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Showing 2 results for Ecological Study
Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index as an Important Predictor of Deaths Caused by Non-Communicable Diseases in the World and Iran: An Ecological Study
M Hadian, M Tajvar, Ms Yekani Nejad , M Arab,
Volume 16, Issue 2 (8-2020)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The main purpose of this study was to compare the predictive power of the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) with the Human Development Index (HDI) with regard to the share of deaths caused by Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) among all deaths in the world and Iran.
 
Methods: The data required for this cross-sectional ecological study were extracted from the reports of the United Nations Human Development Program and the WHO in 2015. Pearson correlation test was used to investigate the correlation of HDI and IHDI with the share of deaths caused by NCDs and linear regressions models were used to determine the associations of IHDI and HDI with the dependent variable.
 
Results: At a significant level of P<0.01, the dependent variable showed a strong positive correlation with HDI (0.892) and IHDI (0.899). Simple linear regression showed that HDI alone predicted the dependent variable well (Adj.R2=0.794, P<0.001).However, according to the multivariate linear regression model, when IHDI and HDI were included in the model, IHDI was able to predict the dependent variable well (Adj.R2=0.809, P=0.001), while the relationship between HDI and the dependent variable was no longer significant.
 
Conclusion: Although HDI alone is an important predictor of NCD status, it loses its influence in the presence of IHDI. Therefore, in addition to HDI, IHDI that illustrates the impact of inequality on human development can provide more information on the status of deaths caused by NCDs.
 
Association of Infertility with Socioeconomic Indicators in Iran: An Ecological Study
Fatemeh-Sadat Hosseini, Farzad Younesian, Masud Yunesian,
Volume 21, Issue 3 (12-2025)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Infertility, as one of the most critical public health and reproductive issues globally, has extensive impacts on the physical, psychological, and social well-being of couples. Previous studies have shown that socioeconomic components, alongside biological variables, influence the occurrence and aggravation of infertility. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between some socioeconomic variables and prevalence of infertility at the province level.
Methods: This ecological study examined the relationship between infertility (dependent variable) and key socioeconomic indicators (independent variables) at the provincial level in Iran. Primary and secondary infertility defined using lifetime clinical, current clinical, and epidemiological definitions served as dependent variables. Statistical analysis employed univariate and multiple linear regression using the stepwise method, with a significance level of 0.05.
Results: Although numerous variables showed significant associations with infertility in simple regression models, only illiteracy and unemployment rates in the multiple regression model retained significant relationships with infertility. Furthermore, unemployment retained its significance only in epidemiological definition of primary infertility at the multiple model. Other variables lost their significance.
Conclusion: Provincial illiteracy rates emerged as the strongest predictor of infertility prevalence. Illiteracy is directly associated with infertility and also represents an important indicator of broader socioeconomic conditions. However, due to its ecological design, this study cannot distinguish between these two pathways.

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