Showing 355 results for SH
A Darvishi, S Emamgholipour Sefiddashti , M Rajabi, Mh Mehrolhassani, V Yazdi Feyzabadi,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (Vol 17,No.1, Spring 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Fair financial protection against health expenditures is one of the most critical goals of health systems. This study was conducted to investigate the most appropriate threshold for measuring the exposure to catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) in Iran.
Methods: The present study was conducted using 2018 national household income and expenditure data of the Iran statistics center. The occurrence and intensity of the households' exposure to CHE at different thresholds and for economic quintiles was measured using two World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank (WB) methodologies. The most appropriate threshold for each methodology was also determined using the Kappa statistics adaptation estimation.
Results: The occurrence of households’ exposure to CHE was 3.02% and 8.51% in urban households and 4.66% and 9.22% in rural households, respectively. According to asset quintiles, the highest occurrence was in the first quintile and the lowest in the fifth quintile. In addition, the results of adaptation estimation based on Kappa statistics showed that a threshold of 40% in the WHO methodology and 25% in the WB methodology were the most appropriate thresholds.
Conclusion: The results showed a relatively high rate of exposure to CHE. CHE occurrence was also more in poorer households, and common thresholds were the most appropriate thresholds for estimating CHE.
M Sabaghchi, A Askari Nodoushan, M Torkashvand,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (Vol 17,No.1, Spring 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Human resources, especially youth work force, are considered as the main capital for every society. Maintaining the quantity and quality of human resources is essential for every policymaking. The present study was conducted to estimate the Years of Life Lost (YLL) due to early death amongst the working age population (i.e. 15-64 years) of two provinces with very different levels of socio-economic development in Iran. For this purpose, premature mortality was compared between Yazd and Sistan & Baluchistan provinces in 2016.
Methods: This cross-sectional study used secondary data. The target statistical population of the study was all deaths registered in the age groups 15 to 64 years in the provinces of Yazd and Sistan & Baluchistan during March 2016 to March 2017. The mentioned provinces reflect completely different and unequal development at the national level: Yazd is amongst one of the highly developed regions of Iran, while Sistan & Baluchistan is as one of underdeveloped provinces. The data were obtained from health departments of Yazd and Sistan & Baluchistan provinces’ medical universities. The YLL was calculated according to the standard procedure provided by the World Health Organization.
Results: Our findings showed that the lost human capital due to early death was about two times higher in Sistan & Baluchistan compared to Yazd. The main causes of death were unintentional injuries in the younger working age group (15-44 years) and cardiovascular disease and cancers in the older working age group (45-64 years).
Conclusion: Causes of death were different in Yazd and Sistan & Baluchistan provinces according to the regional level of development. Therefore, health policies have to be implemented as regional policies. In general, the results showed that as the epidemiologic transition passes, the cause of death changes from causes that are less related to medical conditions and more related to social situations. Consequently, it is required to consider social policymaking when designing health policies.
M Shami, P Azodi, M Mahmodi, S Najafipour Boushehri, F Jahanpour ,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (Vol 17,No.1, Spring 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Physical activity is one of the most important components of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical activity level of primary school students in Bushehr in 1398.
Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, the research population included all elementary school students in Bushehr. Four hundred and six students were selected using multi-stage random sampling. The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children, which is a valid and reliable scale, was used to collect the data. Independent t test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression model were used for data analysis. Data was analyzed using the SPSS software version 20.
Results: The mean score of physical activity was 3.27±0.84. There was a significant relationship between demographic factors (parents’ education level, participant’s education level and BMI) and physical activity. Students whose parents had higher levels of education were more likely to engage in physical activity and people who were obese had less physical activity.
Conclusion: The students' physical activity was moderate. Given that there is a direct link between physical inactivity and increased prevalence of overweight and obesity, it is important to pay attention to the lifestyle of people, especially children and adolescents who are in the learning age. Therefore, more attention should be paid to improving the level of physical activity in students through education and building a culture.
