantly reduced respectively five and four percent of chance to had moderate and high level of quality of life.
Conclusion: More than half of women had medium and low quality of life. Increasing age was associated with decreased quality of life, but employment was an independent predictor for higher quality of life.
M Soltani, A Pirali Kheirabadi, E Taherimirkahead, Sh Shafie, S Mohamadian, Sh Roholahi,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (Vol 9, No 2, Summer 2013 2013)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Sterpococcosis/lactococcosis is an economically important zoonotic disease in aquaculture industry particularly in farmed rainbow trout. The annual loss due to the disease is tens millions US dollars. This descriptive study was aimed to identify the regional distribution of these economically important bacterial diseases in 50 farmed trout in Charmahal-va-Bakhteyari (25 fish farms) and Kohgiloyeh-va-Boyerahmad (25 fish farms) provinces plus detection of the relative prevalence of the presence of 20 risk factors.
Methods: Each trout farm was clinically inspected to identify the risk factors, followed by sampling of the clinically affected fish for bacteriological and molecular studies.
Results: The results showed that form 25 fish farms examined in Charmah-va-Bakhteyari, 56.% (13 fish farms) were affected with Lactococcus garvieae and 20%(5 fish farms) were affected with Streptococcus iniae, while these were 64% (16 fish farms) and 12% (3fish farms) in Kohgiloyeh-va-Boyerahmad, respectively. The relative prevalences of the presence of 10 and 16 risk factors were above 80% and 50% in the trout farms of both provinces.
Conclusion: These results clearly demonstrated that occurrence of streptococcosis and lactococcosis in farmed trout has a wide regional distribution in trout farms of these provinces and the presence of risk factors are remarkable in the examined fish farms.
B Eshrati, R Emroozi, Es Mousavi, Ms Azimi, A Esmaeeli, H Bakhtiari, Ssh Hosseini, M Ramezani ,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (2-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives:: To assess inequity of childhood health care package provision according to the distance of health houses from the town and the provincial capital in Markazi province (Iran).
Methods: We used 4 measures of childhood health care provision by family medicine program in randomly selected health houses in Markazi province. The measures included were monitoring of the childhood health by the GP (General Practitioner), childhood disease management according to the Iranian MOHME guidelines, good knowledge of the GP about the content of the guidelines and good knowledge of the GP about the 1-59 month death registration system. These measures were estimated by a predefined, interviewer administered questionnaire. The distance of each selected health house was determined in each district health center. To assess the inequity of the measures we estimated concentration index and its 95% confidence interval using covariance method. P Values of greater than 0.05 were considered as statistically insignificant.
Results: About 46 health house were randomly selected. All of the estimated concentration indices about the childhood care measures were less than 0.1 and their differences with zero score were insignificant
( p value> 0.05 ).
Conclusion: according to the data of our study it seems there is no inequity between different health houses in accordance of their distance from district center and provincial capital. It seems necessary to measure other health indices to assess the inequity of the whole of the health care providing system.
N Shakeri, F Eskandari, F Hajsheikholeslami, Aa Momenan, F Azizi,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (2-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Although the population of elderly is increasing in Iran, few studies carried out on this group. The aim of this study was to identify life expectancy and contributory risk factors for the Tehranian elderly of ages above 60 years.
Methods: Individuals above 60 years old whom were recruited in the primary phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) during 1998-2001 were followed up for 12 years and their vital status were registered (1998-2011). Age and sex mortality rates for age groups (60-69, 70-79, 80+) were calculated and by using Cox proportional hazard model the mean of survival time and hazard rates with respect to risk factors were estimated.
Results: Life expectancy for females and males after crossing 60 years of age reaches to 81 and 80 years, respectively without any statistically significant differences between these two groups. Cox model showed that diabetes, BMI>33Kg/m2 and non ischmecic heart disease reduced survival time in women significantly. While diabetes, smoking, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, history of MI, stroke or sudden death of father, brother or son, lack of physical activity and antihypertensive medications are among the hazardous risk factors for men.
