Showing 17 results for Death
A Ardalan, K Holakouie Naieni, Ek Noji, Re Laporte, Mr Aflatounian, M Nekouie Moghadam,
Volume 2, Issue 3 (3-2006)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The widely differing casualty rates in earthquakes of similar magnitude indicate a need for assessing the factors that determine the extent of damage to life and property. The present study looks at the structural factors and individual characteristics that had an effect on the risk of death and injury directly caused by the December 2003 earthquake in Bam.
Methods: The study population consisted of the residents of Bam on the 19th and 20th days after the earthquake of December 25, 2003. Using a cluster sampling method based on geographic location, we selected 420 households for study and asked them for information on the family members who were inside their houses at the time of the quake. The information covered the following range of items: occurrence of death or injury leading to ambulatory treatment or hospitalization, and characteristics of the building. We used logistic regression and the software package Stata 8.0 for data analysis.
Results: A total of 2089 individuals, including 1089 men (52.1%) and 1000 women (47.9%) took part in this study. There were 369 cases of death (17.7%, 95%CI=12.6-17.8%), 122 injuries needing hospitalization (5.8%, 95%CI=4.5-7.1%), and 319 cases of injury treated on an ambulatory basis (15.3%, 95%CI=12.6-17.8%), all as a direct result of the earthquake. Factors associated with increased risk of death were building destruction (OR=6.34, 95%CI=3.56-11.29), living in adobe structures (OR=1.87, 95%CI =1.03-3.4), age under 6 years (OR=3.93, 95%CI=2.17-7.11) and age 56-65 years (OR=2.52, 95%CI=1.23-5.15). Risk factors for injuries were the same as for death, with the notable exception of the building material.
Conclusions: This was the first analytic study of the risk factors for earthquake-related deaths in Iran. It revealed that total building destruction, residing in houses built with non-resistant materials, and extremes of age are significant risk factors for death in an earthquake. As for injuries, the risk factors were total building destruction and extremes of age.
A Akbarzadeh Bagheban, E Maserat, M Hemmati,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (9-2007)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: There is little doubt about the importance of accurate statistics and reliable information in the promoting community health and optimizing health care. Therefore, the existence of a correct, accurate and up to date database is an absolute necessity. Accurate identification of the cause in death certificates can make an invaluable contribution to the development of such a database. The purpose of this research was to assess the current defects and shortcomings in death certificates and to evaluate the degree of agreement between the diagnoses recorded in hospital files those figuring on death certificates.
Methods: This was an analytic cross-sectional study. In this survey of 659 medical records of dead patients in Loghman Hospital, during 2005, 290 medical records were selected using a systematic sampling method. The selection of these records were based on record numbers in the archives and involved the extraction of the following data: the physician's field of specialty, the patient's identity, code for the main diagnosis, the code for the external cause on the admission form, and the code for the cause of death on the death (as defined in ICD-10) was recorded. The agreement between primary and final diagnoses and also the agreement between final diagnosis and the cause of death were assessed in relation with the physician's specialty using Fisher's Exact Test. Overall agreement between different diagnoses was measured using the kappa statistic.
Results: The degree of agreement between primary and final diagnosis was very good (k = 0.83) and agreement between final diagnosis and cause of death was excellent (k = 0.95). Fisher's exact test showed that agreement between primary and final diagnoses and between final diagnoses and cause of death doesn't depend on the physician's specialty (in both cases p>0.01). In 62% percent of the cases death had occurred without interference from an external cause. Among the 38% in which there was an external cause, 21% involved poisoning with suicidal intent, 12% were due to accidental poisoning, 4% were motor accidents, and 1% were due to other reasons.
Conclusions: There was a high degree of agreement between different diagnoses in some specialties, while didn't observe such agreement in other specialties. Since accurate diagnosis helps in identifying the cause of death and death information is an important indicator of health at community level, we recommend that physicians pay greater attention to accurate recording of the cause of death. This will make it possible to draw meaningful comparisons between the causes of death in Iran and those in other countries.
S Asgharzadeh, K Holakouie Naieni, A Ardalan, E Ahmadnezhad , S Zaeri,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (7-2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Earthquakes cause thousands of deaths and injuries worldwide every year.
Islamic Republic of Iran has a deadly history of earthquakes. The aim of this
study is to describe injuries rate, causes of injuries, structural
characteristics of buildings and occupant actions immediately after earthquake
in Damghan in 2010.
Methods: This case-study was conducted one week after occurring the
earthquake in five villages of Damghan city in Iran. We used the Physical
Injuries Assessment Questionnaire which was particularly designed for injuries
after earthquakes. Also for acquiring information about region and amount of
losses, some interviews was conduct with local authorities.