K Holakoui-Naeini, Ma Mansournia, Sh Naderian, R Beiranvand, M Bidkhori, Kh Maajani, Sh Nematollahi,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (Vol 17,No.2, Summer 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Pre-natal mental health problems are major causes of disease burden, especially in lower socio-economic groups of population. The present study used data of a prospective cohort study to estimate the risk of mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, and stress, on birth weight.
Materials and Methods: This study used data of 398 pregnant women who were participants of the Bandar Abbas Pregnancy Cohort Study (BAPC) during 2017-2020. Data of depression, anxiety, and stress were collected using DASS-21items questionnaire in pregnancy. Low Birth Weight (LBW), as birthwieght below 2500 grams, was calculated according to infant`s vaccination log. Modified Poisson regression models with logarithm link function and significance level of 5% were applied to estimate the effect of depression, anxiety and stress on LBW.
Results: Compared to the subjects without mental health problems, the risk of LBW increased by 8.03 times in the severe depression (95% CIs: 5.55-11.62), by 8.06 times in the moderate stress (95% CIs: 5.64-11.51), by 3.13 times in the severe anxiety (95% CIs: 1.18-8.31), and by 8.43 in the highly severe anxiety (95% CIs: 5.80-12.25).
Conclusions: Severe and moderate levels of depression, anxiety, and stress all had statistically significant effects on LBW. Pre-natal screening services can help mitigate the burden of mental health by timely detection and referral. Moreover, designing and implementing consultation programs for pregnant women and their fsmilies, expecially their spouses, to provide emotional support and to improve marital relationship are amongst the suggestions.
Mohammad Ali Derik, Mohammad Kakavand, Shahram Mamdohi, Mojgan Navabi, Elham Goodarzi, Hamid Mokhayeri, Zaher Khazaei,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (Vol 17,No.2, Summer 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Viral hepatitis is one of the most prevalent diseases and an important underlying cause of death and disability in the world. This case-control study was conducted to investigate the outbreak of hepatitis A in Boroujerd in 2019.
Methods: This case-control study was conducted to investigate the epidemic of hepatitis A in Boroujerd in 2019. Fifty hepatitis A patients were recruited. For each patient diagnosed, two controls with no history of the disease were selected from a neighboring village. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire as well as the results of experiments. To investigate the association between the disease and risk factors, odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were used.
Results: In this study, the odds ratios were significant for a number of risk factors including washing fruits and vegetables with a source other than tap water [OR = 3.2], washing dishes with a source other than tap water [OR = 3.7], non-sanitary toilets [OR = 8.3], using sources other than tap water when there is no tap water [OR = 4.4], being unaware of the disease and its transmission methods [OR = 4.8] and water well dug less than 15 m from the sewage well (OR = 4.1).
Conclusion: Increased public awareness and improved health status of the environment and rural sewage can preclude similar epidemics in the study area and other regions.
Mohammad Zare, Zahra Tagharrobi, Khadijeh Sharifi, Zahra Sooki, Javad Abolhasani,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (Vol 17,No.2, Summer 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Valid, reliable, short, sensitive and accurate tool is needed to diagnose pain in dementia patients. This study aimed to determine the psychometric properties and diagnostic accuracy of short-form Persian version of Doloplus-2 (P-Doloshort) in pain assessment in elderly with dementia.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 elderly were selected using convenient sampling from private clinics and nursing homes in Kashan in 2018-19. Construct validity was determined by exploratory factor analysis, known-groups approach and convergent validity. Also, reliability was evaluated by internal consistency, equivalence, and stability. P-Doloplus-2 and P-Doloshort were used as the reference standard and the index test, respectively. Data were analyzed by SPSS-v16 using independent T-Test, linear regression, Pearson and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), Cronbach's alpha, ROC curve, and diagnostic test parameters.