Conclusion: Among the variables studied, only three (ABC) of them were found as risk factors of women's life, while for men seven risk factors were identified. It seems that more studies are needed to determine the risk factors for women.
A Khorshidi, K Sayehmiri, M Babanejad,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (2-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Suicide has been recognized as a public health concern in all communities. Several factors are contributing to its incidence in developed and developing countries. Purpose of this study is to investigate seasonal patterns of suicide in Ilam province western Iran.
Methods: Data were recruited from a systematic registry of Ilam province between available from 2001–2009. Overall, 3873 suicides were recorded. According to month and season of suicide, data were analyzed using chi-square test and logistic regression.
Results: Among suicide attempters, a peak of suicide occurrence was observed in summer, especially in August. In general, 16% of suicides were completed. The risk of death (OR)due to suicide was significantly greater in winter and March compared to other seasons and months, respectively.
Conclusion: Suicide occurrence varies by month and season and seasonal-related factors such as psychological, environmental and social aspects should be considered for any prevention programs and strategies.
T Amiri Parsa, M Khademosharie, Mr Hamedinia, Ms Azarnive,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (3-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Obesity is associated with increased resistance to insulin, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate some factors associated with overweight and obesity among normal, overweight, and obese women aged 30 to 50 years from Sabzevar.
Methods: A questionnaire with 56 questions was prepared. The Beck questionnaire was used to measure the physical activity level. Weight, height, and waist circumference of the participants were measured using standard methods. Overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2), obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m) and abdominal obesity (WHR ≥0.85) were also evaluated. MANOVA, Tukey post-hoc test, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square test were used for the statistical analysis of test variables. P ≤0.05 was considered significant.
Results: The results showed that 22.5% of women had normal weight, 42.4 percent were overweight, 31.6 percent were obese, and only 3.5 percent of women were underweight.
Conclusion: Our results showed that the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 74% in women living in Sabzevar, indicating the necessity of using educational methods to familiarize people, especially women, with weight control issues and prevention of obesity. The findings revealed that age, number of children, number of pregnancies, age at menarche, number of family members, working with the computer, and high-fat meals may increase the risk of obesity. Lifestyle modification and physical activity, as the most affordable and safest methods of preventing obesity, require more attention.
M Koosheshi, A Khosravi, M Sasani Pour , S Asadi,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (3-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The recent researches on mortality in Iran in the past 3 decades have obviously emphasized cardiovascular diseases, unintentional injuries, and neoplasms as the most important causes of shortening Iranian’s lives. We investigated the role of these major causes on the mortality patterns in Fars in 2006.
Methods: The number of registered deaths by age and sex and the distribution of death by cause in Fars in 2006 were derived from the Death Register System of Ministry of Health (MoH). We used the 2006 census to obtain the information on the population exposed to death. The mortality of the people over 5 years of age was estimated and corrected using the Brass Growth Balance method. The mortality rate of the children under the age of 5 was estimated by indirect methods and the data were analyzed using the multi-decrement life table.
Results: Life expectancy was 70.3 years in Fars, about 69 years in males and 72 years in females, in 2006. The results showed that 3 main causes of death were responsible for reducing life expectancy of about 11 years in men and women in Fars. Detailed results revealed that cardiovascular diseases and unintentional injuries played more important roles in the decrease. Unintentional injuries plays more major role in decreasing life expectancy in males than females.
Conclusion: Special attention should be paid to the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in both genders and unintentional injuries in males in Fars to reduce the mortality level and increase the life expectancy.
Mr Aflatoonian, I Sharifi, A Nadim, B Aflatoonian,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (3-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Bam is one of the old CL centers and this study aimed to determine and compare the period prevalence among its population and housing units in two periods of 1990-92 and 2010-2012.
Methods: In this descriptive–analytical study, data were collected in the questionnaires through door-to-door visits environmental hygiene, and inquiring the history of the CL disease. A questionnaire was completed for each household, the data were analyzed using SPSS software and t- and X2 tests. P<0.05 was considered significant.
