Showing 27 results for Mortality
M Naghavi,
Volume 2, Issue 1 (3-2006)
Abstract
Background and objectives: Data on transitions in health status are among the most important types of information used for promotion of health and social development. Health transition comprises two elements: demographic and epidemiologic transition. This paper depicts the health transition in I.R. Iran over the last few decades.
Methods: We used demographic data gathered over the last 45 years in order to get an idea of the demographic transition. Several other sources were used to gather data on mortality and fertility patterns, occurrence of communicable and non-communicable diseases, etc to trace epidemiologic transition.
Results: Indices relating to mortality and fertility patterns have undergone marked changes parallel with rising income levels, urbanization, industrialization, and access to health care. Also notable are decreasing under-5 and maternal mortality rates, aging of the population, and a shift from communicable to non-communicable diseases.
Conclusions: Because of the uneven rate of social development, epidemiologic transition has followed varying patterns across different regions. It is crucial that these differences be taken account of in future health programs.
R Chaman , M Yunesian , B Golestan , K Holakouie Naieni ,
Volume 3, Issue 3 (2-2008)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: A pregnancy can be considered high-risk if there are conditions that put the mother or the baby at higher-than-average risk of morbidity or mortality. Neonatal mortality rate is one of the most important indices of children's health status. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of high-risk states on neonatal mortality.
Methods: We performed a nested case-control study in the rural areas of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province. Within the study cohort, 97 cases and 97 controls were selected by a risk-set sampling method. Data were analyzed with univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression models.
Results: Neonatal mortality was shown to increase significantly in high-risk pregnancies. There were no substantial differences between crude odds ratios and those adjusted for the presence of other risk factors (crude odds ratio decreased from 5.5 to an adjusted figure of 3.25 for pregnancies with one risk factor and from 5.21 to adjusted level of 4.80 for pregnancies with more than one risk factor).
Conclusions: High-risk pregnancies need great attention in family health and prenatal care programs, especially in remote rural areas. Within our rural health network there are potential cohorts for use in nested case-control studies, especially in the evaluation of neonatal mortality risk factors.
M Rezaeian, A Dehdarinejad, A Esmaili Nadimi, Sz Tabatabaie,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (4-2008)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and is predicted to retain this position until 2020. The aim of the present study was to map cardiovascular mortality rates in Kerman Province counties during 2004-2005.
Methods: In this descriptive study we collected all mortality data registered in various counties of Kerman Province. We calculated mortality rates and drew maps showing the geographical distribution of the dead cases.
Results: Total cardiovascular mortality was higher in the northern counties. The pattern is the same in males and females
Conclusions: The reasons for higher mortality in the northern regions of the province may include a greater prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors such as physical inactivity, unhealthy diets, and smoking.
Y Mehrabi, E Maraghi, H Alavi Majd, Me Motlagh,
Volume 6, Issue 3 (12-2010)
Abstract
Background and objective: Disease or mortality mapping are statistical methods aimed at providing precise estimates of rates across geographical maps. The aim of this research is to improve the precision of relative risk (RR) estimates of infant mortality (IM) for different rural areas, using empirical and full Bayesian methods.
Methods: Infant mortality data were extracted from the vital horoscope (Zij-Hayati) for years 2001 and 2006 across rural areas of Iran. Maximum Likelihood, Empirical Bayes with Poisson-Gamma model and full Bayesian models were used. Mont Carlo Markov Chain method was used for latter models. Deviance information criterion (DIC) was computed to check the models fittings. R, WinBUGS and Arc GIS software were employed.
Results: Based on the full Bayesian method, the highest RR of infant mortality was 1.73 (95%CI: 1.58-1.88) in year 2001 and 1.62 (95%CI: 1.50-1.75) in 2006 which belonged to Sistan-va-Blouchestan area in comparison to the whole country. In 2001, the rural areas of Birjand (1.45), Kordistan (1.23) and Khorasan (1.21) and in 2006, Birjand (1.42), Zanjan (1.39), Kordistan (1.36), Ardebil (1.32), Zabol (1.28), West Azerbaijan (1.18) and finally Golestan (1.14) had significant RR of IM (all p<0.05). The lowest RR of infant mortality for year 2001 were belong to rural areas of Tehran University (0.56) and for year 2006 to former Iran University (0.52).