Results: Factor analysis identified the tool as a single-factor; it was able to explain 65.851% of total variance. P-Doloshort was able to differentiate between two groups with and without painful underlying diseases (P<0.0001). There was a positive and significant correlation between P-Doloshort score with P-Doloplus-2 score (r=0.975, P<0.0001) and PACSLAC-II-IR score (r=0.0001, P<0.0001). Cronbach's alpha, ICC and standard error of measurement were 0.898, 0.891 and ±1.183, respectively. The relative frequency of minimum and maximum possible score was less than 15%. At the cut-off point of 2.5, area under ROC curve, sensitivity, specificity, and overall diagnostic accuracy were estimated 0.985, 0.956, 1.000 and 0.970, respectively.
Conclusion: P-Doloshort can be used as a valid, reliable, sensitive and accurate tool for pain assessment in elderly with dementia.
Malihe Safari, Salman Khazaei, , Mohammad Abbasi, Ghodratollah Roshanaei,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (Vol 17,No.2, Summer 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The incidence of rectal cancer is increasing in developing societies, especially in younger age groups. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors affecting the survival of patients with rectal cancer in the presence of competing risks.
Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, the data of 121 patients with rectal cancer during 2001-2017 were studied. Death related to cancer progression was considered as the interest outcome and other causes of death were considered as competing risks. Cause-specific and sub-distribution hazard models were used to investigate the factors affecting patient survival in the presence of competing risk.
Results: The mean (SD) age of the patients was 53.4 (13.9) years and 68 patients (56.2%) were male. The results of log-rank test showed that sex, age, metastasis, type of first treatment, rate of penetration into intestinal wall, tumor location, number of lymphomas involved and tumor size had significant effects on the patient survival (P<0.05). Based on cause-specific and sub-distribution hazard models, tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and tumor grade had significant effects on death hazard due to the cancer progression (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Due to the need to consider competing risks, the results of both competing risk methods showed that tumor grade, lymph node metastasis and stage increased the instantaneous hazard and hazard of cancer death. Therefore, to determine the specific risk factors for each cause of death in the survival analysis, competing risk methods should be used if there is more than one cause of death.
Sedighe Sadat Tabatabaei Far, Taha Kushki, Mohammad Jamshidi, Sajad Delavari,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (Vol 17,No.2, Summer 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The health sector will face a shortage of manpower during crises. The sustainability and retention of human resources during these conditions are vital. The purpose of this study was to explain possible policies and strategies to strengthen health workers during the crisis and prevent them from leaving the organizations and hospitals.
Methods: This was a scoping review research to find strategies for retention of human resources during epidemics. English and Persian databases were searched and relevant studies were selected and reviewed. The key pieces of information obtained were then categorized. Finally, suggested efficient policies and strategies were summarized and reported.
Results: A total of 168 different articles were collected. After excluding irrelevant studies, 21 articles were selected and fully reviewed. The results were classified into six main categories of policy-making as well as strategies to implement them.
Conclusion: Considering the epidemic situations, in order to strengthen and support human resources in times of crisis, it is recommended that policymakers and decision-makers of the health sector focus their attention on six major topics including education reform, financial support, psychological support, social and welfare support, professional support, and development of infrastructures in deprived and crisis-stricken areas. The important point about suggested strategies is that they need to be in accordance with the ongoing situation of their target societies, as we know that underdeveloped, developing and developed countries have a different set of circumstances and therefore require different priorities and policies.
Sara Najibi, Shadab Shahali, Kh Hekmat, Bahman Cheraghian,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (Vol 17,No.2, Summer 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Child growth health is one of the most important issues that determines the community health. Considering the importance of mothers in family and healthy society, the aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between maternal employment status and infant growth during the 9-12 months in Ahwaz.
Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 345 nine-month infants of three groups of mothers including full time employees, part-time employees, and homemakers were selected using non-probability quotas sampling method. Data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed with the SPSS software version 22 using statistical tests such as chi-square, anova.
Results: In the full-time job group, 54.2% of the infants had favorable weights and 45.8% had unfavorable weights. In the part-time group, 69.6% of the infants had favorable weights and 30.4% had unfavorable weights. In the homemaker group, 68.7% of the infants had favorable weights and 31.3% had unfavorable weights. There was a significant difference in the infant’s weight between full-time and part-time job groups
(P= 0.01) and the full-time job and homemaker group (P= 0.04) but there was no significant deference in the infant’s weight between the part-time job and homemaker group (P= 0.87). No significant association was found between maternal employment status and infant’s height (P= 0.11) and head circumference as well (0.08).
