Showing 5 results for Exposure
Neghab M, Hassan Zadeh J,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (3-2009)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The main purpose of this study was to assess the pulmonary reactions associated with occupational inhalation exposure to raw materials used in ceramic production (RMCP).
Methods: Thirty three male workers with current exposure to RMCP and 20 healthy male unexposed employees, ,with almost identical demographic and socioeconomic status were interviewed and respiratory symptom questionnaires were administered to them. Furthermore, they underwent chest X-ray and lung function tests. Additionally, personal dust monitoring was carried out at dusty work sites. To determine the chemical composition, possible silica phases and SiO2 contents of dust samples, they were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques.
Results: Atmospheric concentrations of dust, that contained 69% SiO2, exceeded current permissible levels. Additionally, exposed workers had higher prevalence rates of regular cough, wheezing, phlegm and shortness of breath. Likewise, their chest radiographs showed some degrees of abnormalities. Furthermore, significant reductions in some parameters of pulmonary functions of exposed workers were noted.
Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that a strong association exists between exposure to RMCP, prevalence of respiratory symptoms, abnormal changes in chest radiographs and functional impairments of the lungs.
M Qorbani, M Yunesian,
Volume 8, Issue 1 (7-2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Some case-report studies in Iran showed probable
association between anthracosis and smoke exposure due to baking homemade
bread, population. Therefore we estimated the population attributable fraction
(PAF) for this probable association in Iranian population.
Methods: A
hospital-based case-control study, including 83 anthracotic subjects (cases)
with 72 controls from surgical ward which were matched by age, conducted in
Imam Khomeini hospital in Tehran (From September 2009 to December 2010). Patients in both case and control groups were
interviewed according to "American Thoracic Society" guideline. Exposure
to smoke was
considered both as a binary and continuous variable (number of years being
exposed to smoke) and the population attributable fraction (PAF) were estimated
due to smoke exposure.
Results: Univariate
analysis showed that exposure to smoke as binary variables, age and occupation
exposure to dust and education were associated with anthracosis. After
Adjusting, only smoke exposure (OR: 3.35, 95% CI: 1.49-7.55) remain
significant. Univariate logistic regression model showed exposure to smoke as
continuous variable has significant association with anthracosis. In multiple
logistic model only duration (years) of
smoke exposure remained significant (OR: 1.05, 95%CI: 1.01-1.09). PAF due to
smoke exposure estimated approximately 48% in our population.
Conclusion: Based
on the findings of this study, it could be concluded that approximately half of
the anthracotic cases are attributed to smoke exposure.
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M Piri, Aa Haghdioost, F Gadari, M Moradi, M Karamouzian, H Sharifi,
Volume 16, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: At present, investigation of extensive contact of tuberculosis (TB) patients’ families is not a routine part of TB control efforts in most countries. This study was conducted to evaluate the effective contacts of TB cases to assess the potential risk of transmission and its determinants in their families.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, registered TB cases in Kerman, Iran provided information about their family size and type and frequency of unprotected effective contacts with their families from 2014 to 2015. The unprotected effective contact was defined using the Centre for Disease Control (CDC) classification (2005) based on the close, frequent, and long-term contact of TB cases. The demographic variables and the frequency of effective contact were analyzed using a logistic regression model with Stata version 12 with 95% confidence intervals.
Results: Overall, among 407 contacts of 74 TB cases, 73% had effective contacts. Having an effective contact was significantly higher among females (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)=5.1; 95% CI:1.9-13.7); those with a lower education level (AOR=4.0; 95% CI: 1.4-15.1), lower income (AOR=7.7; 95% CI: 2.2-27.0), and a house size ≤80 m2 (AOR=16.6; 95% CI: 5.1-54.3); Afghan patients (AOR=30.2; 95% CI: 3.4-272.1); and those living in the rural areas (AOR=4.9; 95% CI: 1.8-21.9).
Conclusion: It seems that unprotected effective contact with the family members is high among TB patients, which can be a serious concern for the control of TB in this area. Reducing these unprotected effective contacts through educating patients and their families besides screening of the family members can help the health sector to decrease the burden of TB in Iran.
Fatemeh Rostampour, Hamid Reza Khalkhali, Sima Masudi,
Volume 19, Issue 3 (12-2023)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Animal bites are one of the most important public health problems that cause rabies. This study aimed to investigate the preventive measures taken for animal bite cases that occurred in West Azerbaijan province during 2012 to 2019.
Methods: This cross-sectional study involved the review data from all animal bite cases referred to rabies care centers in West Azerbaijan province. Information regarding prophylactic measures to prevent rabies, including post-bite procedures (washing, disinfection, dressing, stitches and receiving antibiotics), anti-rabies vaccine status (referral delay, vaccine dose received, vaccination history, anti-rabies serum, tetanus vaccination history) was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The relationship between delay in referral and the measures taken was investigated using the Chi-square test.
Results: Over the studied years, there were 47131 cases of animal bites. Among these, 63.9% were referred without delay, while 36.1% experienced a delay in referral. Notably, 99.6% of wounds were washed with soap and water, 94.5% were disinfected, and 31.3% received antibiotics. The proportion of individuals receiving antibiotics was significantly higher among those with delayed referrals. Regarding rabies vaccination, 77.3% had received all three initial doses, 15.4% had completed five doses, and 1.1% had not received any vaccine.
Conclusion: While prophylaxis measures for animal bite cases are commendable, there is a critical need for timely administration of rabies vaccine in rabies care centers. Implementing educational programs for general population to encourage prompt treatment-seeking in the event of animal bites is essential.
Samaneh Dehghani, Masud Yunesian,
Volume 19, Issue 4 (3-2024)
Abstract
Microplastics refer to plastic particles and fragments smaller than 5 millimeters in various forms, derived from the breakdown of larger plastics or initially introduced into the environment from the primary constituent particles of plastic. The exact date of the emergence of microplastics in the environment is not precisely known, but it certainly predates the naming of these particles (2004). These particles can enter the bodies of living organisms, including humans, primarily through ingestion and inhalation. Their effects on the body depend on their size, chemical composition, and the composition of substances that later absorb these particles. In this article, we will first briefly examine the classification of these particles in terms of chemical composition and their origins, and then review some evidence of their presence in biological tissues and fluids. Given the increasing production and use of plastics in human life and the fact that most microplastics in nature derive from the breakdown of larger plastics, sometimes several years after their disposal, it is expected that even if plastic production decreases or stops, we will continue to see an increase in their presence in nature for years and decades, leading to human exposure to these compounds (whose effects and consequences of this exposure are not yet fully understood).