Results: The prevalence rates in the periods 1998-1999 and 2010-2012 were 10.3% and 2.1%, in the study population and 33.6% and 5.5% in the residential units in the period of the last 3 years, respectively with a very significant difference (P<0.0001). The environmental hygiene of the houses in terms of vector breeding was significantly lower in the period 1990-1992 than 2010-2012 (P<0.0001). The mean score of environmental hygiene was 11.5 and 16.6 out of 20 during the two periods, respectively.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, urban CL is extremely reflective of the environmental changes and probably the best preventive measure is to improve the environmental hygienic conditions in and around the households. Public participation and commitment of the health authorities in this regard could be an important measure for planning preventive programs.
Mr Miri, Aa Ramazani, Gh Sharifzadeh, M Bahlgerdi,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (3-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Smoking is a global problem and is the most important cause of death due to non- communicable diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate smoking and its correlates in male students in South Khorasan.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was undertaken in South Khorasan on high school male students. A sample of 2371 cases was selected through cluster multi stage sampling. The data was collected through a structured questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software using chi-square and logistic regression tests.
Results: The prevalence of smoking was 12.3 per cent (285 cases).The most important motivating factors for smoking for the first time were curiosity, joy. The most important predictors of smoking were hookah consumption, the presence of a smoker in or outside the living place, and a negative attitude to smoking. Working father and education regarding smoking risks were preventive factors.
Conclusion: Special education and public awareness about the risks of smoking and establishment of consultation centers for adolescents can be major steps toward the prevention and control of smoking among students.
S Zaeri, S Asgharzadeh, M Zaeri, K Holakouie Naeini , A Rahimi Foroushani ,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (3-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The world population is growing old. The rising proportion of the elderly is creating new health care challenges in the current century. This study aimed to determine the quality of life and the associated factors in the elderly population of Azerbaijan district in the city of Tehran, Iran.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 287 elderly persons aged 60 and older. Participants were selected through systemic random sampling. The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) questionnaire, and a questionnaire for demographic characteristics were used for data collection. Each domain was given a score between 0 to100 based on the WHO manual. The final variables were determined in a multivariate linear regression model using SPSS16.
Results: The mean score of the 4 domains of quality of life (physical, psychological, environmental, and social health) of the elderly population living in Azerbaijan district was 58.41, 53.13, 59.53, and 42.82, respectively.
Conclusion: A variety of correlates affect the quality of life of the elderly. Recognizing and considering these factors are important for planning more effective programs for the elderly and empowering them.
K Holakouie Naieni , S Hashemi Nazari , M Mahmoodi, M Shekari, A Madani,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (3-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: One of the major questions in epidemiological and social science researches is studying the relationship of the living place with social and health outcomes. In this study, we measured segregation indices for a number of important socioeconomic indices using the 2006 Iranian census data to find out whether residential segregation is correlated with the available differences in the health level in the subgroups of certain variables.
Methods: Twenty percent of the 2006 national census data was used for measuring segregation indices. Residential segregation indices were measured once for Hormozgan Province among its eleven cities and then for each city among theirs sections. Six segregation indices were measured. We used the common cut points for interpreting the values of dissimilarity index and information theory index.
Results: According to the dissimilarity and information theory index, the segregation of most of the variables in the province fell within the category of mild segregation. Segregation of the variables in some cities fell within the category of moderate, severe, and even extreme. Conclusion: The results indicated improper distribution of some of these variables in geographic units in some of the cities of Hormozgan Province. This information can help the authorities who are committed to implementing the health equity and social justice.
M Nazarzadeh, D Khalili, B Eshrati, F Hadaegh, F Azizi,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (3-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The case-cohort study is one of the youngest designs in epidemiology and some methodological aspects of it are still in debate. This study aimed at comparing the estimated hazard ratio, standard error, and interaction hazard ratio between the case-cohort and cohort studies for assessing the relationship between diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
Methods: A total of 1701 men and 2253 women aged between 40 and 75 years were considered as the main cohort. Subcohort sampling was performed using simple random sampling with a sampling fraction of 0.3%. The hazard ratio of the cohort study was calculated using Cox regression model and the 3 methods of Prentice, Self-Prentice, and Barlow were used for calculating the hazard ratio of the case-cohort study. The mentioned regression models were used to assess the interactions.