Conclusion: The growth status of infants with full-time working mothers was lower than that of infants with homemaker and part-time working mothers. It is recommended to reduce the working time of the mothers who have full-time jobs as long as they breastfeed their babies.
Sara Jalali-Farahani, Parisa Amiri, Zeinab Shayeghian, Parnian Parvin, Leila Cheraghi, Fereidoun Azizi,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (Vol 17,No.2, Summer 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The Covid-19 prevalence can threaten self-care behaviors and disease control in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) through increasing anxiety and stress levels and limited access to medical services. This study was conducted to investigate the association of the Covid-19 pandemic with self-care behaviors in patients with T2D.
Methods: The present study was conducted on 318 adults with T2D who participated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) between 1397 and 1399 and completed the summary of diabetes self-care activities (SDSCA) questionnaire. Data on self-care activities during the Covid-19 pandemic were collected 3-4 months after the announcement of the epidemic in the country via telephone calls. For data analysis, a multiple linear regression model and paired t-test were used.
Results: The mean total scores of self-care behaviors were 49.7±14.8 and 56.1±13.1 before and after the Covid-19 pandemic, respectively (P<0.001). After the Covid-19 pandemic, women's total self-care score increased with an increase in the diabetes duration (β= 0.31, P= 0.020) after adjusting for the aforementioned related conditions. This score showed a significant decrease in women with a high school education compared to those with higher education (β= -6.57, P= 0.024). Moreover, the diet and foot care subscales in both sexes and the blood glucose testing score in women were significantly higher after versus before the pandemic.
Conclusion: Following the Covid-19 pandemic, self-care behaviors, especially those related to diet, foot care, and blood glucose testing, improved in the short term
Zahra Jaafari, Zahra Abdolahinia, Hajar Ghasemi, Ali Esmaeilpour, Saeideh Mahmoodzadeh, Ali Bahaodini, Seyed Vahid Ahmadi Tabatabaei, Najmeh Safa, Hamid Reza Tohidinik, Ali Akbar Haghdoost, Ali Sharifi, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Hamid Safari,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (Vol 17,No.2, Summer 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: low utility of health care services is one of the main determinants of not achieving desired health indicators in urban areas. This study aimed to investigate the barriers and facilitators of receiving health services from health centers in Kerman city, Iran.
Methods: This study was a qualitative study with a content analysis approach conducted in 2020. After selecting health centers with the experience of desirable or low utility services, purposive sampling continued until information saturation. A total of 78 staff members, recipients, and non-recipients of services citizens were interviewed semi-structured and face-to-face at health centers. All interviews were recorded and coded manually and then reviewed and analyzed using directional content analysis.
Results: The essential services for children and mothers, free services, and service providers' behavior were mentioned as facilitators of referral. Distance and physical factors, knowledge of different types of services, preference of private centers, time access, view of people on regular visits to centers, addresses and telephone numbers registered in the system, responsiveness to health needs, fear of disease disclosure, lack of human resources in the centers, and service providers' behavior, were among the barriers of visiting the centers.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, an accurate understanding of the under-coverage people's views and perceptions can help national and local planners and policymakers design the necessary strategies to increase the use of health services in urban health centers.
Mahbube Shali, Azam Ghorbani, Pegah Matourypour , Ehsan Salehi Morkani, Mohammad Salehpoor Emran, Alireza Nikbakht Nasr Aadi,
Volume 17, Issue 2 (Vol 17,No.2, Summer 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: It is necessary to apply appropriate coping methods to reduce destructive physical and psychological effects of stress during Covid-19 pandemics. This study was conducted to explore nurses' experiences of stress coping techniques during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Methods: The present study used a qualitative methodology with interpretive phenomenology method. Purposive sampling was used. The participants, including nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, shared their experiences through in-depth, individual and semi-structured interviews. The transcripts of interviews were analyzed based on the Dickelmann's approach using the MAXQDA 12 software.