Results: Four death and fifty six injuries occurred in five villages of
Damghan city. There were three types of injuries including superficial injuries
(50%), contusions (35%) and fractures (10%). The findings of this study indicating building
structural failure (87.4%), nonstructural factors (7.1%) and trapping (5.3%) seems
the most possible cause of injuries in this region.
Conclusion: This study showed that the building structural failure is the main cause of
injuries (87.4%). Increasing structural
resistance of building especially in village regions and education about
earthquake preparedness should encourage in order decreasing the total number
of people affected by earthquake.
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S Daneshi, Aa Haghdoost, Mr Baneshi, F Zolala,
Volume 10, Issue 3 (12-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: After an earthquake, casualty information is needed for planning and providing health care. However, developing countries do not have an efficient health information system even in normal conditions. In these countries, health information systems become worse in critical conditions. The aim of this study was to estimate the number of mortalities, limb amputations, and spinal cord injuries after the Bam earthquake.
Methods: In this cross sectional study, the network scale up method was used to estimate the number of casualties. We selected 80 residents of Bam and asked them whether they knew any one with spinal cord injury or limb amputation in three houses on the right and three houses on the left.
Results: The total estimated number of deaths was 54,041 in the earthquake. The number of people with spinal cord injury and limb amputation was 622 and 519, respectively.
Conclusion: For tertiary prevention measures and better resource allocation, an accurate health information system is needed. In the absence of such a system, there are limitations in using direct methods. It sounds that the network scale up method is an appropriate method for estimating such casualties.
F Faghihi, N Jafari, A Akbari Sari, S Nedjat, F Maleki, M Hosainzadehmilany,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (6-2015)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: To adopt appropriate policies and strategies to maintain, preserve, and promote health, accurate information and indicators are required. In this study, the years of life lost due to premature death, which is considered one of the indicators of prioritization of health problems, was calculated and compared with other countries.
Methods: This study was an applied cross-sectional investigation. We use death registry data of the Province of Qazvin and population estimation from the Statistical Center of Iran from 2004- 2008 and a standard life table. We calculated YLL and YLL rates by age, sex and cause of death.
Results: The leading cause of YLL (premature death) in different age groups in the years 2004-2008 (based on ICD10) showed that the most common causes of death in the neonatal period were perinatal disorders, congenital anomalies, and chromosomal disorders. The leading causes of death in the age group 5-14 years were unintentional injuries and in the age group 15-49 years were unintentional injuries and cardiovascular diseases. The main causes of death in the age group 50-64 years were cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and unintentional injuries.
Conclusion: The leading causes of premature death in the Province of Ghazvin were unintentional injuries, cardiovascular diseases, perinatal disorders, and cancers. Several causes are preventable by lifestyle modifications such as reducing the tobacco use, increasing physical activity, and reducing stress.
S Aghamohammadi , E Kazemi, A Khosravi, H Kazemeini ,
Volume 12, Issue 4 (2-2017)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: By identifying the causes of death, interventions can be designed and implemented to reduce the risk factors of different diseases. The aim of this study is to determine the trend of ten leading causes of death in the Islamic Republic of Iran in 2011.
Methods: The study population comprised all deaths recorded in the death registration system of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) from 2006 to 2011. The data related to causes of death reviewed and modified in terms of quality, underreporting of deaths, and garbage codes using the Global Burden of Disease study methods. Finally, the data were analyzed by sex and age groups.
Results: The leading causes of death were cardiovascular diseases (46.12%), cancers and tumors (13.63%) and unintentional injuries (11.55%) in 2011. The 10 leading causes of death in the general population were myocardial infarction, stroke, transportation-related accidents; blood pressure induced heart disease, other cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, chronic pulmonary and bronchial diseases, gastric cancer, other heart diseases and renal failure.
Conclusion: Deaths from non-communicable diseases still account for a large proportion of total deaths. According to the Heath System Reform Plan in Iran and the need for new interventions, it is very important to register the exact causes of death to design service packages and also evaluate the success rate of ongoing interventions.
M Raesizadeh, M Seghatoleslami, M Hoseinzade, A Saki Malehi ,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (3-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Breast cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer among women. In developing countries, the patients’ survival is less than developed countries. Metastasis, as an intermediate event, affects the survival of breast cancer patients. This study aimed to evaluate the survival of patients after surgery considering metastasis, as the intermediate event, using the illness-death model.