Results: The results of the two studies were similar in populations with higher incidence (cohort of men) and lower incidence (the cohort of women) when frequency percent of exposure variable was greater than 10%. When the sample size of the initial cohort was less than 1250 subjects, discrepancies were observed between the results of the two studies. In addition, the standard error of the case-cohort study was higher than the cohort study. The results of both studies were similar in assessing the considered interactions.
Conclusion: The results are similar when the initial cohort sample sizes are sufficient. Meanwhile, unlike the percentage of exposure frequency, the outcome incidence has a negligible impact on the discrepancy between the results while the effect of the relative frequency of the exposure levels on the results discrepancy is noticeable.
F Khosravi Shadmani , H Soori, M Karami, F Zayeri,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (Vol 10, No 1 2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives : World Health Organization has recommended the main strategies for the prevention of road traffic injuries on some of the risk factors. This study aimed to prioritize the preventive interventions according to risk factors of road traffic injuries in Iran.
Methods: The potential impact fraction (PIF) of the main strategies for prevention was analyzed from national traffic police data registry in 2011 in urban and rural roads. PIF was calculated for risk factors of road traffic injuries and joint effect at three counterfactual distributions: theoretical minimum risk level, plausible minimum risk level, and feasible minimum risk level. The priority setting of preventive intervention was performed based on contribution of each risk factor.
Results : Based on the potential impact fraction of death (PIF calculated using odds ratio of death) the priorities were as follows in order: wearing a helmet by the motorcycle passenger, wearing a helmet by motorcycle rider, and lack of speed management. Risk factors in this study were more important in urban roads and joint effects of risk factors were close to 100 percent
Conclusion: It is strongly recommended that future interventions focus on the use of the helmet by motorcycle passengers and riders, the use of the seat belt by the passengers, and speed management. Our findings indicated that laws and legislations should be pursued more seriously. Calculation of the potential impact fraction is better than the population attributable fraction and allows for more accurate prediction of the future.
A Shakeri, F Jafarizadeh, M Zarenezhad,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (Vol 10, No 1 2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives : Suicide is a conscious attempt to end one’s life. Evidence suggests that nearly one million people die due to suicide worldwide each year. The aim of present study was to describe the epidemiological and demographic data of suicide victims and related factors in Fars Province.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the demographic and epidemiological data of suicide victims in Fars Province during the 5-year period from April 2007 to March 2011 was collected by a questionnaire. Finally, the data was statistically analyzed.
Results : The victims were 934 cases. The mean and standard deviation of age for the cases was 32.12 ± 81.29 years. About 72.5% & 27.3% were men & women, respectively. The most common methods of suicide were hanging (n=472, 5.50%) for men and self burning (n=103, 16%) for women. Most of the people who committed suicide (n=411, 44%) were in the third decade of life (20 to 29 years). The most common etiology (53.5%) was unknown.
Conclusion: Due to the high incidence of suicide in young people and unmarried individuals, authorities need to consider these groups in social planning in Fars Province.
Kh Rahmani, M Zokaei, F Bidarpoor, Sh Babahajiani, P Nessaei, Gh Moradi ,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (Vol 10, No 1 2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the trend of mortality of children under five years old in Kurdistan Province during 2007 to 2011.
Methods: The data of this descriptive-analytical study on deaths and births was collected from provincial deaths registry system and Civil Registration System during 2007 to 2011. The main indicators including under-five mortality, infant mortality, and neonatal mortality rate during the given period were studied. The relationship between variables was calculated using chi-square test.