Conclusion: To estimate the mortality map parameters, the full Bayesian method is preferred compared to empirical Bayes and maximum likelihood.
F Amani, A Kazemnejad, R Habibi, E Hajizadeh,
Volume 7, Issue 1 (6-2011)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: Changing the pattern of mortality gives important perspective of health determinants.
The aim of this study is to detect location and time of mortality pattern change in country using statistical change
point method during 1971-2009 Years.
Methods: We assume for years before and after 0 k ,
t y has a Poisson distribution with means 0
l and 1
l ,
respectively. We used several methods for estimation change point in real data by assume Poisson model.
Results: Using two simulated and real data analysis showed that the change point has been occurred in year
1993 and this confirmed by all methods.
Conclusion: Our findings have shown that the change pattern of mortality trend in Iran is related to improvement
of health indicators and decreasing mortality rate in Iran.
N Mahdavi, M Movahedi, A Khosravi, Y Mehrabi, M Karami, ,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (12-2012)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Due to the importance of mortality
statistics for planning, setting priorities and equal allocation of health
services in population it is essential to assess quality of reporting
mortality data in health systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the
completeness and accuracy of the Iranian Vital Horoscope reports for maternal
and the under-five mortality (U5M) in rural areas through its comparison with
other data sources in Iran.
Methods: The mortality data of Vital
Horoscope reported from 30 selected cities over country was compared with the
related data obtained from other data sources including Vital Horoscope's
Fieldwork reports, Death Registration System and Maternal Mortality
Surveillance System of Ministry of Health and Medical Education.
Results: Overall completeness of Vital
Horoscope's Fieldwork reports for U5M in rural areas was about % 62.1. In terms
of cause of death in children under-five,estimated sensitivity values were %
47.2 (95% CI: 22.9-72.2), % 66.6(95% CI: 22.7-95.7), %78.2 (95% CI: 64.3-89.3)for respiratory
infections, diarrhea and vomiting, and injuries-burning and poisoning respectively.
The vital horoscope reports had 12.5% misclassification in determining the cause of maternal death.
Conclusion: Our findings indicate the Vital Horoscope's data might
need some corrections because of underestimating of the mortality indicators.
The comparison of this source with Death Registration System report for causes
of death in children under-five (reported by Vital Horoscope) suggests that the
vital horoscope might have suboptimal quality.
Normal
0
false
false
false
EN-US
X-NONE
AR-SA
N Mahdavi, M Movahedi, A Khosravi, Y Mehrabi, M Karami,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (12-2012)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Due to the importance of mortality statistics for planning, setting priorities and equal allocation of health services in population it is essential to assess quality of reporting mortality data in health systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the completeness and accuracy of the Iranian Vital Horoscope reports for maternal and the under-five mortality (U5M) in rural areas through its comparison with other data sources in Iran.
Methods: The mortality data of Vital Horoscope reported from 30 selected cities over country was compared with the related data obtained from other data sources including Vital Horoscope's Fieldwork reports, Death Registration System and Maternal Mortality Surveillance System of Ministry of Health and Medical Education.
Results: Overall completeness of Vital Horoscope's Fieldwork reports for U5M in rural areas was about % 62.1. In terms of cause of death in children under-five,estimated sensitivity values were % 47.2 (95% CI: 22.9-72.2), % 66.6(95% CI: 22.7-95.7), %78.2 (95% CI: 64.3-89.3)for respiratory infections, diarrhea and vomiting, and injuries-burning and poisoning respectively. The vital horoscope reports had 12.5% misclassification in determining the cause of maternal death.
Conclusion: Our findings indicate the Vital Horoscope's data might need some corrections because of underestimating of the mortality indicators. The comparison of this source with Death Registration System report for causes of death in children under-five (reported by Vital Horoscope) suggests that the vital horoscope might have suboptimal quality.