Results: The participants included nine nurses (six females and three males) with a mean age of 45 ± 5.3 years. The results of data analysis showed four main categories and fifteen subcategories conceptually named based on their nature. The main categories were self-support, family shelter, hospital support umbrella, and community support on both extremes.
Conclusion: The participants practiced different coping strategies to deal with stress and anxiety. In addition to individual mechanisms, nurses sought help from other sources of support, such as family, workplace, and community. Based on the experiences of nurses participating in the study, it is recommended to teach nursing staffs coping methods with stress, especially in times of crisis such as the Covid-19 pandemic.
Sa Hashemi, K Holakoui-Naeini, Ma Mansournia, R Akrami, M Nomali, T Valadbeigi, V Mennati, Ha Adineh, Mr Taghavi, M Ghafouri, S Poorbarat, A Hoseinzadeh, M Farahdel, Mr Armat, M Haresabadi,
Volume 17, Issue 3 (Vol 17,No.3, Atumn 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: COVID-19 is a new disease and little information is available on its risk factors. The aim of this study was to determine the mortality risk factors in patients with COVID-19 in the northeast of Iran.
Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted. Patients of both sexes with a confirmed diagnosis of Covid-19 infection who died during the study were studied as the case group and patients who were in good general health and ready for discharge were studied as the control group. Data analysis was performed with the STATA software version 14 using descriptive statistics and univariate and multiple logistic regression tests.
Results: Six hundred and eleven patients were studied (27% cases and 73% controls). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the odds of death were 2.8 times higher in patients over 80 years compared to patients aged 50-60 years. In addition, age under 40 years reduced the odds of mortality by 85% and living in rural areas increased odds of death by 2.2 times. Cough, general fatigue, pain, nausea and vomiting increased the odds of COVID19 survival.
Conclusion: The odds of mortality were higher in elder patients with COVID-19. In addition, living in rural areas increased the odds of mortality in patients. Cough and fatigue reduced mortality; however, it is needed to address other hidden factors for sound judgment.
M Karami, S Khazaei, F Shahbazi, M Mirzaei, A Biglarkhani, A Ataei, Seyed Jalalodin Bathaei, A Zahiri, M Shojaeyan, R Zamani, Ae Karshenas, F Heeders-Moghis, K Hamelmann, R Heidari Moghadam, I Khodadadi-Kahlan, S Bashirian, F Keramat, Sh Hashemi, E Jalili, F Azizi-Jalilian,
Volume 17, Issue 3 (Vol 17,No.3, Atumn 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of patients with Covid-19 in Hamadan Province.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, demographic and epidemiological data of all people who presented to hospitals in Hamadan Province from February 2019 to December 2020 were extracted using two checklists. Data were then analyzed using the Stata software.
Results: In this study, 9674 covid-19 positive patients were examined. According to results, 49.11% of the cases occurred in the elderly over 60 years. The rate of involvement was higher in females than males (51.57% vs. 48.43%). Moreover, 72.05% of the definitive patients lived in the city and 0.76% reported traveling to areas with a high prevalence of the disease two weeks before the onset of symptoms. The highest incidence of this disease per one hundred thousand population was in Malayer, Hamedan and Nahavand counties and the highest fetality was in Razan and Dargazin, Tuyserkan and Asadabad counties, respectively. The data of suspected, probable, and definite outpatients with Covid-19 presenting to medical centers were not evaluated in this study.
Conclusion: Due to the high death rate in the elderly, males, those with underlying diseases, and people living in rural areas, it is necessary to design and apply precautionary measures in these groups. Attention should be paid to these high-risk groups in the shortest possible time to reduce the burden of this disease on individuals as well as the health care system.
H Soori, T Yousefinezhadi, E Haghighat Manesh,
Volume 17, Issue 3 (Vol 17,No.3, Atumn 2021 2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Road accidents are a major public health problem and one of the leading causes of death in the world. Some survivors of traffic accidents experience acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder during weeks to months following the accident. These disorders can have disastrous effects on victims and their inability to return to normal living conditions.
Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder checklist (PCL5) was used to assess acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. The sample size was 384 people and the data were collected one week and two months after the trauma in the orthopedic, emergency and inpatient wards of Taleghani, Shohadaye Tajrish and Haftom Tir hospitals. This study was conducted between October and January 2016.
Results: This study was conducted on 350 participants. About 49% of the participants (n = 172) met the diagnostic criteria for acute stress disorder and 40.6% (n = 142) met the diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. There was a relationship between demographic variables of age and death of a close family or friend and the severity of post-traumatic stress disorder.
Conclusion: According to the results, about half of the participants had acute stress disorder and met the diagnostic criteria of post-traumatic stress disorder. This result highlights the high prevalence of this disorder in traffic accident victims and the importance of its follow-up and control.
F Rashidi Fakari, Fa Rahnemaei, Z Kiani, F Rashidi Fakari, M Ghazanfarpour, N Kariman,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (Vol.17, No.4, Winter 2022 2022)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In most parts of the world, pelvic girdle and lower back pain are one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders, but its prevalence has been reported differently in studies around the world. were performed to investigate the-analysis Therefore, the present meta prevalence of pelvic girdle and lower back pain in pregnant women.
Methods: all articles published from 2005 to May 2020 using the keywords Pelvic Girdle Pain, Low back pain, Cross-Sectional, Prevalence, Epidemiology, Survey in Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection,Science Direct and SID collected and reviewed. Munn et al. tools were used to evaluate the quality of studies and methodology.
Results: 26 studies with a sample size of 13430 showed that, the overall prevalence of pelvic girdle and low back pain in pregnant women is 50% (95% CI: 43-58%, I2: 98.9%) and in primigravida women 44% (95% CI: 35-54%, I2: 97.9). Also, the prevalence of pelvic girdle and low back pain was using the questionnaire 57% (95% CI: 47-68, I2: 99.04%), using a combination of methods 53% (95% confidence interval: 37-70, I2: 96.12%), using a VAS Scale 38%(95% confidence interval: 23-52, I2: 99.08%).
Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate a 50% prevalence of pelvic girdle and low back pain in pregnant women. Due to the high prevalence and effects of pain on the quality of life of pregnant women, it seems necessary to plan, policy and design effective interventions in this field by the treatment team.
L Shams, Gh , T Nasiri, M Meskarpour Amiri,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (Vol.17, No.4, Winter 2022 2022)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between socioeconomic status and non-communicable diseases (NCD) risk factors in one of the northern counties of Iran.
Methods: A descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Langrud County in 2019. In this study, 906 rural and urban households were surveyed using mixed sampling. The data collection tool was the standard questionnaire of "NCD disease care system". Households’ exposure to NCD behavioral risk factors (including unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle and smoking) in different socio-economic groups was examined and compared with logistic regression models using the STATA software.
Results: The probability of smoking in illiterate subjects and those with unfinished high school education and high school diploma was 5.1, 7.5 and 4.2 times higher than those with university education (OR = 5.1,7.5,4.2; P <0.05). The probability of unhealthy diets in the first and second quartiles of income (very low and low income) was 3.4 and 2.6 times higher compared to the people in the fourth quartile of income (high income) (P <0.05; OR = 3.4, 2.6).
Conclusion: The micro-level socioeconomic inequalities (within the county) have a significant relationship with households’ exposure to NCD risk factors. Reducing socio-economic inequalities at the micro level should be considered as an appropriate tool to reduce health inequality at the macro level.
A Naghi Pour, A Moghimbeigi, N Shirmohamadi, A Soltanian, S Khazaei, Sh Nick Ceiar,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (Vol.17, No.4, Winter 2022 2022)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Breast cancer has the highest incidence in the Iranian women.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. All female with breast cancer during 2008-2015 were enrolled. Breast cancer registration is based on the pathology method in Iran. The information about female with breast cancer was collected from their files in the cancer registry department of Hamadan Health Center. The samples were divided into four groups according to age (<50 and> 50) and location (city, village). GeoBUGS was used to generate a map of high-risk areas in Hamedan Province based on the adjusted relative risk estimate (RR*) in OpenBUGS v 3.2.3 software.