Results: The neonatal mortality rate changed from 13.5 per thousand live births in 2007 to 12.2 per thousand live births in 2011. During the same period of time, the infant mortality rate and under-five mortality rate declined from 17.1 and 20.2 to 14.9 and 17.4 per thousand live births, respectively. A significant relationship was found between gender and infant mortality. Among the major causes of mortality, prenatal diseases, especially infant diseases, were the most common cause of death in the neonatal period.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, although there was a reduction in the under-five mortality rate during these years, the observed decline, especially the decline in infant mortality rate, was very slow. There are still some preventable causes of death in children which require more attention by the health system and researchers
Tayebe Khazaie, Mohammad Dehghany, Gholamreza Sharifzadeh, Hamidreza Reyasie, J Phani, H Usefi,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (Vol 10, No 1 2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives : Migraine is the most common type of headache in children. Over 30% of patients have disabilities, so early detection and timely treatment is necessary to prevent attacks, increase learning, and prevent absenteeism. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of migraine in children.
Methods: In this cross - sectional study with two-stage stratified random cluster sampling the International Headache Society (IHS) for migraine diagnosis and (PedMIDAS) questionnaire were completed through interviews with the students’ parents. Data was analyzed with SPSS software and chi-square test.
Results : Of 1117 children with a mean age of 41.1 ± 9 years, 551 (49.3) were female and 556 (50.7) were male of whom 185 (56.16%) had a headache and 40 (2.16%) had migraine. Most of the time, the pain started on the first day of the week with a moderate intensity. Aggravating factors were physical activity and stress, and alleviating factors were sleeping and resting. The pain was bilateral and was accompanied by nausea and vomiting. The mean number of headache attacks in the past three months was 8.85± 7.65 which lasted for a mean duration of 6.38 ± 8.02 hours with a mean interval of 24.70± 26.21days.
The frequency of migraine in children by age and sex were not significantly different. More than of the children had a positive family history but were not visited by the doctor. About 79.37% of the students had first degree disability, %54.10 had second degree disability, %9.05 had third degree disability, and % 1.04 had fourth degree disability.
Conclusion: Given the increasing prevalence of migraine with age and the risk of chronic diseases and individual and social impairment, it is important to prevent headache attacks through early identification and moderation of the aggravating factors and education of non-medical preventive methods.
M Shokouhi, E Mohebbi, A Rastegari, S Hajimaghsoudi, Aa Haghdoost, Mr Baneshi,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (Vol 10, No 1 2014)
Abstract
Knowing the population size of rare diseases or special subpopulations like injection drug users (IDUs) is one of the most important challenges in public health and health surveillance systems but it is difficult to estimate these groups. During the last few years, new methods have been suggested to estimate hidden or hard-to-reach populations, one of which is the network scale-up method (NSUM). The NSUM itself includes measuring the personal network size and estimating the prevalence of hidden and hard-to-count populations. In this paper, we basically discussed the indirect methods of calculating the population size, and the history of NSUM and its concepts, and then addressed the estimation of hidden populations with NSUM and the applicable notes for such populations.
F Rahmati Najarkolaei, E Ghaffarpasand, M Gholami Fesharaki ,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (Vol 10, No 2 2014)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Nowadays 60% of deaths and 47% of diseases load worldwide caused by chronic diseases. Considering the different results of the conducted studies, the current study was performed to review the effect of life style educational intervention on improving cardiovascular risk factors.
Methods: In this review, English and Persian databases were investigated. All types of studies were included. There was no time limit. The articles in any other languages but English (except for Persian), and also abstracts presented in international congresses and meetings were excluded. Other studies were included if they had an acceptable JADAD score.
Results: During the primary search, 194 articles were found which through investigations 43 articles were finally included. The articles were published from 1989 to 2013. There were 3 domestic papers. Only two articles (4.65%) did not show any improvement in the risk factors while the others suggested significant improvements in the risk factors following educational intervention.
Conclusion: Considering the general findings of the reviewed articles, it seems that the majority of the articles confirmed the effect of lifestyle education on cardiovascular risk factors- blood cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and cigarette smoking along with knowledge and attitude in high risk patients. The finding shows the necessity of “lifestyle” educational intervention in patients at risk for cardiovascular events.