N Khanjani , L Ranadeh Kalankesh , F Mansouri ,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (12-2012)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The effects of air pollutants on respiratory mortality and morbidity are among the major concerns today. Few studies have been published on the association between mortality and air pollution in Iran.
Methods: This study was undertaken in Kerman, Iran. Mortality data was inquired from the Kerman City Health Authority (from March 2006 till Sept 2010) and air pollution data was requested from the Kerman Province Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Kerman Province EPA collects daily data on 7 air pollutants which are SO2, NO2, NO, NOx, PM10, CO and O3 by its urban measurement station.
Results: The relation between respiratory disease mortality and air pollution was determined by negative binomial regression. The daily mean of PM10 in Kerman was above 150 μgr/m³(unhealthy) on some days of the year. The results showed a significant relationship between increased male respiratory mortality and increase in ambient dust (p=0.03), O3 (p=0.004) and SO2 (p=0.03), but did not show a significant increase in female mortality death for any pollutant.
Conclusion: As there seems to be a significant relationship between increased ambient dust, O3, SO2 and respiratory mortality, susceptible people and those with background respiratory diseases should practice caution in case of increases in these air pollutants.
Kh Rahmani, M Zokaei, F Bidarpoor, Sh Babahajiani, P Nessaei, Gh Moradi ,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (6-2014)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the trend of mortality of children under five years old in Kurdistan Province during 2007 to 2011.
Methods: The data of this descriptive-analytical study on deaths and births was collected from provincial deaths registry system and Civil Registration System during 2007 to 2011. The main indicators including under-five mortality, infant mortality, and neonatal mortality rate during the given period were studied. The relationship between variables was calculated using chi-square test.
Results: The neonatal mortality rate changed from 13.5 per thousand live births in 2007 to 12.2 per thousand live births in 2011. During the same period of time, the infant mortality rate and under-five mortality rate declined from 17.1 and 20.2 to 14.9 and 17.4 per thousand live births, respectively. A significant relationship was found between gender and infant mortality. Among the major causes of mortality, prenatal diseases, especially infant diseases, were the most common cause of death in the neonatal period.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, although there was a reduction in the under-five mortality rate during these years, the observed decline, especially the decline in infant mortality rate, was very slow. There are still some preventable causes of death in children which require more attention by the health system and researchers
Ar Baghestani, A Teymourpour, Y Bashiri,
Volume 11, Issue 1 (6-2015)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: In the analysis of mortality trend in the Iran that is basically a sequences of observations sorted by time, there is a point where the statistical properties of the mortality trend change so that the first k0 observations have a distribution of F0 and other n-k0 observations have a distribution of F1. The point k0 is unknown and called the change point. The aim of this paper was to detect the location of the change point and estimate it in the real mortality data of the country.
Methods: In this study, Xt indicated the number of mortality in time t (year) and because of the numeric nature of the variable, we considered the Poisson model for the variable Xt.
We assumed in early years (t0), Xt had a Poisson distribution with a mean of ʎ0 and for later years (t>k0), Xt had a Poisson distribution with a mean of ʎ1 .In theory, we used the MIC method, a modification of the SIC method. For detecting more than one change point, we used the binary segmentation process in the mortality trend.
Results: The results showed that the change point occurred in 1993 and 1997.
Conclusion: The finding of this study showed three periods with different rates in the mortality trend of Iran.
Mr Ghadirzadeh, A Shojaei, A Khademi, M Khodadoost, M Kandi, F Alaeddini, S Moradi,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (9-2015)
Abstract
Background & Objectives: The number of road traffic accidents (RTAs) and their mortality are increasing in the world. In Iran, RTAs have caused life losses and economical damages. Death is the most important consequence of the accidents in terms of social, economic, and even political expenditures. This paper reports the statistics of the mortality status in the last decade.
Methods: A 10-year study was conducted on national and provincial data of the last decade collected by Legal Medicine Research Center. The population information provided by the National Center of Statistics was used. SPSS 15.5 and Microsoft Office Excel 2007 were used for data analysis.