Methods: In this study, 165 cases of Iranian breast cancer patients who underwent surgery during 2006-2014 were investigated. The patients’ characteristics and their intermediate and final status were collected from their medical records. The illness-death model was used to assess prognostic factors in all stages of disease.
Results: The risk of metastasis in patients with tumor size between 2-5 cm was 3.8 times higher than patients whose tumors were below 2 cm (P=0.009). Patients who had 3 to 6 lymph nodes involved were 3.1 times more likely to have metastases that those with less than 2 lymph nodes (P=0.003). Also, the grade of tumor and HER-2 had a significant role in metastasis (P=0.04).
Conclusion: Using the illness-death model that is suitable for the analysis of such data, it was found that lymph node involved and tumor size had a significant role in metastasis. So, early detection of cancer is required to prevent metastasis and death.
S Mehdipour, F Zolala, M Hoseinnejad, R Zahedi, E Najafi, M , N Farrokhnia, M Fathi,
Volume 14, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Evidence suggests that underlying diseases increase the severity of influenza and lead to hospitalization or death. This study was conducted to determine the risk factors associated with hospitalization of patients in Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman, Iran during an outbreak of H1N1 influenza in December 2015.
Methods: In this case-control study, the case group comprised 85 patients who were hospitalized for influenza and the control group included 51 patients who had influenza symptoms and were discharged after required evaluations and check-up. The data were collected from both groups on a daily basis for two weeks. For data analysis, descriptive analysis, logistic regression analysis, Lasso Regression, and likelihood ratio were used. Analysis was performed using the Stata version 12 and R software.
Results: Among the variables examined, after removal of additional variables, 12 variables were introduced into the multivariate regression. The history of pulmonary disease and diabetes increased the odds of hospitalization following influenza by more than 11 (OR = 11.6, P. value = 0.003) and 9 times (OR = 9, P. value = 0.01), respectively.
Conclusion: Underlying disease and factors play a major role in exacerbating the disease. Therefore, the health system should take the necessary preventive measures when outbreaks occur.
A Alipour, Sa Ghadiri, L Khazaei,
Volume 14, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The cause of death in children under one year can be an important tool for designing prevention strategies and reducing the mortality rate. The aim of this study was to estimate the number of deaths in children under one year using the Mr. Murray’s estimation index in Mazandaran Province, and to compare this estimation with reported cases of civil registration organization.
Methods: All deaths of children under one year between 2011 to 2014 registered in hospitals across Mazandaran Province were included in this study. The cause of death as coded in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) was converted to Murray classification. The coefficients in each of the Murray levels were used to estimate actual death cases. We compared this estimation with the number of deaths that is reported annually by civil registration organization.
Results: Seven hundred and sixty four deaths occurred in this period. The leading causes of death in children under one year were conditions of the perinatal period, congenital anomalies and chromosomal disorders, respiratory diseases, and diseases of the cardiovascular system. The Murray method estimated 1711 deaths for the entire Province.
Conclusion: the Murray method predicted that from 2011 to 2014, 390-445 children under one year died in Mazandaran Province annually. There is a controversy between the estimates obtained in this study and the number of deaths reported by the civil registration organization, which may indicate a defect in a complete registration of deaths by this organization.
S Aghamohamadi, A Khosravi, E Kazemi, A Atefi,
Volume 16, Issue 1 (6-2020)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: A large proportion of the data of cause of death is registered in hospitals in Iran. Assessment of the death data can help to identify the problems of cause of death registration system and improve it. Therefore, this study was conducted to review the quality of cause of death registration in Iranian hospitals in 2016.
Methods: All hospital deaths in 2016 were reviewed and classified by age group and sex using the Ministry of Health’s death registration system. Analysis of Causes of National Deaths for Action (ANACONDA) was used to evaluate the quality of the data of cause of death.
Results: About 24% of the recorded hospital deaths were assigned to garbage code categories. The highest percentage of this group was seen in the age group over 70 years old and the highest percentage of well-defined causes of death was seen in the age group below one year. Moreover, among the five groups of garbage code causes of death, the group with insufficient details of the cause of death based on ICD classification had the highest percentage in all age groups.
Conclusion: Since a substantial proportion of the causes of deaths registered in the Iranian hospitals are categorized in the garbage code categories and cannot be used for planning and health policy making, it is necessary to design a comprehensive plan to implement interventions such as implementation of process evaluation programs and training programs for physicians and coders.
Ma Soleimani, N Dalvand, S Zarabadi Pour , Z Alimoradi, A Görgülü, N Bahrami,
Volume 17, Issue 1 (5-2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Accurate assessment of patients' death depression requires a specific tool that is appropriate to the culture of each community. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Death Depression Scale in women with breast cancer.