Results: This study included 1316 females with breast cancer. The mean age of the patients was 50.38±12.98 years. The results of the study showed that high-risk areas of breast cancer for were Assadabad urban females aged over 50 years (RR*(i)=1.32, CI= 0.99,1.79) and Tuyserkan (RR*(i)=1.09, CI= 1.08,1.38) and Razan (RR*(i)=1.09, CI= 0.85,1.40) for females below 50 years. In addition, Razan for rural females over 50 years old (RR*(i)=1.18, CI=0.82,1.73) and Malayer for females below 50 years old (RR*(i)=1.08, CI= 0.81,1.45) were high risk areas for breast cancer in Hamadan Province.
Conclusion: The distribution of breast cancer is different at different ages and in the cities of Hamadan Province. Asadabad, Tuyserkan, Razan and Malayer were high risk areas for breast cancer in Hamadan Province.
A Hosseinzadeh, Mr Baneshi, B Sedighi, J Kermanchi, Aa Haghdoost,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (Vol.18, No.1, Spring 2022 2022)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Dementia is a chronic disease that imposes a huge financial and social burden on the health system. Knowledge of the prevalence of dementia is essential for healthcare planning and ensuring that there is an adequate service for people with the condition. Considering that the prevalence and geographical variation of dementia are not well known in Iran, the present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of dementia and its geographic variations in Iran.
Methods: In this study, the prevalence of dementia was estimated indirectly using the frequency of prescribed specialized medicines in one year by generic and brand names in each province. Choropleth maps were used to visually assess the geographical variation of dementia prevalence at the provincial level. Moran I and Getis-Ord Gi (Gi) geographical tests were used to investigate the spatial autocorrelation and geographical variability of dementia prevalence at a significant level of 0.05, respectively.
Results: In this study, the prevalence of dementia was 49.6 and 508.9 in 100000 in the general and over 60-year population, respectively. In the general population, the lowest prevalence was in Hormozgan Province (9.4/100000) and the highest prevalence was in East Azarbayjan Province (96.4/100000). In the over 60-year population, the lowest prevalence was in Hormozgan Province (141.5/100000) and the highest in Isfahan Province (862.5/1000000). According to Moran I and Getis-Ord Gi (Gi) tests, spatial autocorrelation and geographical variability of dementia prevalence were not significant.
Conclusion: The prevalence of dementia in the Iranian over 60-year population is lower compared to western countries; however, it is comparable with the reported dementia prevalence from developing countries. It should be noted that the dementia prevalence is high, similar to developed countries, in some developed provinces of Iran.
E Amiri, Aa Rafieirad, N Rafieisadr, H Sharifi,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (Vol.18, No.1, Spring 2022 2022)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Although everyone needs to adopt a healthy lifestyle, it is absolutely important for people living with chronic diseases like HIV/AIDS to lead a positive lifestyle because these people are more vulnerable than others. Considering this fact, the present study was conducted to investigates the lifestyle of women living with HIV/AIDS in Kerman.
Methods:The Health-promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) was used in this survey, which includes six aspects as follows: responsibility, moral development, workout, nutrition, individual relations and stress management. Statistical population included 35 women living with HIV/AIDS in Kerman in 2019.
Results: According to the findings of this study, 34.14% of people who participated in this study had a positive lifestyle and the remaining 62.86% had a negative lifestyle. Based on the findings related to the women’s lifestyle, there was a significant difference in family income and job status. No significant difference was found in other variables such as marital status, age group, education and years living with HIV.
Conclusion: As economic variables (family income and job status) play an important role in adopting a positive lifestyle for people living with HIV/AIDS, it is necessary to help them become self-employed or support them financially so that they can lead a healthy lifestyle.