Results: Between 2001 and 2010, the annual average of 34.6 per hundred thousand people were killed in traffic accidents, more than 80% of the casualties are men. The highest number of deaths and injuries was observed in 2005 and the lowest occurred in 2001. RTAs had a descending trend trough the last decade but the rate of injuries increased. The death rates in Semnan, Qazvin, and Kerman were the highest and in Tehran, Ardabil, and West Azarbaijan were the lowest.
Conclusion: Although mortality rates due to RTAs declined during the last four years of the study period, direct and indirect costs of deaths resulting from RTAs in Iran are a sign of crisis.
F Shahbazi, Sd Mirtorabi , Mr Ghadirzadeh, Sms Ghoreishi, Ss Hashemi Nazari ,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Drug abuse is one of the medical, social, economic and cultural problems in the present era that increases the morbidity, mortality, and disability among addicts. Iran, due to its adjacency to major centers of opiate drugs production, has a severe and critical condition. Therefore, epidemiological studies are essential for comprehensive management of drug abuse disorders.
Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, demographic and epidemiological data of all people whose cause of death was drug abuse in 2013-14 (1392 Hijri) were extracted by two checklists. Data were then analyzed with SPSS software.
Results: A total of 2957 deaths occurred during the study period. Most deaths occurred in unmarried young males with a low income and education level. The mean age of the subjects was 36.6 12.81 years. The mortality rate from opiate and psychoactive abuse in the whole country was 53.28 in 1000000 population. The most commonly used drugs in the study population were opium, crystal, and heroin in a descending order. Hamedan, Lorestan, and Zanjan provinces with a mortality rate of 150, 101, and 80.06 per 1,000,000 people had the highest mortality due to drug abuse.
Conclusion: Training programs and harm reduction approaches such as methadone treatment and naloxone distribution programs should be designed in high-risk groups to reduce mortality associated with drug abuse.
S Aghamohamadi, , , , ,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (6-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Among non-communicable diseases, endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases have increased in recent decades, especially in developing countries. This study was conducted to evaluate and predict deaths from this group of diseases in Iran
Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study, the study population comprised all deaths of endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases recorded in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education during the years 2006 to 2016. In order to forecast the trend of cause of death, the Lee Carter model was employed in the demographic package 18/1 of the R software version 3/3/1.
Results: The death rate from endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases increased in all age and sex groups from 2006 to 2015. It was predicted that death rate of this group of diseases would reach 197/71 in 100,000 in the total population, 202/97 in 100,000 women, and 188/99 in 100,000 men in 2035.
Conclusion: Several factors play a role in endocrine and metabolic diseases, one of which is aging and aging population. Considering the change in the age structure of the population of Iran by 2035 and the increase in population’s age, an increasing trend is expected in the mortality rate due to these diseases. Because of this rapid increase, policymakers need to adopt intergovernmental population-based plans and policies in this regard.
S Mehdipour, F Zolala, M Hoseinnejad, R Zahedi, E Najafi, M , N Farrokhnia, M Fathi,
Volume 14, Issue 2 (9-2018)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Evidence suggests that underlying diseases increase the severity of influenza and lead to hospitalization or death. This study was conducted to determine the risk factors associated with hospitalization of patients in Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman, Iran during an outbreak of H1N1 influenza in December 2015.
Methods: In this case-control study, the case group comprised 85 patients who were hospitalized for influenza and the control group included 51 patients who had influenza symptoms and were discharged after required evaluations and check-up. The data were collected from both groups on a daily basis for two weeks. For data analysis, descriptive analysis, logistic regression analysis, Lasso Regression, and likelihood ratio were used. Analysis was performed using the Stata version 12 and R software.
Results: Among the variables examined, after removal of additional variables, 12 variables were introduced into the multivariate regression. The history of pulmonary disease and diabetes increased the odds of hospitalization following influenza by more than 11 (OR = 11.6, P. value = 0.003) and 9 times (OR = 9, P. value = 0.01), respectively.
Conclusion: Underlying disease and factors play a major role in exacerbating the disease. Therefore, the health system should take the necessary preventive measures when outbreaks occur.
