N Khodakarami, Sj Hosseini, P Yavari, F Farzaneh, K Etemad, S Salehpour, M Sohanaki, N Broutet, P Jf Snijders, G Clifford, S Franceschi,
Volume 7, Issue 4 (3-2012)
Abstract
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Background & Objectives: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection seems to be the
most common sexually transmitted infection. High-risk (HR) human papillomavirus
(HPV) prevalence has been shown to correlate well with cervical cancer
incidence rates. Since there is little known about the epidemiology of this
infection in Tehran, we designed to estimate the prevalence of HPV in some
areas in Tehran.
Methods: Cervical
specimens were obtained from 825 married women aged 21-59 years from the
general population of Tehran, Iran according to the standardised protocol of
the IARC International HPV surveys. HPV was detected using a GP5+/6+ PCR-based
assay.
Results: HPV
prevalence in the general population was 7.8% (5.1% of high-risk types), with
no statistically significant variations by age. Cervical intraepithelial
neoplasia was diagnosed in 4.1% of women, of whom 35.3% were HPV-positive.
HPV16 was confirmed as the most common type among women with both normal (1.8%)
and abnormal (8.8%) cytology. HPV positivity was significantly higher among divorced
women, women in polygamous marriages and those reporting husbands' extramarital
affairs.
Conclusion: However
the prevalence of HPV seems not high in comparison with other international
data, more molecular and seroepidemiological survey in national level needs to
have a better perspective.
S Nazari, Z Keshavarz, M Afrakhte, H Riazi,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (5-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cervical cancer is one of the five most common cancers in Iranian women. Considering the impact of HIV on cervical cancer and the low rate of cervical cancer screening in HIV positive women, this study was conducted to review the barriers to cervical cancer screening in HIV positive women.
Methods: In this systematic review, data were retrieved from Magiran, SID, Irandoc, Prequest, OVID, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Web of Science and Scupos databases from January 2000 to January 2018. The following keywords and their combination were used: cervical cancer screening, Pap smear, HIV-positive women, and barriers. The NOS (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale) checklist was used to evaluate the quality of the selected articles and the articles that scored more than six were included in the study.
Results: From 145 selected articles, 21 were included in the review based on the inclusion criteria. The most common reported screening barriers were the costs of test, lack of awareness, low education level, younger age, lack of information about screening centers, and fear of sampling.
Conclusion: Considering the barriers to cervical cancer screening, increasing the level of awareness of the HIV-positive women, preparing free Pap smear services, and providing easier access to health centers for this high risk group could lead to early detection of cervical cancer.