Methods: In this methodological study, 246 breast cancer patients presenting to Qazvin Provincial Hospital completed the 17-item Templar Death Depression Scale. Psychometric properties of this scale were evaluated by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was also assessed using Cronbach's alpha, omega and composite reliability.
Results: Exploratory factor analysis showed that six items in the Persian version did not acquire the required loading factor, and were omitted. The remaining eleven items as a single factor accounted for 66.91% of the variance of this concept. In confirmatory factor analysis, 11 items had appropriate fit indices (χ2 = 97.664, p <.001, χ2 / df = 2.504, GFI = .932, CFI = .972, IFI = .973, TLI = .961, SRMR = .030, and RMSEA = .079). A Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.95, Omega coefficient of 0.95, and composite reliability coefficient of 0.96 indicated the acceptable reliability of the 11-item version.
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the 11-item Death Depression Scale was valid and reliable in Iranian patients with breast cancer. Given the appropriate psychometric parameters, this scale can be used to assess death depression in future studies.
M Sasanipour, A Khosravi, M Moheby Meymandi,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (3-2022)
Abstract
Background and objectives: Considering the high contribution of unintentional accidents to mortality, particularly in males in Iran, and their changes over the last decade, a study was conducted to review the share of deaths due to unintentional accidents in sex difference in life expectancy at birth in the country over the last decades.
Methods: The mortality data for the years 2006 to 2015 were obtained from the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Then, the child mortality was corrected using the intercensal generational method and adult mortality was corrected for underreporting based on the Bennett-Horiuchi method. The contribution of mortality changes due to unintentional accidents to increase in females’ life expectancy was calculated using the ARIAGA decomposition method.
Results: The sex differential in life expectancy was about 3.5 years in 2006 in Iran, which decreased to 2.9 years in 2011 and increased to 3 years in in 2015. The unintentional accidents in all three periods played a dominant role in sex differential mortality, but its contribution over time was significantly reduced, with a contribution of 60% to around 42% between 2006 and 2015.
Conclusion: Due to the slowdown in the increase in life expectancy at birth in Iran in recent decades, attention to differential mortality, including sex difference in mortality and identification of potentials to increase life expectancy according to different groups, can increase life expectancy.
M Gholamhoseinzadeh, L Ghadirian Marnani, E Ehsani-Chimeh, F Rajabi,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (5-2022)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The distribution of causes of death indicates the distribution of risk factors for death, and is a basis of planning and intervention to reduce risk factors. The quality of the registered information has problems due to the weakness of the processes of completing and issuing the death certificate or the coding method. The purpose of this study was to explain the challenges of death registration and to provide a solution in this regard.
Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in the second half of 2019 in Guilan University of Medical Sciences. The target population was the directors and experts of the death registration program. Sampling was done purposefully by counting. Data was collected through in-depth interviews using a questionnaire and simultaneous contractual content analysis to identify key themes. To ensure the validity and acceptability of the data, the participants and two research colleagues reviewed the data frequently.
Results: According to the content analysis of 24 interviews, the main challenges of death registration included manpower, organizing the death registration system in the country, and death registration software system and its implementation. These themes were abstracted from 45 subcategories and 13 main categories.
Conclusion: Considering the challenges described by death registration managers and experts, the main proposed interventions to improve the death registration system include recruiting appropriate staff, empowering and motivating various human resources departments, developing internal and external cooperation, increasing public participation, monitoring and continuous assessment to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the death registration system and adressing them, attention to the development of death registration software and its required infrastructure such as Internet access and equipment, attention to the multiplicity of systems, and efforts to integrate them.
N Zanjari, M Sasanipour,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (5-2022)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The rate of the increase in life expectancy has slowed down during the last two or three decades in Iran. In this study, we examined the role of change in thecause of death older adults in increasing life expectancy in Iran between 2006 and 2016.
Methods: Death data by age, sex, and cause in Iran between 2006 and 2016 were obtained from the death registration and classification system of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Using the Brass-Trussell and generalized Benett-Horiuchi method, underreporting of child and adult death registration was corrected. Then, using the Arriaga decomposition method, the role of age groups and causes of death of Iranian older adults in increasing life expectancy at birth was calculated.
Results: Men’s life expectancy at birth increased by 3.7 years during 2006 to 2016, and the contribution of older adult’s death changes on this increase was estimated at 2 years. Out of the total increase of 3.1 years in women’s life expectancy, 1.57 years was related to changes in the older adults’ cause of death. Furthermore, 74% and 57% of the role of change in the cause of death among older men and women in increasing the life expectancy was related to cardiovascular diseases.