Am Mosadeghrad, A Pour Reza , N Abolhasan Beigi Galezan , Sh Shahebrahimi,
Volume 14, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Human Development Index (HDI) is an important indicator of a country’s development. On the other hand, mortality indicators are the most important indicators of the health of a society. This study aimed to examine the association between HDI and maternal, neonatal, infant, and under-five mortality rates in Iran between 2005 and 2016.
Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted using data collected from Iran Statistics Center, World Health Organization, and United Nations Development Program. SPSS software version 22 was used for data analysis. Pearson correlation test was applied to examine the correlation between HDI and mortality rates. Regression analysis was used to measure the effect of HDI on mortality rates.
Results: HDI increased from 0.690 in 2005 to 0.774 in 2016 (12% rise). Maternal, neonatal, infant, and under-five mortality rates decreased by 26, 41, 52, and 42% in 2016 compared to 2005, respectively. HDI had a significant indirect association with maternal (-0.973), neonatal (-0.983), infant (-0.739), and under-five mortality (-0.987). An increase of 0.01 in HDI reduced 1 maternal death per 100,000 births. An increase of 0.014, 0.009, and 0.008 in HDI decreased one neonatal, infant, and under-five death per 1000 births.
Conclusion: The results showed that increased HDI correlated with decreased mortality rates. Therefore, policy-makers should pay more attention to socio
Am Keshtvarz Hesam Abadi , E Hajizadeh, Ma Pourhoseingholi, E Nazemalhossein Mojarad ,
Volume 14, Issue 4 (3-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to predict the mortality rate of colorectal cancer in Iranian patients and determine the effective factors on the mortality of patients with colorectal cancer using random forest and logistic regression methods.
Methods: Data from 304 patients with colorectal cancer registry from the Gastroenterology and Liver Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences during the years 2009 to 2014 were used as a retrospective study. Data analysis was performed using random forest and logistic regression methods. To analyze the data, R software version 3.4.3 was considered.
Results: Ten important variables related to colorectal cancer deaths were selected by random forest method. Several criteria such as the area under the characteristic curve (AUC) were used to compare the random forest method with logistic regression. According to both criteria, five important variables ranked by random forest were Cancer stage, age of diagnosis, patient's age, HLA, and degree of differentiation (tumor differentiation). In terms of different criteria, the random forest method had better performance than logistic regression (Area under the ROC curve for random forest and logistic regression methods was: 98%; 80% respectively).
Conclusion: Variables such as Cancer stage, age of diagnosis, patient's age, HLA, and degree of differentiation are considered as the most important factors affecting mortality in colorectal cancer, that the patients' longevity can be increased with the early diagnosis of cancer and screening programs.
F Shahbazi, H Soori, S Khodakarim, Mr , Ghadirzadeh , Ss Hashemi Nazari,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (5-2019)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This research was conducted to investigate the socioeconomic and geographical inequality in mortality from road traffic accidents in Iran in 2016.
Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the data of 16,584 people that died from road traffic accidents in 2016 were received from the Legal Medicine Organization. Theil entropy index was used to determine inequality in geographic areas. Moreover, relative and absolute concentration indices were used to measure inequality in mortality from RTAs across educational levels.
Results: The mortality rate from road traffic accident was 21.5 per 100,000 people. Theil index was 0.66 for traffic-related deaths among the provinces, indicating an unequal distribution of traffic injuries caused by traffic accidents among the provinces. When inequality was measured at smaller geographical levels, i.e., among cities in each province, the results indicated a fair distribution across smaller geographic levels. The focus index also indicated a fair distribution of traffic accidents among the deceased sub-classes (concentration index & 95% CI: -0.13 (-0.41; 0.16).
Conclusion: Our findings showed that the distribution of mortality from road traffic accidents was unequal at provincial positions. According to our findings, mortality from traffic accidents was distributed equally among the socioeconomic and urban levels. Therefore, health managers can use the findings of this study to develop interventions to reduce inequalities. In addition to targeting factors contributing to known social inequalities in the health and social status, other factors should be considered and applied to evaluate their interventions in the future.