Conclusion: Considering the transition of age structure in the coming decades, transition of death trend to older ages is expected to continue. The results of this study showed that it is necessary to pay more attention to diseases that affect older people in policy priorities.
Kh Yarifard, M Tajvar, M Heydari,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (5-2022)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: One of the important basis of health planning in any society is to identify the causes of death and the trend of each cause in that country over time. The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of youth mortality and causes od death among young population of the Eastern Mediterranean region.
Methods: The present study conducted based on a secondary longitudinal analysis of death data to analyze the trend of youth mortality aged 15-24 and causes of death based on the ICD-10 in Eastern Mediterranean Region between 1990 and 2019. Study data were collected from the IHME Global Burden of Disease (GBD) website and analyzed using descriptive statistical and linear regression analysis. Death rate or cause is the dependent variable and time is the independent variable.
Results: The mortality rate of young people (15 to 24 years old) in all the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean region decreased from 1990 to 2019 except in Syria and Libya. Syria was the only country with a significant increase in the death rate. The most common cause of death was accidents; in general, the death rate related to this cause decreased during 30 years. Among the sub-groups of death causes among young people, the highest rate until 2010 was due to road accidents, which decreased over the study years. From 2010 onwards, death due to self-harm and interpersonal violence had the first rank.
Conclusion: Although a declining trend was observed during the last three decades among young people of Eastern Mediterranean region, deaths due to accidents are still considerable. It seems that the interventions to reduce death due to road accidents were successful; however, any policy and intervention to reduce death due to self-harm and interpersonal violence has a high priority.
Farnoosh Zarabadi Poor, Fatemeh Mohammai, Zahra Hosseinkhani, Seyedeh Ameneh Motalebi,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (12-2022)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Fear of COVID-19 is common among older adults and negatively impacts on their physical and mental health. Self-regulation is an essential factor for controlling or managing excitement and anxiety. So, this study aimed to determine the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and death anxiety with the moderator role of self-regulation among the elderly residing in Qazvin.
Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed on 430 elderly aged 60 and over living in Qazvin in 2021. Samples were selected by cluster sampling method. The demographic checklist, Templer death anxiety scale, fear of COVID-19 questionnaire, and Self-Regulation Inventory were used for collecting the data. The data were analyzed using the Path Analyze test.
Results: The mean age of the elder participants in the study was 66.88 ± 6.40 years old. The results showed a significant and positive relationship between fear of COVID-19 and death anxiety (β=0.60, P<0.001) and an inverse association between fear of COVID-19 (β=-0.24, P=0.021) and death anxiety (β=-0.10, P=0.021) with self-regulation. Furthermore, the results of the Path analysis confirmed the moderator role of self-regulation in the association between fear of Covid-19 and death anxiety among the elderly residing in Qazvin, Iran.
Conclusion: Given the mediator role of self-regulation in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and death anxiety, it is suggested to use teaching strategies to the older adults to improve self-regulation to control and mitigate the negative impacts of the fear of COVID-19 in this vulnerable population.
Mahbuobeh Hojati, Neda Yaqoubieh, Jalal Karimi, Mansour Firouzbakht, Omid Iravani,
Volume 18, Issue 3 (12-2022)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: childhood is the most dangerous period of the life of humans. So, investigating the causes of children's death and preventing them has an essential role in the health and productivity of the family and society. This study aims to investigate the epidemiological factors related to the mortality of under-five years in Isfahan province.
Methods: In this cross-sectional-analytical and retrospective study, the files of 194 children under five years (109 boys and 85 girls) who were referred to Isfahan Legal Medicine Center between 2017 and 2021; were investigated and the causes of death and their demographic and clinical characteristics were extracted. The obtained data were analyzed using the Chi square statistical test and Fisher’s exact test.
Results: In terms of the distribution, unnatural causes of death was, 30.4% died due to domestic incidents, 22.7% died due to chronic diseases, 21.1% died due to vehicle accidents, 17.5% died due to acute diseases, 2.1% Death due to asphyxia, 1.3% death due to sudden death syndrome and 1.3% death due to various causes. There is a statistically significant difference between the cause of death and age group, place of death, disease history and year of death (P<0.05), but there is no statistically significant difference between the cause of death and gender and nationality (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Considering the ability to take preventive measures against child deaths and its trend in the country, it is necessary to make future policies to promote legal investigations to ensure children's health and safety.