Mt Shakeri , R Yousefi, M Gholian Aval , M Salari, M Amini, A Hamedi,
Volume 16, Issue 4 (3-2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Investigation of child mortality is one of the most important strategies for improving children's health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the age distribution, trends, and projections of mortality in children under 5 years old in Khorasan Razavi province.
Methods: The study population included under-5 mortality data from Khorasan Razavi Province during 2012-2017 extracted from the Causes and Mortality Classification System of Vice-Chancellery of Health, Mashhad University as well as five universities and faculties. Cause of mortality was classified according to the ICD10 codes. Data were controlled using the ANACod software. Descriptive statistics methods and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modeling were applied to explore the mortality trend during the time of study using the Minitab.15 and STATA16.
Results: According to the results, the highest mortality rate for children under five was in 2014 and the lowest in 2017. Using the differencing method, the data were stabilized. Finally, the ARIMA model (1,1,2) was identified as a suitable model using the MINITAB software.
Conclusion: The mortality rate of children under five has declined sharply in the last four years in Khorasan Razavi Province. It is predicted that this reduction will continue according to fitted model. However, we are still far from mortality rates in developed and some developing countries; therefore, efforts should be made to reduce the under-five mortality rate by increasing the level of health services, the awareness level of families, and improving maternal and childbirth care.
A Hadianfar, S Rastaghi, A Saki,
Volume 16, Issue 5 (3-2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The Covid-19 epidemic began in Wuhan, China in the late 2019 and became a global epidemic in March 2020. In this regard, one of the most important indicators of the healthcare systems is the in-hospital mortality rate, which occurs with a time lag of one to two weeks after hospitalization. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative risk of Covid-19 mortality considering this time lag according to the number of daily hospitalizations.
Methods: The data included the number of daily hospitalizations and deaths from Covid-19 from 15 May 2020 to 10 February 2021 in Iran, which was obtained from the Github database. A log-linear distributed lag model was used to evaluate the relationship and lag effect between daily hospitalization and relative risk of death.
Results: The mean number of daily hospitalizations and deaths were 1342.2 ± 7 731.5 and 190.6 11±118.6 in the study period, respectively. It was found that an increase in the number of daily hospitalizations had a significant relationship with an increase in the relative risk of death on the same day and in the following days. As the number of hospitalizations exceeded 2000 patients per day, the cumulative relative risk of death increased to more than one.
Conclusion: The results showed that the number of hospitalizations exceeding 2000 people per day was an alert for the country's healthcare system. Overall, prevention and observance of health protocols in the first level followed by early diagnosis of the disease, improving the hospitals facilities and preparedness of healthcare staff can reduce the relative risk of death in the possible future peaks.
N Faraji, N Alizadeh, M Akrami, Z Kheyri, H Hosamirudsari, N Zarei Jalalabadi , S Akbarpour , M Arefi, F Taghizadeh, S Mohammadnejad, F Goudarzi,
Volume 16, Issue 5 (3-2021)
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Reports indicates a higher mortality rate of Covid-19 in the elderly. A limited number of studies have been performed on elderly patients in Iran. In the present study, we investigated the clinical features and survival of elderly patients with Covid-19 in Baharloo Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted on the data of elderly patients with Covid-19 admitted to Baharloo Hospital, Tehran, Iran. The data of the hospitalized patients were followed until discharge or death. Finally, survival-related factors were analyzed using Cox regression.
Results: A total of 522 patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 53.8% were male and 101 died. The mean age of the deceased was 76.3 years, with a standard deviation of 8.6 years. The most common clinical symptoms at the time of admission were respiratory distress (69.5%), cough (61.1%), and fever (51.1%). Cox regression results showed that the risk of death increased by 5% for each one-year increase in age. In addition, calcium supplementation reduced the risk of death by 35%.
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that calcium supplementation could be associated with increased survival of the elderly and reduced mortality. Due to calcium insufficiency in the Iranian population and the protective role of calcium in Covid-19, this issue is essential in the elderly patients warranting further investigation in the future.
